Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary 1908/Sandal Scaphium

Sandal, san′dal, n. a kind of shoe consisting of a sole bound to the foot by straps: a loose slipper: a half-boot of white kid: a strap for fastening a slipper: an india-rubber shoe.—adj. , wearing sandals: fastened with such. [Fr.,—L. sandalium—Gr. sandalon, prob. from Pers.]

Sandal, san′dal, n. a long narrow boat used on the Barbary coast. [Ar.]

Sandalwood, san′dal-wōōd, n. a compact and fine-grained tropical wood, remarkable for its fragrance. [Fr. sandal—Low L. santalum—Late Gr. santalon.]

Sandarac, san′da-rak, n. a friable, dry, almost transparent, tasteless, yellowish-white resin, imported from Mogador, Morocco: red sulphuret of arsenic—also '.—n. ', a native of the mountains of Morocco. [Fr. sandaraque—L. sandaraca—Gr. sandarakē—Sans. sindūra, realgar.]

Sandemanian, san-de-mā′ni-an, n. a follower of Robert Sandeman (1718-71), a Glassite (q.v.).

Sandiver, san′di-vėr, n. the saline scum which forms on glass during its first fusion: glass-gall: product of glass-furnaces.—Also . [O. Fr. suin de verre, suint de verre—suin, grease, de, of, verre, glass—L. vitrum.]

Sandix, san′diks, n. red lead.—Also . [L.,—Gr. sandix, vermilion.]

Sandwich, sand′wich, n. two slices of bread with ham, &c., between, said to be named from the fourth Earl of Sandwich (1718-92), who had such brought to him at the gaming-table that he might play on without stopping.—v.t. to lay or place between two layers, to fit tight between two objects.—n. , a man who perambulates the streets between two advertising boards.

Sane, sān, adj. sound in mind or body: healthy: not disordered in intellect.—adv. '.—n. '. [L. sanus; akin to Gr. saos, sōs, sound.]

Sang, sang, pa.t. of sing.—n. a Scotch form of song.

Sang, sang, n. blood, in heraldic use.—adj. , bloody or dropping blood.—n. Sang-de-bœuf, a deep-red colour peculiar to Chinese porcelain.

Sang, sang, n. a Chinese wind-instrument.

Sangar, sang′gar, n. a stone breastwork: a low wall of loose stones, used as cover for soldiers. [Hindi sangar, war, entrenchment; from the Sanskrit.]

Sangaree, sang-ga-rē′, n. a West Indian beverage, of wine, sugar or syrup, water, and nutmeg, drunk cold.—v.t. and v.i. to make or drink such. [Sp. Sangría.]

Sang-froid, sang-frwo′, n. coolness, indifference, calmness. [Fr., sang, blood, froid, cold.]

Sanglier, sang′li-ėr, n. (her.) a wild boar used as a bearing. [Fr., orig. porc sanglier—Low L. singularis (porcus), the wild boar.]

Sangraal, san-grāl′, n. in medieval legends, the holy cup supposed to have been used at the Last Supper.—Also . [Cf. Grail.]

Sangrado, san-grä′do, n. one who lets blood—from the leech in Gil Blas.

Sanguine, sang′gwin, adj. abounding with blood, bloody: bloodthirsty: ruddy, red: ardent, hopeful, confident: characterised by a fullness of habit.—n. the colour of red.—v.t. (obs.) to stain with blood.—n. ', a leech—also '.—adjs. ', living in the blood, as a parasite; ', receiving and conveying blood, circulatory.—ns. '; '.—adj. ', flowing with blood.—v.i. ', to make blood.—v.t. to convert into blood.—n. ', a genus of the poppy family, one species, the Blood-root or Puccoon of North America, much used by the Indians for staining.—adv. '.—n. '.—adj. ', bloody: attended with much blood-shed: bloodthirsty.—n. the yarrow: the blood-root.—adj. ', destitute of blood.—adv. ', hopefully, confidently.—n. ', sanguine character, ardour: ruddiness: plethora.—adj. ', sanguine: resembling or constituting blood.—ns. ', sanguineness; ', '.—adj. ', tinged with blood: sanguine.—ns. ', ', a sub-order of Rosaceæ, containing about 150 species; ', a genus of leeches.—adjs. ', ', blood-sucking; ', bloodthirsty; ', feeding on blood, as a vampire—also '. [Fr.,—L. sanguineus—sanguis, sanguinis, blood.]

Sanhedrim, Sanhedrin, san′hē-drim, -drin, n. the supreme ecclesiastical and judicial tribunal of the Jews down to 425 A.D.: any similar assembly, a parliament. [Heb. sanhedrin—Gr. synedrion—syn, together, hedra, a seat.]

Sanhitâ, san′hi-ta, n. the name of that portion of the Vedas which contains the Mantras or hymns.

Sanicle, san′ik′l, n. a plant of the genus Sanicula, the common wood-sanicle long supposed to have healing power. [Fr.,—L. sanāre, to heal.]

Sanidine, san′i-din, n. a clear glassy variety of orthoclase. [Gr. sanis, sanidos, a board.]

Sanies, sā′ni-ēz, n. a thin discharge from wounds or sores.—adj. . [L.]

Sanify, san′i-fī, v.t. to make healthy. [L. sanus, sound, facĕre to make.]

Sanitary, san′i-tar-i, adj. pertaining to, tending, or designed to promote health.—n. ', a promoter of sanitary reforms.—adv. '.—ns. ', coarse-glazed earthenware for sewer-pipes; ', the science of sanitary conditions and of preserving health, synonymous with Hygiene—usually restricted, however, to the methods and apparatus for making and maintaining houses healthy; ' (incorrectly, '), a health station, particularly for troops.—Sanitary science, such science as conduces to the preservation of health.

Sanity, san′i-ti, n. state of being sane: soundness of mind or body. [L. sanitas—sanus, sane.]

Sanjak, san′jak, n. an administrative subdivision of a Turkish vilayet or eyalet.—Also . [Turk.]

Sank, sangk, pa.t. of sink.

Sankhya, san′kyä, n. one of the six great systems of orthodox Hindu philosophy.

Sannup, san′up, n. the husband of a squaw: a brave.—Also . [Amer. Ind.]

Sans, sanz, prep. (Shak.) without, wanting.—n. , a person from whose decision there is no appeal.—Sans nombre (her.), repeated often, and covering the field; Sans souci, without care: free and easy. [O. Fr. sans, senz—L. sine, without.]

Sansa, san′sa, n. a musical instrument of percussion, a tambourine.

Sansculotte, sanz-kōō-lot′, n. a name given in scorn, at the beginning of the French Revolution, by the court party to the democratic party in Paris.—n. '.—adj. '.—ns. '; '. [Fr. sansculotte, sans, without—L. sine, without, culotte, breeches, cul, breech—L. culus, the breech.]

Sansevieria, san-sev-i-ē′ri-a, n. a genus of monocotyledonous plants of the order Hæmodoraceæ, native to southern Africa and the East Indies, yielding bowstring-hemp. [Named after the Neapolitan Prince of Sanseviero (1710-71).]

Sanskrit, sans′krit, n. the ancient literary language of India, the easternmost branch of the great Indo-Germanic (Indo-European, Aryan) stock of languages.—n. , one skilled in Sanskrit. [Sans. samskrita, perfected, polished, from Sans. sam, together, krita, done, perfected, from kri, cog. with L. creāre, to create.]

Santa Claus, san′ta klawz, n. a famous nursery hero, a fat rosy old fellow who brings presents to good children on Christmas Eve.

Santalaceæ, san-ta-lā′sē-ē, n. an order of apetalous plants, the sandalwood family.—adjs. '; ', pertaining to sandalwood.—ns. ', the colouring matter of red sandalwood; ', the type genus of the sandalwood family.

Santir, san′tėr, n. a variety of dulcimer used in the East.—Also .

Santolina, san-tō-lī′na, n. a genus of composite plants, of the Mediterranean region, of tribe Anthemideæ, including the common lavender-cotton.

Santon, san′ton, n. an Eastern dervish or saint. [Sp. santon—santo, holy—L. sanctus, holy.]

Santonine, son′to-nin, n. a colourless crystalline poisonous compound contained in Santonica. [Gr. santonicon, a wormwood found in the country of the Santones in Gaul.]

Sap, sap, n. the vital juice of plants: (bot.) the part of the wood next to the bark: the blood: a simpleton: a plodding student.—v.i. to play the part of a ninny: to be studious.—ns. ' a beetle which feeds on sap; ', a vegetable juice inspissated by slow evaporation, for the use of painters.—adj. ', full of sap.—ns. ', a green colouring matter from the juice of buckthorn berries; ', a silly fellow.—adj. ', wanting sap: not juicy.—ns. ', a young tree, so called from being full of sap: a young greyhound during the year of his birth until the end of the coursing season which commences in that year; ', an open tankard for drinking new ale; '.—adj. ', abounding with sap: juicy: silly.—ns. ', a vessel that conveys sap; ', the outer part of the trunk of a tree, next the bark, in which the sap flows most freely: albumen.—Crude sap, the ascending sap. [A.S. sæp; Low Ger. sapp, juice, Ger. saft.]

