Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary 1908/Rotund Ryve

Rotund, rō-tund′, adj. round: spherical: convexly protuberant.—ns. ', ', a round building, esp. with a dome, as the Pantheon at Rome.—adjs. ', rounded off, specifically noting bodies rounded off at the end; ', having round leaves; ', ' (bot.), egg-shaped.—ns. ', ', globular form.—adj. , bluntly pointed. [L. rotundus—rota, a wheel.]

Roture, rō-tūr′, n. in Canadian law, a grant made of feudal property: plebeian rank in France.—n. Roturier a plebeian. [Fr.,—Low L. ruptura, ground broken by the plough—L. rumpĕre, ruptum, to break.]

Rouble. Same as Ruble.

Rouched, rowcht, adj. wrinkled, puckered. [Ruck, a wrinkle.]

Roucou, rōō′kōō, n. a dye—arnotto. [Fr.,—Braz.]

Roué, rōō-ā′, n. a fashionable profligate: a rake, debauchee.—n. , debauchery. [A name given by Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France 1715-23, to his dissolute companions—Fr. roué, one broken on the wheel—pa.p. of rouer—roue—L. rota, a wheel.]

Rouelle, rōō-el′, n. a wheel-like amulet of the ancient Gauls, intended to symbolise the sun.—n. , a guard having the shape of a disc, as on some old daggers. [Fr.]

Rouen-cross. See Cross.

Rouge, rōōzh, n. a powder used to give artificial colour to the cheeks or lips.—v.t. to colour with rouge.—v.i. to use rouge: to blush.—ns. ', a shrub of tropical America, whose berries supply a cosmetic; ', a saucer containing a thin layer of dry rouge; Rouge-et-noir, a modern game of chance, played by the aid of packs of cards on a table covered with green cloth—also Trente-un and Trente-et-quarante.—Rouge croix, one of the four pursuivants of the English College of Heralds; Rouge dragon, one of the pursuivants of the Heralds' College. [Fr. rouge (It. roggio, robbio)—L. rubeus, red.]

Rouget, rōō-zhā′, n. an infectious disease of swine. [Fr.,—rouge, red.]

Rough, ruf, adj. not smooth: uneven: uncut: unpolished: unfinished: boisterous: tempestuous: violent: harsh: severe: rude: coarse: disordered in appearance: hasty, as a rough guess: stale: astringent: in Greek grammar, marking the stronger aspiration, equivalent to Eng. h.—n. rough condition, crudeness: a piece inserted in a horse's shoe to keep him from slipping: a bully, a ruffian, a rowdy.—v.t. to make rough: to roughen a horse's shoes to keep him from slipping: to shape roughly: to roughen.—v.i. to break the rules in boxing by too great violence.—n. ', coarse material for bedding cattle, &c.—adj. ', having a rough, horny excrescence on the beak.—v.t. ', to mould in a rough, unfinished way: to form anything in its first rudiments.—n. a rude model: a form in its rudiments: a kind of semi-fluid mortar containing fine gravel, thrown in a thin coating on outer walls.—vs.t. ', to cull oysters hastily; ', ', to trace roughly; ', to dry without smoothing.—adj. dry without having been smoothed.—v.t. ', to make rough.—v.i. to become rough.—n. ', a workman who shapes something preparatory to a finishing operation: a piece of woollen cloth in preparation for fulling.—adjs. ', having feathered feet, as a grouse; ', coarse-grained.—v.t. ', to grind roughly.—n. ', the iguanoid lizard.—v.t. ', to hew coarsely: (Shak.) to give to anything the first appearance of form.—n. '.—p.adj. ', not yet nicely finished: unpolished: unrefined.—ns. ', the dogfish: a kind of shark; ' (Scot.), dried heath; ', a metal disc charged with wet emery, &c., for grinding gems.—adjs. ', rather rough; ', having legs covered with feathers.—adv. ', coarsely: harshly: rudely.—ns. ', crudeness: rawness: harshness: asperity: physical or mental rudeness: (U.S.) fodder consisting of dried corn-stalks: (Scot.) plenty, esp. of food.—adj. ', of an actor when nearly perfect in the memorising of a part.—ns. ', one who rides rough or untrained horses: a horse-breaker; ', a coarse fellow: the rabble.—adj. ', shod with roughened shoes, as a horse in frosty weather.—n. ', a shed partially enclosed, for shelter.—adj. ', rude, homely.—ns. ', one of the supports for the steps of a wooden stairway; ', coarse paint laid on after the priming, and before the finish; ', a shield-tail snake.—adj. '.—n. ', a British moth: a rough-winged swallow.—adj. '.—v.t. ', to work over hastily without attention to execution in detail—also n.—Rough and ready, rough in manner but prompt in action; Rough and tumble, said of fighting in any style or by any means: indiscriminate, confused, not too particular about decorum, fairness, &c.; Rough diamond (see Diamond); Rough it, to take what comes.—Cut up rough, to become quarrelsome or violent; In the rough, in an unwrought or rude condition; Ride rough-shod (see Ride). [A.S. rúh, rough; Ger. rauch, rauh, Dut. ruig.]