Sap, sap, v.t. to destroy by digging underneath: to undermine: to impair the constitution.—v.i. to proceed by undermining:—pr.p. pa.t. and pa.p. sapped.—n. a narrow ditch or trench by which approach is made from the foremost parallel towards the glacis or covert-way of a besieged place.—n. , one who saps. [O. Fr. sappe—Low L. sapa, a pick, prob. from Gr. skapanē, a hoe.]

Sapajou, sap′a-zhōō, n. a name sometimes applied to all that division of American monkeys which have a prehensile tail, and sometimes limited to those of them which are of a slender form, as the genera Ateles or spider-monkey, Cebus, &c.—Also .

Saperda, sā-pėr′da, n. a genus of long-horned beetles, mostly wood-borers. [Gr. saperdēs, a fish.]

Saphenous, sa-fē′nus, adj. prominent, as a vein of the leg.—n. , a prominent vein or nerve. [Gr. saphēnēs, plain.]

Sapid, sap′id, adj. well-tasted: savoury: that affects the taste.—n. ', savouriness.—adj. ', insipid.—n. . [Fr.,—L. sapidus—sapĕre, to taste.]

Sapience, sā′pi-ens, n. discernment: wisdom: knowledge: reason.—adjs. ', wise: discerning: sagacious, sometimes used ironically; '.—adv. . [L. sapiens, sapientis, pr.p. of sapĕre, to be wise.]

Sapindus, sā-pin′dus, n. a genus of polypetalous trees, as Soapberry. [L. sapo Indicus, Indian soap.]

Sapium, sā′pi-um, n. a genus of apetalous plants belonging to the Euphorbiaceæ, including the Jamaica milkwood or gum-tree, &c.

Sapi-utan, sap′i-ōō′tan, n. the wild ox of Celebes.—Also . [Malay, sapi, cow, ūtān, woods.]

Sapo, sā′pō, n. the toad-fish. [Sp., a toad.]

Sapodilla, sap-ō-dil′a, n. a name given in the West Indies to the fruit of several species of Achras, the seeds aperient and diuretic, the pulp subacid and sweet. [Sp. sapotilla—sapota, the sapota-tree.]

Saponaceous, sap-o-nā′shus, adj. soapy: soap-like.—n. ', a genus of polypetalous plants, including the soapwort.—adj. '.—n. ', the act or operation of converting into soap.—v.t. ', to convert into soap:—pr.p. pa.p. —n. , a vegetable principle, the solution of which froths when shaken, obtained from soapwort, &c. [L. sapo, saponis, soap.]

Saporific, sap-o-rif′ik, adj. giving a taste.—ns. '; '.—adj. . [L. sapor, saporis, taste, facĕre, to make.]

Sapotaceæ, sap-o-tā′sē-ē, n. a natural order of trees and shrubs, often abounding in milky juice, including the gutta-percha tree—one species yields the star-apple, another the Mammee-Sapota or American marmalade. [Sapodilla.]

Sappan-wood, sa-pan′-wōōd, n. the wood of Cæsalpinia sappan, used in dyeing.

Sapper, sap′ėr, n. a soldier employed in the building of fortifications, &c.

Sapphic, saf′ik, adj. pertaining to Sappho, a passionate Greek lyric poetess of Lesbos (c. 600 B.C.): denoting a kind of verse said to have been invented by Sappho.—ns. ', a metre of Horace, the stanzas of four verses each, three alike, made up of four trochees, with a dactyl in the third place; ', unnatural passion between women; , a humming-bird.

Sapphire, saf′īr, or saf′ir, n. a highly transparent and brilliant precious stone, a variety of Corundum, generally of a beautiful blue colour—the finest found in Ceylon: (her.) a blue tincture.—adj. deep pure blue.—n. ', a humming-bird.—adj. ', made of, or like, sapphire.—Green sapphire, the Oriental emerald; Red sapphire, the Oriental ruby; Violet sapphire, the Oriental amethyst. [Fr.,—L. sapphirus—Gr. sappheiros—Heb. sappīr, sapphire.]

Sapping, sap′ing, n. the act of excavating trenches.

Sapples, sap′lz, n.pl. (Scot.) soapsuds.

Sapremia, sap-rē′mi-a, n. a condition of blood-poisoning.—adjs. ', '. [Gr. sapros, rotten, haima, blood.]

Saprogenous, sap-roj′e-nus, adj. engendered in putridity.—Also . [Gr. sapros, rotten, -genēs, producing.]

Saproharpages, sap-rō-här′pa-jēz, n. a group of vultures. [Gr. sapros, rotten, harpax, a vulture.]

Saprolegnia, sap-rō-leg′ni-a, n. a genus of fungi, causing a destructive salmon-disease. [Gr. sapros, rotten, legnon, an edge.]

Sap-roller, sap′-rōl′ėr, n. a gabion employed by sappers in the trenches.

Sapromyza, sap-rō-mī′za, n. a large group of reddish-yellow flies. [Gr. sapros, rotten, myzein, to suck.]

Saprophagous, sap-rof′a-gus, adj. feeding on decaying matter.—n. , one of the saprophagous beetles. [Gr. sapros, rotten, phagein, to eat.]

Saprophyte, sap′rō-fīt, n. a plant that feeds upon decaying vegetable matter.—adjs. ', '.—adv. '.—n. '. [Gr. sapros, rotten, phyton, a plant.]

Saprostomous, sap-ros′tō-mus, adj. having a foul breath. [Gr. sapros, rotten, stoma, mouth.]

Sap-rot, sap′-rot, n. dry-rot in timber.

Sapsago, sap′sā-gō, n. a greenish Swiss cheese. [Ger. schabzieger.]

Sap-shield, sap′-shēld, n. a steel plate for shelter to the sapper.

Sap-sucker, sap′-suk′ėr, n. the name in the United States of all the small spotted woodpeckers.—adj. .

Sapucaia, sap-ōō-kī′a, n. a Brazilian tree, whose urn-shaped fruit contains a number of finely-flavoured oval seeds or nuts.

Sapyga, sā-pī′ga, n. a genus of digger-wasps.

Saraband, sar′a-band, n. a slow Spanish dance, or the music to which it is danced; a short piece of music, of deliberate character, and with a peculiar rhythm, in ¾-time, the accent being placed on the second crotchet of each measure. [Sp. zarabanda; from Pers. sarband, a fillet for the hair.]

Saracen, sar′a-sen, n. a name variously employed by medieval writers to designate the Mohammedans of Syria and Palestine, the Arabs generally, or the Arab-Berber races of northern Africa, who conquered Spain and Sicily and invaded France.—adjs. ', '.—n. .—Saracenic architecture, a general name for Mohammedan architecture. [O. Fr. sarracin, sarrazin—Low L. Saracenus—Late Gr. Sarakēnos—Ar. sharkeyn, eastern people, as opposed to maghribe, 'western people'—i.e. the people of Morocco.]

Sarafan, sar′a-fan, n. a gala-dress. [Russ.]

Sarangousty, sar-an-gōōs′ti, n. a material used as a preservative of walls, &c., from damp.

Sarbacand, sar′ba-känd, n. a blow-gun.—Also .

Sarcasm, sär′kazm, n. a bitter sneer: a satirical remark in scorn or contempt: irony: a gibe.—adjs. ', ', containing sarcasm: bitterly satirical.—adv. . [Fr.,—L. sarcasmus—Gr. sarkasmos—sarkazein, to tear flesh like dogs, to speak bitterly—sarx, sarkos, flesh.]

Sarcel, sär′sel, n. the pinion of a hawk's wing.—adjs. ' (her.), cut through the middle—also ', '; ', , partly cut through. [O. Fr. cercel—L. circellus, dim. of circulus, a circle.]

Sarcelle, sar-sel′, n. a long-tailed duck, a teal.

Sarcenchyme, sar-seng′kīm, n. one of the soft tissues of sponges.—adj. . [Gr. sarx, flesh, enchyma, an infusion.]

Sarcenet. See Sarsenet.

Sarcina, sar-sī′na, n. a genus of schizomycetous fungi, in which the cocci divide in three planes forming cubical clumps:—pl. ' (-nē).—adjs. ', '.—n. '. [L. sarcina, a package.]

Sarcine, sär′sin, n. a nitrogenous substance obtained from the muscular tissue of the horse, ox, hare, &c.—same as Hypoxanthine. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh.]

Sarciophorus, sär-si-of′ō-rus, n. a genus of spur-winged plovers, including the crested wattled lapwings, &c. [Gr. sarkion, a piece of flesh, sarx, flesh, pherein, to bear.]

Sarcitis, sar-sī′tis, n. myositis. [Gr. sarx, flesh.]

Sarcobasis, sär-kob′a-sis, n. a fruit consisting of many dry indehiscent cells. [Gr. sarx, flesh, basis, a base.]

Sarcobatus, sär-kob′a-tus, n. an anomalous genus of North American shrubs of the goose-foot family—the only species the greasewood of the western United States. [Gr. sarx, flesh, batis, samphire.]

Sarcoblast, sär′kō-blast, n. the germ of sarcode.—adj. . [Gr. sarx, flesh, blastos, a germ.]

Sarcocarp, sär′kō-karp, n. (bot.) the fleshy part of a drupaceous pericarp or a stone-fruit. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, karpos, fruit.]

Sarcocele, sär′kō-sēl, n. a fleshy tumour of the testicle. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, kēlē, tumour.]

Sarcocephalus, sär-kō-sef′-a-lus, n. a genus of gamopetalous plants of the natural order Rubiaceæ, native to the tropics of Asia and Africa—including the country-fig, Guinea peach, African cinchona, &c. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, kephalē, the head.]

Sarcocol, sär′kō-kol, n. a semi-transparent resin or gum imported from Arabia.—n. , a genus of apetalous shrubs of the order Penæaceæ, native to South Africa. [Gr., a Persian gum.]

Sarcocystis, sär-kō-sis′tis, n. a genus of parasitic sporozoa or Gregarinida, common but apparently harmless in butcher-meat.—n. ', the division of sporozoa including the foregoing.—adj. '. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, kystis, the bladder.]

Sarcode, sär′kōd, n. another term for protoplasm.—n. ', n. a genus of gamopetalous plants of the order Monotropeæ; including the Californian snow-plant.—adjs. ', '; ', resembling flesh. [Gr. sarkodēs, from sarx, flesh, eidos, resemblance.]

Sarcolemma, sär-kō-lem′a, n. a membrane which invests striped muscular tissue.—adj. . [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, lemma, a skin.]

Sarcolemur, sär′kō-lē-mur, n. a genus of extinct Eocene mammals found in North America. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, and lemur.]

Sarcolobe, sär′kō-lōb, n. a thick fleshy cotyledon, as of the bean. [Gr. sarx, flesh, lobos, a lobe.]

Sarcology, sär-kol′o-ji, n. the division of anatomy which treats of the soft parts of the body.—adjs. ', '.—n. . [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, logos, discourse.]

Sarcoma, sär-kō′ma, n. a tumour or group of tumours, often malignant: any fleshy excrescence: (bot.) a fleshy disc:—pl. '.—n. ', sarcomatous degeneration.—adj. . [Gr. sarkōma—sarx, flesh.]

Sarcophaga, sär-kof′a-ga, n. a genus of dipterous insects, the flesh-flies: a former division of marsupials.—adjs. ', flesh-devouring; ', feeding on flesh.—n. .

Sarcophagus, sär-kof′a-gus, n. a kind of limestone used by the Greeks for coffins, and so called because it was thought to consume the flesh of corpses: any stone receptacle for a corpse: an 18th-century form of wine-cooler:—pl. ', '. [L.,—Gr. sarkophagos—sarx, flesh, phagein, eat.]

Sarcophilus, sär-kof′i-lus, n. a genus of carnivorous marsupials containing the Tasmanian devil.—n. ', any animal of this genus.—adj. ', fond of flesh. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, philein, to love.]

Sarcophyte, sär-kof′i-tē, n. a monotypic genus of parasitic and apetalous plants native to South Africa. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, phyton, a plant.]

Sarcopsylla, sär-kop-sil′a, n. a genus of American insects, including the jigger or chigoe. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, psylla, a flea.]

Sarcoptes, sär-kop′tēz, n. the itch-mites.—adj. . [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, koptein, to cut.]

Sarcoseptum, sär-kō-sep′tum, n. a soft septum. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, and septum.]

Sarcosis, sär-kō′sis, n. flesh formation: a fleshy tumour. [Gr. sarkōsis.]

Sarcostemma, sär-kō-stem′a, n. a genus of gamopetalous plants of the order Asclepiadeæ, native to Africa, Asia, and Australia—including the flesh crown-flower. [Gr. sarx, flesh, stemma, wreath.]

Sarcostigma, sär-kō-stig′ma, n. a genus of polypetalous plants of the order Olacineæ—including the odal-oil plant. [Gr. sarx, flesh, stigma, a point.]

Sarcostyle, sär′kō-stīl, n. the mass of sarcode in the sarcotheca of a cœlenterate. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, stylos, a pillar.]

Sarcotheca, sär-kō-thē′ka, n. the cup of a thread-cell: a cnida or nematophore. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, thēkē, a sheath.]

Sarcotic, sär-kot′ik, adj. causing flesh to grow.—adj. , fleshy. [Gr. sarkōtikos—sarkousthai, to produce flesh—sarx, flesh.]

Sard, särd, n. a variety of quartz, differing from cornelian only in its very deep-red colour, blood-red by transmitted light.—n. , a kind of agate containing layers of sard. [Gr. sardios (lithos), the Sardian (stone)—Sardeis, Sardis, in Lydia.]

Sarda, sär′da, n. a genus of scombroid fishes, the bonitos. [Gr. sardē, a fish.]

Sardel, Sardelle, sär′del, n. a slender herring-like fish. [O. Fr. sardelle—L. sarda.]

Sardine, sär-dēn′, n. a small fish of the herring family, abundant about the island of Sardinia, potted with olive-oil for export, the pilchard: a petty character. [Fr., (It. sardina)—L. sarda, sardina—Gr. sardēnē.]

Sardine, sär′din, n. the same as Sard.—Also . [O. Fr. sardine.]

Sardonic, sär-don′ik, adj. forced, heartless, or bitter, said of a forced unmirthful laugh—(obs.) '.—adv. '. [Fr. sardonique—L. sardonius, sardonicus—Gr. sardanios, referred to sardonion, a plant of Sardinia (Gr. Sardō), which was said to screw up the face of the eater, but more prob. from Gr. sairein, to grin.]

Sardonyx, sär′dō-niks, n. a variety of onyx consisting of layers of light-coloured chalcedony alternating with reddish layers of cornelian or sard: (her.) a tincture of sanguine colour when the blazoning is done by precious stones. [Gr. sardonyx—Sardios, Sardian, onyx, a nail.]

Sargasso, sär-gas′o, n. a genus of seaweeds, of which two species are found floating in immense quantities in some parts of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans—gulf-weed.—n. . [Sp.]

Sargus, sär′gus, n. a genus of sparoid fishes of the sub-family . [Gr. sargos, a mullet.]

Sari, sär′i, n. a Hindu woman's chief garment, consisting of a long piece of silk or cotton cloth wrapped round the middle: any long scarf. [Hind.]

Sarigue, sa-rēg′, n. a South American opossum. [Fr.,—Braz.]

Sark, särk, n. a shirt or chemise: the body garment. [A.S. syrce; Ice. serkr.]

Sarking, sär′king, n. (Scot.) thin boards for lining, the boarding on which slates are laid.

Sarkinite, sär′ki-nīt, n. a hydrous arseniate of manganese. [Gr. sarkinos, fleshy, sarx, sarkos, flesh.]

Sarlak, sär′lak, n. the yak.—Also ', '.

Sarmatian, sär-mā′shi-an, adj. pertaining to the race who spoke the same language as the Scythians, and who are believed to have been of Median descent and so Iranian in stock, though some authorities think they belonged to the Ural-Altaic family: Polish, the term Sarmatia being sometimes rhetorically applied to Poland.

Sarmatier, sär-ma-ti-ā′, n. a dark-coloured polecat of eastern Europe.

Sarment, sär′ment, n. (bot.) a prostrate filiform stem or runner, as of a strawberry.—adjs. ', ', having sarmenta or runners.—n. , a runner. [L. sarmentum, a twig—sarpĕre, to prune.]

Sarn, särn, n. a pavement. [W. sarn.]

Saroh, sar′ō, n. an Indian musical instrument with three metal strings.

Sarong, sa-rong′, n. a garment covering the lower half of the body. [Malay.]

Saros, sā′ros, n. a Babylonian numeral=3600: an astronomical cycle of 6585 days and 8 hours.

Sarothrum, sa-rō′thrum, n. a brush of stiff hairs on the leg of a bee:—pl. . [Gr. sarōtron, a broom.]

Sarplar, sär′plär, n. (obs.) packing-cloth: a large bale of wool containing 2240 pounds.—Also ', '. [O. Fr. serpilliere—Low L. serapellinus—L. xerampelinæ (vestes), of the colour of dead vine-leaves, dark-red (clothes)—Gr. xērampelinos, xēros, dry, ampelinos—ampelos, a vine.]

Sarracenia, sär-a-sē′ni-a, n. a genus of polypetalous plants—the side-saddle flower, pitcher-plant. [Named from Dr Sarrazin, who first sent them to Europe from Quebec.]

Sarrasin, sär′a-sin, n. a portcullis.—Also .