Rought, rawt, an obsolete pret. of reck.

Roulade, rōō-lad′, n. (mus.) a melodic embellishment: a run. [Fr.,—rouler, to roll.]

Roule, rōōl, n. an obsolete form of roll.

Rouleau, rōō-lō′, n. a roll of paper containing a certain number of coins: a large piping or trimming: one of a bundle of fascines to cover besiegers:—pl. . [Fr.]

Roulette, rōōl-et′, n. a little ball or roller: a game of chance played on an oblong table divided into numbered and coloured spaces, and having in the centre a rotating disc on which a ball is rolled until it drops into one of the spaces, the player winning if he has staked his money on that space or its colour: an engraver's tool: a cylindrical object used to curl hair upon: (geom.) a particular kind of curve. [Fr.,—rouler, to roll.]

Roum. See Room (2).

Rounce, rowns, n. a wheel-pulley in a hand printing-press: a game of cards.

Rounceval, rown′se-val, n. (obs.) a giant: anything large and strong: the marrow-fat pea.

Rouncy, rown′si, n. (obs.) a common hackney: a nag: a vulgar woman.

Round, rownd, v.t. (Spens.) to address in a whisper. [A.S. runian, to whisper.]

Round, rownd, adj. circular: globular: cylindrical: whole: complete: plump: large: not inconsiderable, as a sum: whole, unbroken: smooth-flowing, continuous, as a sound: full, expressive: open: plain: positive: bold, brisk, without hesitation or delicacy, plain-spoken: candid, as a 'round unvarnished tale': severe: well turned, in a literary sense: periodic: (archit.) vaulted.—adv. on all sides: every way: circularly: in a revolution: from one side or party to another: not in a direct line, circuitously: in a round manner: from beginning to end.—prep. around: on every side of: all over.—n. that which is round: a circle or globe: a series of actions: the time of such a series: a turn: routine: revolution: cycle: an accustomed walk: a rundle or step of a ladder: a song or dance having a frequent return to the same point: a volley or general discharge of firearms, a single charge of ammunition for a musket or field-piece: that in which a whole company takes part, as a treat of liquor, &c.: prescribed circuit, as a policeman's round: the whole scope, as the round of science: one of a series, as rounds of applause: a bout in a boxing match: a brewer's vessel for holding beer while undergoing fermentation.—v.t. to make round: to surround: to go round: to complete: to make full and flowing: to encircle: to make a course round.—v.i. to grow or become round or full: to go round: to go the rounds, as a guard.—adj. ', encircling: circuitous: indirect.—n. a horizontal revolving wheel on which children ride: a round-dance: a short jacket.—adv. '.—ns. '; ', an acrobatic feat.—adjs. ', of a style characterised by semicircular arches; ', in cricket, swinging the arm more or less horizontally; ', having a round or curved back: round-shouldered; ', fan-crested.—ns. ', a dance in a circle, or in which the couples wheel; ', one that frequents a place: a tool for making an edge round: (pl.) an English game out of which base-ball grew, played with a small ball and a bat about two feet long.—adj. ', having a round face.—ns. ', the common carp: the shadwaiter; ', a style of penmanship in which the letters are well rounded and free; ', a Puritan, so called in the time of Charles I. from the Puritan fashion of having the hair cut close to the head.—adj. '.—ns. ', in ships, a cabin or house on the after-part of the quarterdeck: on American railways, an engine-house; ', in bookbinding, the shaping the folded and sewed sheets into a convex form at the back; ', various machines for producing round forms, as a machine for sawing out circular heads for casks; ', a woodworking tool for rounding the handles of rakes, &c.; ', an instrument used in forging for rounding a rod: a kind of draw-plate in saddlery for shaping round leather straps; ', a plumber's tool for finishing soldered work.—adj. ', somewhat round.—ns. '; ' (Spens.), a roundelay; ', a little circle.—adv. ', in a round manner: fully: completely: boldly: openly: plainly: briskly: generally.—adj. ' (zool.), having a mouth without any lower jaw.—n. ', quality of being round, globular, or cylindrical: cylindrical form: fullness: smoothness of flow: plainness: boldness: a kind of muff.—n.pl. ', an indefinite or approximate statement of a number, as a population, say, of 10,000.—v.t. ', to plough into round ridges.—ns. ' (U.S.), a policeman who acts as inspector; ', small stones used for paving; ', the group of twelve knights, the bravest of all the throng, who form the centre of the mythical King Arthur's retinue, sitting with the king at a round table; ', a round platform at the mast-head.—n.pl. ', tall narrow circular towers tapering gradually from the base to the summit, found abundantly in Ireland, and occasionally in Scotland, now generally believed to be the work of Christian architects and built for religious purposes.—n. ', the forming of upward curves: the bringing together of all the cattle in a ranch: a finishing of an arrangement: the convexity of a deck.—adj. ', having rounded wings, as some British moths.—n. ', one of a class of worms (Nematoda) in which the body is elongated and more or less cylindrical, most of them parasitic—opposed to the flatworms or Plathelminthes, such as tapeworms and flukes.—Round about, in an opposite direction: an emphatic form of round; Round of beef, a cut of the thigh, through and across the bone; Round off, to finish completely; Round to, to turn the head of a ship to the wind.—All round, in all respects; Bring round (see Bring); Come round (see Come); Scold roundly, to bring to book. [O. Fr. roond (Fr. rond)—L. rotundus—rota, a wheel.]