Sarrazin, sär′a-zin, n. buckwheat—Saracen wheat.

Sarrusophone, sa-rus′ō-fōn, n. a musical instrument of the oboe class. [From the inventor, a French bandmaster named Sarrus.]

Sarsaparilla, sär-sa-pa-ril′a, n. the dried root of several species of Smilax, native to tropical America, yielding a medicinal decoction.—Also . [Sp.,—zarza, bramble (prob. Basque, sartzia), parilla, a dim. of parra, a vine.]

Sarsen, sär′sen, n. a local name for the old inhabitants who worked the tin-mines in Cornwall and Devonshire—(the piles of old mining refuse are called attal-Sarsen and Jews' leavings).—Also ', ', a name given to the Greywethers of Cornwall.

Sarsenet, särs′net, n. a thin tissue of fine silk, plain or twilled, used for ladies' dresses and for linings, said to have been introduced from the East in the 13th century.—Also ', '. [O. Fr. sarcenet—Low L. Saracenatus, and Saracenicus (pannus), Saracen (cloth)—Saracenus, Saracen.]

Sarsia, sär′si-a, n. a genus of jelly-fishes. [Named from Professor Sars of Christiania.]

Sartage, sär′tāj, n. the clearing of woodland for agricultural purposes.—n. Sart, a strip of such.

Sartorius, sär-tō′ri-us, n. the muscle of the thigh by which the one leg is thrown across the other.—n. ', a tailor.—adj. ', pertaining to a tailor or tailoring. [L. sartor, a tailor.]

Sash, sash, n. a band, ribbon, or scarf, worn as a badge or ornament, or a badge of distinction worn by officers—also v.t.—n. , sashes collectively. [Pers. shast, a turban.]

Sash, sash, n. a case or frame for panes of glass.—v.t. to furnish with sashes.—ns. ', a door having panes of glass; ', the frame in which the sash of a window is suspended; , a glazed window in which the glass is set in a sash.—French sash, a casement swinging on hinges. [Fr. châsse—L. capsa, a case.]

Sasia, sā′si-a, n. a genus of Indian pigmy woodpeckers.

Sasin, sas′in, n. the common Indian antelope.

Sasine, sā′sin, n. (Scots law) the act of giving legal possession of feudal property, infeftment: a form of seizin. [Fr. saisine—saisir, occupy.]

Sass, sas, n. (coll.) impudence: vegetables used in making sauces.—v.i. to be insolent in replies.

Sassaby, sas′a-bi, n. the bastard hartebeest of South Africa.

Sassafras, sas′a-fras, n. a tree of the laurel family, common in North America; also the bark of its root, a powerful stimulant.—Sassafras oil, a volatile aromatic oil distilled from the sassafras. [Fr. sassafras—Sp. sasafras—L. saxifraga—saxum, a stone, frangĕre, to break.]

Sassanid, sas′a-nid, n. one of the Sassanidæ, the dynasty which ruled Persia from 218 A.D. to 639.—adj. .

Sassarara. Same as Siserary.

Sasse, sas, n. a sluice on a navigable river. [Dut.]

Sassenach, sas′e-nah, n. a Saxon: an Englishman: a Lowlander. [Gael. Sasunnach.]

Sassolin, sas′ō-lin, n. native boracic acid—first found near Sasso in Florence.—Also .

Sassorol, sas′ō-rol, n. the rock-pigeon.—Also .

Sat, sat, pa.t. and pa.p. of sit.

Satan, sā′tan, n. the enemy of men: the devil: the chief of the fallen angels.—adjs. ', ', pertaining to, or like, Satan: devilish.—adv. ', diabolically: with malice or wickedness suiting the devil.—ns. ', the quality of being fiendishly malicious or wicked; ', the devilish disposition; ', an appearance or incarnation of Satan; ', fear of the devil; ', Satan; . [O. Fr. Sathan, Sathanas—Low L. Satan, Satanas—Heb. sātān, enemy—sātan, to be adverse.]

Satara, sat′a-ra, n. a ribbed, hot-pressed, and lustred woollen cloth.

Satchel, sach′el, n. a small sack or bag, esp. for papers, books, &c. [Older form sachel—O. Fr. sachel—L. saccellus, dim. of saccus.]

Sate, sāt, v.t. to satisfy or give enough: to glut.—adj. , insatiable. [L. satiāre, -ātum—satis, enough.]

Sate, sat. Same as Sat, pa.t. of sit.

Sateen, sa-tēn′, n. a glossy worsted, cotton, or even woollen fabric.—Also .

Satellite, sat′el-līt, n. an obsequious follower: one of the small members of the solar system, attendant on the larger planets, by which their motions are controlled.—ns. ', a large hawk-moth; ', a vein accompanying an artery; , an escort. [Fr.,—L. satelles, satellitis, an attendant.]

Satiate, sā′shi-āt, v.t. to satisfy or give enough: to gratify fully: to glut.—adj. glutted.—n. '.—adj. ', that may be satiated.—ns. '; ', state of being satiated: surfeit. [L. satiāra, -ātum—satis, enough.]

Satin, sat′in, n. a closely woven silk with a lustrous and unbroken surface, sometimes figured.—adj. made of satin: resembling satin.—v.t. to make smooth and glossy like satin.—ns. ', the satin bower-bird; ', a particular kind of moth; ', a satin with an elaborate flower or arabesque pattern, sometimes raised in velvet pile; ', a thin glossy woollen fabric, a variety of cassimere; ', a thin species of satin: a cloth with a cotton warp and woollen weft; ', a loom used for heavy goods, as twills, satinets, &c.; ', a finish resembling satin: a lustrous finish produced on silver by the scratch-brush, by the process called Satining; ', a machine for giving a smooth surface to paper; ', the common alum-root; ', a cotton dress-fabric with satiny surface, usually printed with delicate patterns; ', a fine, glossy writing-paper; ', twilled cotton fabric with a satin surface; ', a variety of calcite with a pearly lustre when polished; ', an Australian fly-catcher; ', an embroidery stitch, flat or raised, repeated in parallel lines, giving a satiny appearance and making both sides alike; ', a fibrous gypsum used by lapidaries; ', a beautiful ornamental wood from East and West Indies, having a smooth, satiny texture.—adj. ', like, or composed of, satin. [Fr. satin (It. setino)—Low. L. setinus, adj.—L. seta, hair.]

Satiné, sat-i-nā′, n. a reddish hard wood of French Guiana.

Satire, sat′īr, or sat′ir, n. a literary composition, orig. in verse, essentially a criticism of man and his works, whom it holds up either to ridicule or scorn—its chief instruments, irony, sarcasm, invective, wit and humour: an invective poem: severity of remark, denunciation: ridicule.—adjs. ', ', pertaining to, or conveying, satire: sarcastic: abusive.—adv. '.—n. ', the state or quality of being satirical.—v.t. ', to make the object of satire: to censure severely.—n. ', a writer of satire. [Fr.,—L. satira, satura (lanx, a dish), a full dish, a medley.]

Satisfy, sat′is-fī, v.t. to give enough to: to supply fully: to please fully: to discharge: to free from doubt: to convince.—v.i. to give content: to supply fully: to make payment:—pa.t. and pa.p. —n. ', state of being satisfied: gratification: comfort: that which satisfies: amends: atonement: payment, quittance: conviction: repairing a wrong, as by a duel.—adj. ' (obs.).—adv. '.—n. '.—adjs. ', satisfying: giving contentment: making amends or payment: atoning: convincing; ', capable of being satisfied.—n. '.—adj. ', satisfactory.—adv. .—Satisfaction theory (of the Atonement), the ordinary theory of Catholic orthodoxy that Christ made satisfaction to Divine justice for the guilt of human sin by suffering as the human representative, and that thus Divine forgiveness was made possible. [Fr. satisfaire—L. satisfacĕre, satis, enough, facĕre, to make.]

Sative, sā′tiv, adj. sown as in a garden. [L. sativus—serĕre, to sow.]

Satrap, sā′trap, or sat′rap, n. a Persian viceroy or ruler of one of the greater provinces:—fem. '.—adjs. ', relating to a satrap or to a satrapy; ', crested, like the golden-crested wren of North America.—n. ', the government of a satrap. [Gr. satrapēs, from Old Pers. khshatrapā or Zend shōithra-paiti—ruler of a region—shōithra, a region, paiti, a chief.]

Saturate, sat′ū-rāt, v.t. to fill: to unite with till no more can be received: to fill to excess: to soak: (opt.) to render pure, or of a colour free from white light.—adjs. ', that may be saturated; ', saturating; ', saturated: (entom.) very intense, as 'saturate green.'—ns. '; , act of saturating: state of being saturated: the state of a body when quite filled with another. [L. saturāre, -ātum—satur, full, akin to satis, enough.]

Saturday, sat′ur-dā, n. the seventh or last day of the week, dedicated by the Romans to Saturn: the Jewish Sabbath. [A.S. Sæter-dæg, Sætern-dæg, day of Saturn—L. Saturnus.]