Roundel, rown′del, n. anything of a round form or figure: a circle: a ring-dance, a rondel.—n. , a round: a song in which parts are repeated: a dance in a ring. [O. Fr. rondel (Fr. rondeau), dim. of rond, round.]

Roundrobin, rownd-rob′in, n. a name given to a protest signed by a number of persons in a circular form, so that no one shall be obliged to head the list. [Fr. rond ruban, round ribbon.]

Roundure, rown′dūr, n. (Shak.)=Rondure.

Roup, rowp, n. (Scot.) a sale by auction.—v.t. to sell by auction.

Roup, rōōp, n. an infectious disease of the respiratory passages of poultry.

Rouse, rowz, v.t. to raise up: to stir up: to awaken: to excite to anything: to put into action: to startle or start, as an animal: to work about in salt, to roil.—v.i. to awake: to be excited to action.—n. the reveille.—adv. (obs.) vehemently.—adj. ' (her.), starting up, as a bird in the attitude of rising.—ns. ', an awakening religious discourse; ', one who, or that which, rouses, anything astonishing.—adj. ', having power to awaken: great, violent.—adv. '.—adj. ', noisy, riotous. [Scand., Sw. rusa, Dan. ruse, to rush.]

Rouse, rowz, n. a carousal: a bumper. [Scand., Sw. rus, drunkenness, Ice. rúss; cf. Dut. roes, Ger. rausch.]

Roussette, rōō-set′, n. a fruit-eating bat: a dogfish. [Fr.]

Roust, rowst, v.t. to stir up.—v.i. to move energetically.

Roust, rōōst, n. a current in the sea.—v.i. to drive strongly.

Roustabout, rowst′a-bowt′, n. (Amer.) a common wharf labourer: a shiftless vagrant.—Also .

Rout, rowt, n. a tumultuous crowd, a rabble: a large party: a fashionable evening assembly.—n. ', a rich sweet cake for evening parties.—adjs. ', clamorous: disorderly; . [O. Fr. route, a band—Low L. rupta, thing broken—L. rumpĕre, ruptum, to break.]

Rout, rowt, n. the defeat of an army or body of troops: the disorder of troops defeated: a pack of wolves.—v.i. to assemble together.—v.t. to put to disorderly flight: to defeat and throw into confusion: to conquer: to drag out, or into the light.—Put to rout, to put to flight. [O. Fr. route—L. ruptus, rupta, pa.p. of rumpĕre, to break.]

Rout, rowt, v.i. to roar like a cow: to snore: to howl like the wind. [A.S. hrútan, to roar.]