Satureia, sat-ū-rē′i-a, n. a genus of gamopetalous plants of the order Labiatæ—savory.

Saturn, sat′urn, or sā′-, n. the ancient Roman god of agriculture: one of the planets: (her.) a tincture, in colour black.—n.pl. ', the annual festival in honour of Saturn, a time of unrestrained license and enjoyment.—adjs. ', pertaining to the Saturnalia: riotously merry: dissolute; ', pertaining to Saturn, whose fabulous reign was called 'the golden age:' happy: pure: simple: denoting the verse in which the oldest Latin poems were written; ', grave: gloomy: phlegmatic—those born under the planet Saturn being so disposed: pertaining to lead.—n.  (obs.), a gloomy person.—Saturn's ring, a ring round and near the planet; Saturn's tree, an arborescent deposit of lead from a solution of lead acetate. [Saturnus—serĕre, satum, to sow.]

Saturnia, sā-tur′ni-a, n. a genus of bombycid moths.

Saturnia, sā-tur′ni-a, n. lead poisoning, plumbism.

Saturnite, sat′ur-nīt, n. a mineral substance containing lead.

Satyr, sat′ėr, or sā′tėr, n. a silvan deity, represented as part man and part goat, and extremely wanton: a very lecherous person: a species of butterfly.—ns. ' (her.), a monster with a human head and the limbs of different animals; ', morbid lasciviousness in men, corresponding to nymphomania in women—also '.—adjs. ', ', pertaining to satyrs.—ns. ', the argus butterflies; ', a genus of small flowered orchids; ', the genus of orangs—simia. [L. satyrus—Gr. satyros.]

Sauba-ant, saw′ba-ant, n. a South American leaf-carrying ant.

Sauce, saws, n. a liquid seasoning for food, consisting of salt, &c.: fruit stewed with sugar: a relish: impudence.—v.t. to put sauce in to relish: to make poignant: to gratify the palate: to treat with bitter or pert language: to make suffer.—ns. ', a cruciferous plant with a strong garlic smell, Jack-by-the-hedge; ', a vessel with a spout for holding sauce; ', an impudent person; ', a soft, black pastel used for backgrounds; ', a pan in which sauce or any small thing is boiled; ', the king-crab.—Poor man's sauce, hunger; Serve one with the same sauce, to requite one injury with another, to make to suffer. [Fr. sauce—L. salsa, neut. pl. of salsus, pa.p. of salīre, salsum, to salt—sal, salt.]

Saucer, saw′sėr, n. the shallow platter for a tea or coffee cup: anything resembling a saucer, as a socket of iron for the pivot of a capstan: (orig.) a small vessel to hold sauce.—adj. , having large round eyes. [O. Fr. saussiere—Low L. salsarium—L. salsa, sauce.]

Sauch, Saugh, sawh, n. (Scot.) the willow. [Sallow.]

Saucisse, sō-sēs′, n. a bag filled with powder for use in mines.—Also . [Fr.]

Saucy, saw′si, adj. (comp. ', superl. ') sharp: pungent: insolent: overbearing: wanton: impudent, pert.—adv. '.—n. '. [Sauce.]

Sauer-kraut, sour′-krout, n. a German dish consisting of cabbage sliced fine and suffered to ferment in a cask with salt, juniper-berries, cumin-seed, caraway-seeds, &c. [Ger.]

Saufgard, sawf′gärd, n. (Spens.). Safeguard.

Sauger, saw′gėr, n. the smaller American pike-fish.

Saul, a Scotch form of soul.

Saulge, sawlj, adj. (Spens.) sage.

Saulie, saw′li, n. (Scot.) a hired mourner.—Also .

Sault, sawlt, n. (obs.) a leap: an assault.

Sault, sō, n. a rapid in some Canadian rivers. [Fr.]

Saunt, a Scotch form of saint.

Saunter, sawn′tėr, v.i. to wander about idly: to loiter: to lounge: to stroll: to dawdle.—n. a sauntering: a place for sauntering: a leisurely ramble.—ns. '; '.—adv. . [M. E. saunteren—Anglo-Fr. sauntrer, to adventure out. Cf. Adventure. Sometimes erroneously explained as from Fr. sainte terre, holy land, from pilgrimages.]

Saurian, saw′ri-an, n. a reptile or animal covered with scales, as the lizard.—adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, a saurian.—n.pl. ', a division of reptiles formerly including lizards, crocodiles, dinosaurians, pterodactyls, &c.: a scaly reptile with legs, a lacertilian: one of the sauropsida.—n. ', a genus of toothless reptiles, whose fossil remains are found in the Rocky Mountains.—adj. '.—ns. ', the fossil track of a saurian; ', a genus of fossil fishes of the Cretaceous age.—adj. ', resembling the lizard: reptilian.—n. ', a genus of plump lizards, including the alderman-lizard.—n.pl. ', an order of lizards containing gigantic dinosaurs.—adj. '.—n.pl. ', the monocondyla, including birds and reptiles.—adj. '.—n.pl. ', an order of fossil saurians, usually called Plesiosauria.—adj. . [Gr. saura, sauros, the lizard.]

Saurless, sawr′les, adj. (Scot.) savourless: tasteless.

Saurognathæ, saw-rog′nā-thē, n.pl. a family of birds containing the woodpeckers and their allies.—n. ', the peculiar arrangement of the bones of their palates.—adj. '. [Gr. sauros, a lizard, gnathos, the jaw.]

Saurophagous, saw-rof′a-gus, adj. feeding on reptiles. [Gr. sauros, a lizard, phagein, to eat.]

Saurotherinæ, saw-rō-thē-rī′nē, n.pl. the ground-cuckoos, a sub-family of Cuculidæ, the typical genus . [Gr. sauros, a lizard, thēr, a beast.]

Saururæ, saw-rōō′rē, n.pl. a sub-class or order of Aves, of Jurassic age, based upon the genus Archæopteryx—also called '.—adj. ', lizard-tailed, as the foregoing birds.

Saururus, saw-rōō′rus, n. a genus of apetalous plants of the order Piperaceæ.—n.pl. , a family of these. [Gr. sauros, a lizard, oura, a tail.]

Saurus, saw′rus, n. the genus of lizard-fishes.

Saury, saw′ri, n. the skipper, a species of the family Scomberesocidæ, with elongated body and head, the jaws produced into a sharp beak.

Sausage, saw′sāj, n. a gut stuffed with chopped meat salted and seasoned.—n. , poisoning by spoiled sausages. [Fr. saucisse—Low L. salcitia—L. salsus, salted.]

Saussurea, saw-sū′rē-a, n. a genus of composite plants of the order Cynaroideæ. [Named after the Swiss botanists, H. B. de Saussure (1740-99), and his son, Nic. Théodore de Saussure (1767-1845).]

Saussurite, saw-sū′rīt, n. a fine-grained compact mineral, of grayish colour.—adj. .

Saut, sawt, a Scotch form of salt.

Sauter, sō-tā′, v.t. to fry lightly and quickly. [Fr.]

Sautereau, sō-te-rō′, n. the jack or hopper of a pianoforte, &c. [Fr.]

Sauterelle, sō-te-rel′, n. an instrument for tracing angles. [Fr.]

Sauterne, sō-tėrn′, n. an esteemed white wine produced at Sauterne, in the Gironde, France.

Sautoire, Sautoir, sō-twor′, n. (her.) a ribbon worn diagonally. [Saltier.]

Sauvagesia, saw-vā-jē′si-a, n. a genus of polypetalous plants of the violet family. [Named from the French botanist P. A. Boissier de la Croix de Sauvages (1710-95).]

Sauvegarde, sōv′gärd, n. a monitor-lizard: a safeguard. [Fr.]

Savage, sav′āj, adj. wild: uncivilised: fierce: cruel: brutal: (her.) nude: naked.—n. a human being in a wild state: a brutal, fierce, or cruel person: a barbarian.—v.t. and v.i. to make savage, to play the savage.—n. ', a savage state: savages collectively.—adv. '.—ns. '; ', fierceness: ferocity: wild growth of plants; . [O. Fr. salvage—L. silvaticus, pertaining to the woods—silva, a wood.]

Savanna, Savannah, sa-van′a, n. a tract of level land, covered with low vegetation: a treeless plain.—ns. ', a genus of the milk-weed family, West Indies; ', the sparrow common through North America; , a name of certain West Indian trees, also called Fiddlewood. [Sp. savana, sabana, a sheet, a meadow—Low L. sabanum—Gr. sabanon, a linen cloth.]

Savant, sav-ang′, n. a learned man. [Fr., pr.p. of savoir, to know.]

Save, sāv, v.t. to bring safe out of evil: to rescue: to reserve: to spare: to deliver from the power of sin and from its consequences: to husband: to hoard: to be in time for: to obviate, to prevent something worse.—v.i. to be economical.—prep. except.—adjs. ', '.—ns. '; ', a contrivance intended to save anything from being wasted.—v.t. ' (Spens.), to protect.—ns. ', one who saves; ', or Sir-reverence, an apologetic phrase in conversation to cover anything offensive.—adj. ', disposed to save or be economical: incurring no loss: preserving from wrong: frugal: implying a condition, as a saving clause: exceptional: (theol.) securing salvation.—prep. excepting.—n. that which is saved: (pl.) earnings.—adv. ', so as to secure salvation.—ns. '; , a bank for the receipt of small deposits by poor persons, and their accumulation at compound interest.—Save appearances, to keep up an appearance of wealth, comfort, or propriety. [Fr. sauver—L. salvāre—salvus, safe.]

Saveloy, sav′e-loi, n. a kind of sausage made of meat chopped and seasoned, orig. of brains. [Fr. cervelat, cervelas, a saveloy—It. cervelata—cervello, brain—L. cerebellum, dim. of cerebrum, the brain.]

Savigny, sa-vē′nyi, n. a red wine of Burgundy.

Savin, Savine, sav′in, n. a low much-branched and widely-spreading shrub (Juniperus Sabina), with very small imbricated evergreen leaves, its fresh tops yielding an irritant volatile oil, anthelmintic and abortifacient: the American red cedar. [O. Fr. sabine—L. sabina (herba), Sabine herb.]

Saviour, sā′vyur, n. one who saves from evil: a deliverer, a title applied to Jesus Christ, who saves men from the power and penalty of sin.

Savoir-faire, sav-wor-fār′, n. the faculty of knowing just what to do and how to do it: tact. [Fr.]

Savoir-vivre, sav-wor-vē′vr, n. good breeding: knowledge of polite usages. [Fr.]

Savonette, sav-ō-net′, n. a kind of toilet soap: a West Indian tree whose bark serves as soap.

Savory, sā′vor-i, n. a genus of plants of the natural order Labiatæ, nearly allied to thyme. The Common Savory gives an aromatic pungent flavour to viands. [Savour.]

Savour, Savor, sā′vur, n. taste: odour: scent: (B.) reputation: characteristic property: pleasure.—v.i. to have a particular taste or smell: to be like: to smack.—v.t. to smell: to relish: to season.—adv. '.—n. '.—adjs. ', wanting savour; ', well seasoned: of good taste; , having savour or relish: pleasant: with gusto: morally pleasant. [Fr. saveur—L. sapor—sapĕre, to taste.]

Savoy, sa-voi′, n. a cultivated winter variety of cabbage, forming a large close head like the true cabbage, but having wrinkled leaves—originally from Savoy.—ns. ', a native of Savoy, since 1860 part of France; ', a tree related to the June-berry or shad-bush.

Savvy, Savvey, sav′i, v.t. to know: to understand.—v.i. to possess knowledge.—n. general ability. [Sp. sabe—saber, to know—L. sapĕre, to be wise.]

Saw, saw, pa.t. of see.

Saw, saw, n. an instrument for cutting, formed of a blade, band, or disc of thin steel, with a toothed edge.—v.t. to cut with a saw.—v.i. to use a saw: to be cut with a saw:—pa.t. sawed; pa.p. sawed or sawn.—ns. ', the larva of an American bombycid moth; ', a slang name for a surgeon; ', dust or small pieces of wood, &c., made in sawing; '; ', a three-cornered file used for sharpening the teeth of saws; ', a genus of cartilaginous fishes distinguished by the prolongation of the snout into a formidable weapon bordered on each side by sharp teeth; ', the common name of a number of hymenopterous insects, injurious to plants; ', the frame in which a saw is set; ', a marsh plant of the southern states of the American Union, with long slender leaves; ', any insect with serrate antennæ; ', a mill for sawing timber; ', a pit where wood is sawed; ', an instrument for turning the teeth of saws alternately right and left; ', the greater titmouse; ', the platform of a sawing-machine; ', the process by which the requisite hardness and elasticity are given to a saw.—adj. ', having teeth like those of a saw: (bot.) having tooth-like notches, as a leaf.—ns. ', the Acadian owl; ', the marsh titmouse; ', one who saws timber: a stranded tree in a river in America: any wood-boring larva: the bowfin fish. [A.S. saga; Ger. säge.]

Saw, saw, n. a saying: a proverb: a degree: a joke. [A.S. sagu—secgan, to say.]

Saw, saw, n. (Scot.) salve.

Sawder, saw′dėr, n. flattery, blarney.

Sawney, Sawny, saw′ni, n. a Scotchman. [For Sandy from Alexander.]

Sax, saks, n. a knife, a dagger: a slate-cutter's hammer. [A.S. seax, a knife.]

Sax, a Scotch form of six.

Saxatile, sak′sa-til, adj. rock inhabiting. [L. saxatilis—saxum, a rock.]

Saxe, saks, n. (phot.) a German albuminised paper.

Saxhorn, saks′horn, n. a brass wind-instrument having a long winding tube with bell opening, invented by Antoine or Adolphe Sax, of Paris, about 1840.

Saxicava, sak-sik′a-va, n. a genus of bivalve molluscs.—adj. . [L. saxum, a rock, cavus, hollow.]

Saxicola, sak-sik′ō-la, n. the stone-chats: the wheat-ear.—adjs. ', ', living among rocks. [L. saxum, a rock, colĕre, inhabit.]

Saxifrage, sak′si-frāj, n. a genus of plants of the natural order Saxifrageæ or Saxifragaceæ, its species chiefly mountain and rock plants.—adjs. ', ', ', '.—n. ', a gunpowder in which barium nitrate takes the place of sulphur.—adj. ', growing on rocks.—Burnet saxifrage, the Pimpinella Saxifraga, whose leaves are eaten as a salad; Golden saxifrage, a low half-succulent herb with yellow flowers. [Fr.,—L. saxum, a stone, frangĕre, to break.]

Saxon, saks′un, n. one of the people of North Germany who conquered England in the 5th and 6th centuries: the language of the Saxons: one of the English race: a native or inhabitant of Saxony in its later German sense: a Lowlander of Scotland: modern English.—adj. pertaining to the Saxons, their language, country, or architecture.—n. ', the Anglo-Saxon world.—adj. '.—v.t. ', to impregnate with Saxon ideas.—ns. ', a Saxon idiom; , a Saxon scholar.—Saxon architecture, a style of building in England before the Norman Conquest, marked by the peculiar 'long and short' work of the quoins, the projecting fillets running up the face of the walls and interlacing like woodwork, and the baluster-like shafts between the openings of the upper windows resembling the turned woodwork of the period; Saxon blue, a deep liquid blue used in dyeing; Saxon green, a green colour; Saxon shore (Litus Saxonicum), in Roman times, the coast districts of Britain from Brighton northwards to the Wash, peculiarly exposed to the attacks of the Saxons from across the North Sea, and therefore placed under the authority of a special officer, the 'Count of the Saxon Shore.' [A.S. Seaxe—seax, Old High Ger. sahs, a knife, a short sword.]

Saxony, sak′sni, n. a woollen material: flannel.

Saxophone, sak′sō-fōn, n. a brass wind-instrument, with about twenty finger-keys, like the clarinet. [Sax, the inventor—Gr. phōnē, the voice.]

Say, sā, v.t. to utter in words: to speak: to declare: to state: to answer: to rehearse: to recite: to take for granted.—v.i. to speak: to relate: to state:—pa.t. and pa.p. said (sed).—n. something said: a remark: a speech: a saw.—ns. ', one who says: a speaker: one who assays; ', something said: an expression: a maxim; , an authoritative declaration: a rumour, a mere report.—Say to, to think of.—It is said, or They say, it is commonly reputed; It says, equivalent to 'it is said;' That is to say, in other words. [A.S. secgan (sægde, gesægd); Ice. segja, Ger. sagen.]

Say, sā, n. (Spens.) assay, proof, temper (of a sword): (Shak.) taste, relish: a sample: trial by sample.—v.t. to assay, to try.—n. , one who makes proof. [A contr. of assay.]

Say, sā, n. a thin kind of silk: a kind of woollen stuff.—adj. (Shak.) silken. [O. Fr. saie—Low L. seta, silk—L. seta, a bristle.]

Say, sā, n. (Scot.) a strainer for milk.

Sayette, sā-et′, n. a kind of serge: a woollen yarn. [Fr. sayette, dim. of saye, serge.]

Saynay, sā′nā, n. a lamprey.

Sayon, sā′on, n. a medieval peasant's sleeveless jacket. [O. Fr.,—saye, serge.]

Sayornis, sā-or′nis, n. the pewit fly-catchers. [Thomas Say, an American ornithologist.]

Sbirro, sbir′rō, n. an Italian police-officer:—pl. Sbirri [It.]

&apos;Sblood, sblud, interj. an imprecation. [God's blood.]

Scab, skab, n. a crust formed over a sore: a disease of sheep resembling the mange: a disease of potatoes, or a fungous disease of apples, &c.: a mean fellow: a workman who refuses to join a trades-union or to take part in a strike, or who takes the place of a man out on strike.—v.i. to heal over, to cicatrise: to form a new surface by encrustation.—n. (print.) a scale-board.—adj. ', affected or covered with scabs: diseased with the scab: vile, worthless.—ns. '; '.—adj. ', scabbed: injured by the attachment of barnacles to the carapace of a shell: (print.) of matter that is blotched or uneven.—n. , the itch-mite. [A.S scæb (Dan. scab, Ger. schabe)—L. scabies—scabĕre, to scratch.]

Scabbard, skab′ard, n. the case in which the blade of a sword is kept: a sheath.—v.t. to provide with a sheath.—n. , a fish of the family Lepidopodidæ. [M. E. scauberk, prob. an assumed O. Fr. escauberc—Old High Ger. scala, a scale, bergan, to protect.]

Scabble, skab′l, v.t. to hew a stone to a level surface without making it smooth.—Also . [Prob. A.S. scafan, to shave.]

Scabellum, skā-bel′um, n. an ancient musical appliance, consisting of plates of metal, &c., fastened to the feet to be struck together. [L., also scabillum, dim. of scamnum, a bench.]

Scaberulous, skā-ber′ū-lus, adj. (bot.) slightly roughened. [Scabrous.]

Scabies, skā′bi-ēz, n. the itch. [L.,—scabĕre, to scratch.]

Scabiosa, skā-bi-ō′sa, n. a genus of herbaceous plants of the teasel family, as the Devil's-bit scabious, the Sweet scabious, &c.—the former long thought efficacious in scaly eruptions.

Scabious, skā′bi-us, adj. scabby: scurfy: itchy.—n. ', roughness: ruggedness.—adj. ', rough.—n. ', a morbid roughness of the inner surface of the eyelid.—adj. ', rough to the touch, like a file: rugged: covered with little points: harsh: unmusical.—n. . [L. scabiosus—scabies, the itch.]

Scad, skad, n. a carangoid fish, also called Horse-mackerel: (Scot.) the ray. [Prob. shad.]

Scad, a Scotch form of scald.

Scaddle, skad′l, adj. (prov.) mischievous, hurtful.—n. hurt.—Also ', '. [Scathe.]

Scæan, sē′an, adj. western, from the Scæan gate in Troy. [Gr. skaios, left.]

Scaff, skaf, n. (Scot.) food of any kind.

Scaffold, skaf′old, n. a temporary platform for exhibiting or for supporting something, and esp. for the execution of a criminal: a framework.—v.t. to furnish with a scaffold: to sustain.—ns. ' (Shak.), a scaffold, a stage, the gallery of a theatre; ', a spectator in the gallery: one of the 'gods;' , a scaffold of wood for supporting workmen while building: materials for scaffolds: (fig.) a frame, framework: disposing of the bodies of the dead on a scaffold or raised platform, as by the Sioux Indians, &c. [O. Fr. escafaut (Fr. échafaud, It. catafalco); from a Romance word, found in Sp. catar, to view—L. captāre, to try to seize, falco (It. palco), a scaffold—Ger. balke, a beam. Doublet catafalque.]

Scaff-raff, skaf′-raf, n. (Scot.) refuse: riff-raff.

Scaglia, skal′ya, n. an Italian calcareous rock, corresponding to the chalk of England.

Scagliola, skal-yō′la, n. a composition made to imitate the more costly kinds of marble and other ornamental stones.—Also . [It. scagliuola, dim. of scaglia, a scale, a chip of marble or stone.]

Scaith, skāth, n. (Scot.) damage.—adj. . [Scathe.]

Scala, skā′la, n. (surg.) an instrument for reducing dislocation: a term applied to any one of the three canals of the cochlea:—pl. '.—adj. ', that may be scaled or climbed.—ns. ', an assault, as an escalade—also '; ' (math.), in the quaternion analysis, a quantity that has magnitude but not direction.—adj. of the nature of a scalar.—n.pl. ', the ladder-shells or wentle-traps.—adjs. ', shaped like a ladder; ', formed with steps. [L., a ladder.]

Scalawag, Scallawag, skal′a-wag, n. an undersized animal of little value: a scamp: a native Southern Republican, as opposed to a carpet-bagger, during the period of reconstruction after the American Civil War. [From Scalloway in the Shetland Islands, in allusion to its small cattle.]

Scald, skawld, v.t. to burn with hot liquid: to cook slightly, as fruit, in hot water or steam: to cleanse thoroughly by rinsing with very hot water.—n. a burn caused by hot liquid.—ns. ', one who scalds vessels: a pot for scalding; ', a marine flat fish; ', things scalded; ', a nickname for a dyer.—Scalding hot, so hot as to scald. [O. Fr. escalder (Fr. échauder)—Low L. excaldāre, to bathe in warm water—ex, from, calidus, warm, hot.]

Scald, Skald, skald, n. one of the ancient Scandinavian poets.—adj. , relating to, or composed by, the Scalds. [Ice. skáld.]

Scald, skawld, n. scurf on the head.—adj. scurfy, paltry, poor.—ns. ', the blackberry; ', the hooded crow; , a fungous parasitic disease of the scalp, favus. [Scall.]

Scaldino, skal-dē′nō, n. an Italian earthenware brazier:—pl. . [It.]

Scale, skāl, n. a ladder: series of steps: a graduated measure: (mus.) a series of all the tones ascending or descending from the keynote to its octave, called the gamut: the order of a numeral system: gradation: proportion: series.—v.t. to mount, as by a ladder: to ascend: to draw in true proportion: to measure logs: to decrease proportionally, as every part.—v.i. to lead up by steps: (Scot.) to disperse, to spill, to spread as manure.—ns. ' (print.), a thin slip of wood for extending a page to its true length, making types register, securing uniformity of margin, &c.; ', a tubular pipette with a graduated scale for taking up definite quantities of liquid; , a ladder used for the escalade of an enemy's fortress: a fireman's ladder: (her.) a bearing representing a ladder, with two hooks and two ferrules. [L. scala, a ladder—scandĕre, to mount.]

Scale, skāl, n. one of the small, thin plates on a fish or reptile: a thin layer: a husk: the covering of the leaf-buds of deciduous trees: a piece of cuticle that is squamous or horny: a flake: an encrustation on the side of a vessel in which water is heated.—v.t. to clear of scales: to peel off in thin layers.—v.i. to come off in thin layers.—ns. ', armour consisting of scales of metal overlapping each other: plate-mail; ', a marine worm covered with scales.—adjs. ', having scales, as the sea-mice; Scaled, having scales: covered with scales.—ns. ', an American dove having the plumage marked as with scales; ', a dry cured fish, as the haddock; ', the scabbard-fish; ', any insect of the homopterous family Coccidæ.—adj. ', without scales, as the scaleless amphibians.—n. ', certain plants which resemble moss.—adj. ', having a pattern resembling scales.—ns. ', an American quail having scale-like markings of the plumage; ', one who makes a business of scaling fish: an instrument used by dentists in removing tartar.—adjs. ', having scales on the under side of the tail; ', having the wings covered with minute scales, as a butterfly.—ns. ', scales lapping over each other; ', a scale-back: ', the state of being scaly: roughness; ', the process of removing scales from a fish, or encrustations from the interior of a boiler; ', a furnace in which plates of iron are heated for the purpose of scaling them, as in tinning.—adj. ', covered with scales: like scales: shabby: (bot.) formed of scales. [A.S. sceale, scale, the scale of a fish; Ger. schale, shell.]

Scale, skāl, n. the dish of a balance: a balance, as to turn the scale—chiefly in pl.: (pl.) Libra, one of the signs of the zodiac.—v.t. to weigh, as in scales: to estimate.—ns. ', the beam or lever of a balance; ', in a telescope, a graduated scale for measuring distances; , the process of adjusting sights to a ship's guns.—Beam and scales, a balance; Gunter's scale, a scale for solving mechanically problems in navigation and surveying. [A.S. scále, a balance; Dut. schaal, Ger. schale; allied to preceding word.]

Scalene, skā-lēn′, adj. (geom.) having three unequal sides; (anat.) obliquely situated and unequal-sided.—n. a scalene triangle: one of several triangular muscles.—ns. ', a pyramidal form under the rhombohedral system, enclosed by twelve faces, each a scalene triangle; ', a scalene triangle; , a scalene muscle. [Fr.,—L. scalenus—Gr. skalēnos, uneven.]

Scaliola=Scagliola (q.v.).

Scall, skawl, n. (B.) a scab: scabbiness: in mining, loose ground.—adj. mean.—adjs. Scalled, Scald, scabby: mean. [Ice. skalli, bald head.]

Scallion, skal′yun, n. the shallot: the leek: the onion. [L. Ascalonia (cæpia), Ascalon (onion).]

Scallop, skol′up, n. a bivalve having a sub-circular shell with sinuous radiating ridges: one of a series of curves in the edge of anything: a shallow dish in which oysters, &c., are cooked, baked, and browned.—v.t. to cut the edge or border into scallops or curves: to cook in a scallop with crumbs of bread, &c.—p.adj. ', having the edge or border cut into scallops or curves.—ns.  moth, a name applied to several geometrid moths; ', a scallop, or the shell of one, the badge of a pilgrim. [O. Fr. escalope—Old Dut. schelpe, a shell; cf. Ger. schelfe, a husk.]

Scalma, skal′ma, n. a disease of horses. [Old High Ger. scalmo, pestilence; cf. Schelm.]

Scalops, skā′lops, n. a genus of American shrew-moles. [Gr. skalops, a mole—skallein, to dig.]

Scalp, skalp, n. the outer covering of the skull or brain-case, including the skin, the expanded tendon of the occipito-frontalis muscle, with intermediate cellular tissue and blood-vessels: the skin on which the hair grows: the skin of the top of the head, together with the hair, torn off as a token of victory by the North American Indians: the skin of the head of a noxious wild animal: (her.) the skin of the head of a stag with the horns attached: a bed of oysters or mussels (Scot. Scaup).—v.t. to cut the scalp from: to flay: to lay bare: to deprive of grass: to sell at less than recognised rates: to destroy the political influence of.—ns. ', one who scalps; a machine for removing the ends of grain, as wheat or rye, or for separating the different grades of broken wheat, semolina, &c.: one who buys and sells railroad tickets, &c., at less than the official rates, a ticket-broker: an instrument used by surgeons for scraping carious bones (also '); ', a knife, formerly a sharp stone, used by the Indians of North America for scalping their enemies; ', a scalp-lock.—adj. ', having no scalp, bald.—n. ', a long tuft of hair left by the North American Indians as a challenge. [Old Dut. schelpe, a shell; cf. Ger. schelfe, a husk; a doublet of scallop.]

Scalpel, skalp′el, n. a small surgical knife for dissecting and operating.—n. ', one of the four filamentous organs in the proboscis of hemipterous insects:—pl. '.—adj. , chisel-shaped, specifically said of the incisor teeth of rodents. [L. scalpellum, dim. of scalprum, a knife—scalpĕre, to cut.]

Scamble, skam′bl, v.i. (obs.) to scramble: to sprawl.—v.t. to mangle: to squander.—ns. ', a meal-time visitor; ', a hasty meal.—n.pl. ', days in which meat is scarce.—adv. ', strugglingly. [Ety. dub.; prob. related to shamble.]

Scamel, Scammel, skam′el, n. a bar-tailed godwit.

Scamillus, skā-mil′us, n. a second plinth under a column:—pl.  (ī). [L.]

Scammony, skam′o-ni, n. a cathartic gum-resin obtained from a species of convolvulus in Asia Minor.—adj. , made with scammony. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. skammōnia; prob. Persian.]

Scamp, skamp, n. a vagabond: a mean fellow.—v.i. ', to run with speed and trepidation.—n. a rapid run.—adj. ', rascally. [O. Fr. escamper, to flee—It. scampare, to escape—L. ex, out, campus, a battlefield.]

Scamp, skamp, v.t. to do work in a dishonest manner without thoroughness—also Skimp.—n. . [Prob. Ice. skamta, to dole out, to stint.]

Scan, skan, v.t. to count the feet in a verse: to examine carefully: to scrutinise.—v.i. to agree with the rules of metre:—pr.p. pa.t. and pa.p. scanned.—ns. '; ', act of counting the measures in a verse. [Fr. scander, to scan—L. scandĕre, scansum, to climb.]

Scand, skand, pa.t. of v.i. (Spens.) climbed.

Scandal, skan′dal, n. something said which is false and injurious to reputation: disgrace: opprobrious censure.—v.t. to defame, to aspire.—ns. ', a propagator of malicious gossip; ', defamation.—v.t. ', to give scandal or offence to: to shock: to reproach: to disgrace: to libel.—n. ', one who deals in defamatory reports.—adj. ', giving scandal or offence: calling forth condemnation: openly vile: defamatory.—adv. '.—ns. '; ', speaking slanderously of high personages, abbrev. ''Scan. Mag.'' [Fr. scandale—L. scandalum—Gr. skandalon, a stumbling-block.]

Scandalise, skan′da-līz, v.t. to trice up the tack of the spanker in a square-rigged vessel, or the mainsail in a fore-and-aft rigged one. [Scantle.]

Scandent, skan′dent, adj. climbing, as a tendril.

Scandinavian, skan-di-nā′vi-an, adj. of Scandinavia, the peninsula divided into Norway and Sweden, but, in a historical sense, applying also to Denmark and Iceland.—n. a native of Scandinavia. [L. Scandinavia, Scandia.]

Scandium, skan′di-um, n. an element discovered in 1879 in the Scandinavian mineral euxenite.

Scandix, skan′diks, n. a genus of umbelliferous plants, including shepherd's purse, Venus's comb, &c. [L.,—Gr., chervil.]

Scansion. See Scan.

Scansores, skan-sō′rēz, n.pl. an old order of birds generally characterised by having two toes before opposed by two behind, by which they are enabled to climb.—adj. ', habitually climbing, as a bird: formed for climbing.—n. ', a muscle passing from the ilium to the femur in some vertebrata. [Low L., pl. of scansor, scansoris, a climber—L. scandĕre, scansum, to climb.]

Scant, skant, adj. not full or plentiful; scarcely sufficient: deficient.—n. scarcity: lack.—adv. scarcely: scantily.—v.t. and v.i. to limit: to stint: to begrudge.—adv. '.—ns. '; ' (obs.).—adv. ', not fully or sufficiently, scarcely: narrowly: penuriously: scantily.—ns. ', the condition or quality of being scant: smallness: insufficiency; ', a good-for-nothing fellow: a scapegrace.—adj. , scant, not copious or full: hardly sufficient: wanting extent: narrow: small. [Ice. skamt, short, narrow, neut. of skammr, short.]

Scantle, skan′tl, v.t. to divide into pieces: to partition.—ns. ', a small pattern; ', a little piece: a piece or quantity cut for a particular purpose: a certain proportion.—Scantling number, a number computed from the known dimensions of a ship. [O. Fr. eschantillon, a small cantle, escanteler, to break into cantles—es—L. ex, out, cantel, chantel, a cantle.]

Scantle, skan′tl, v.i. to fail: to be deficient.—n. a gauge by which slates are measured. [Prob. scant.]

Scapanus, skap′a-nus, n. a genus of North American shrew-moles. [Gr. skapanē, a mattock.]

Scape, skāp, n. an escape: a freak or fault.—v.t. to escape from: to miss: to shun.—ns. ', one who deserves hanging: a villain; ', a graceless hare-brained fellow. [A contr. of escape.]

Scape, skāp, n. (bot.) a long, naked, radical peduncle: (entom.) the basal joint of antennæ: (ornith.) the stem of a feather: (archit.) the shaft of a column.—adjs. ' (bot.), wanting a scape; ', scape-like; , scape-bearing. [L., scapus, Gr. skapos, a shaft; cf. skēptron, a staff.]

Scape, skāp, n. the cry of the snipe when flushed: the snipe itself. [Prob. imit.]

Scapegoat, skāp′gōt, n. a goat on which, once a year, the Jewish high-priest laid symbolically the sins of the people, and which was then allowed to escape into the wilderness (Levit. xvi.): one who is made to bear the misdeeds of another. [Escape and goat.]

Scapement, skāp′ment, n. the same as Escapement.—n. , the wheel which drives the pendulum of a clock. [Escapement.]

Scapha, skā′fa, n. the scaphoid fossa of the helix of the ear. [L., a skiff.]

Scaphander, skā-fan′dėr, n. a diver's water-tight suit; a genus of gasteropods. [Gr. skaphē, a boat, anēr, andros, a man.]

Scapharca, skā-far′ka, n. a genus of bivalve molluscs. [L. scapha, a skiff.]

Scaphidium, skā-fid′i-um, n. a genus of clavicorn beetles. [Gr. skaphidion, dim. of skaphē, a skiff.]

Scaphiopod, skaf′i-ō-pod, adj. spade-footed.—n. a spade-footed toad. [Gr. skaphion, a spade, pous, podos, a foot.]

Scaphirhynchus, skaf-i-ring′kus, n. a genus of tyrant-flycatchers: the shovel-heads or shovel-nosed sturgeons. [Gr. skaphē, a skiff, rhyngchos, snout.]

Scaphism, skaf′izm, n. a Persian punishment by which the victim was fastened in a hollow tree, and smeared over with honey to attract wasps, &c. [Gr. skaphē, anything hollowed out.]

Scaphites, skā-fī′tez, n. a genus of fossil cephalopods of the ammonite family. [Gr. skaphē, a boat.]

Scaphium, skā′fi-um, n. the keel of papilionaceous flowers: a genus of coleopterous insects. [L.,—Gr. skaphion, a basin.]