Rout, rowt, v.t. to root up, as a pig: to scoop out.—v.i. to poke about—also Wrout.—n. ', a sash-plane, as ', for inlaid work.—v.t. ', to cut out, leaving some parts in relief.—ns. ', a plane for the bottoms of rectangular cavities; '; ', a shaping-machine for wood, metal, or stone. [Root.]

Rout, rowt, n. the brent goose. [Ice. hrota.]

Route, rōōt, n. a course to be traversed: a line of march: road: track.—n. , an order of march in which soldiers are not required to keep step.—Star route, in the United States, a post route by means other than steam, the blank contracts for which have three groups of four stars. [Fr.,—L. rupta (via), 'a broken way.']

Routh, rowth, adj. (Scot.) plentiful, abundant—also n.—adj. , plentiful, well filled.

Routier, rōō-ti-ā′, n. a French brigand of the 12th century: any brigand or armed robber.

Routine, rōō-tēn′, n. course of duties: regular course of action: an unvarying round.—adj. keeping an unvarying round.—adj. ', customary, ordinary.—ns. '; '; '. [Fr.]

Routle, row′tl, v.t. (dial.) to disturb: to root out.

Roux, rōō, n. a mixture of melted butter and flour for soups, &c. [Fr.]

Rove, rōv, v.t. to wander over: to plough into ridges.—v.i. to wander about: to ramble: to range: to aim, as in archery, at some casual mark: to be light-headed: to be full of fun.—n. a wandering.—ns. ', one who roves: a robber or pirate: a wanderer: an inconstant person: in archery, a person shooting with a long bow and arrow: an arrow used by a rover: an irregular point to be aimed at: in croquet, a ball that has gone through all the hoops; '; ', the act of wandering.—adv. '.—n. .—Shoot at rovers, to shoot at random. [M. E. rover, a robber—Dut. roover, a pirate, rooven, to rob—roof. The verb rove is from the noun roof, plunder.]

Rove, rōv, v.t. to draw through an eye: to bring wool into the form it receives before being spun into thread: to ravel out thread: to undo what has been knit: to card.—n. a roll of wool or cotton drawn out and twisted.—ns. ', the process of giving the first twist to yarn: a slightly twisted sliver of carded fibre; ', a machine for the manufacture of cotton and worsted; ', a machine for winding on bobbins; ', a scraper used for giving a grindstone a true circular form; , a device for measuring a hank of yarn. [Prob. a variant of reeve or of rive.]

Rove-beetle, rōv′-bē′tl, n. a brachelytrous coleopterous insect, as the devil's coach-horse.—n. , a salt-water insect.

Row, rō, n. a line: a rank: persons or things in a line.—v.t. to arrange in a line. [A.S. ráw, ráwe; Ger. reihe, Dut. rij.]

Row, rō, v.t. to impel with an oar: to transport by rowing.—v.i. to work with the oar: to be moved by oars.—n. an excursion in a rowing-boat.—adj. '.—ns. ', a boat moved by rowers; '; ', a small square hole in small vessels near the water-line for the oars in a calm. [A.S. rówan; Ger. rudern, Ice. róa.]

Row, row, n. a noisy squabble: uproar: an outbreak: a brawl.—v.t. to injure by wild treatment: to abuse, scold.—v.i. to behave in a riotous way.—adj. ', noisy and turbulent, given to quarrelling.—n. a rough, disreputable fellow.—n. ', a sustained noise or hubbub, a row.—adjs. ', given to raising rows, uproarious; '.—ns. ', the conduct of a rowdy or rough, turbulence; ', one given to quarrels. [Put for rouse (q.v.).]

Row, row, n. (Scot.) a form of roll.—n. , a folding cloak of warm cloth.

Rowan, row′an, n. the mountain-ash, or quicken-tree, a British tree belonging to the natural order Rosaceæ, whose acid fruit—Rowan berries—is sometimes used for preserves.—Also Roan-tree. [Scand., Sw. röun, Dan. rön, Ice. reynir.]

Rowel, row′el, n. the little wheel in a spur, set with sharp points: a little flat wheel or ring on horses' bits: a seton inserted in the flesh of an animal.—v.t. to put spurs on: to apply the spur to.—ns. ', the axis on which a rowel turns; ', a needle used for inserting a rowel or seton; ', a farrier's instrument for inserting rowels; ', a spur having several radiating points. [Fr. rouelle—Low L. rotella, dim. of L. rota, a wheel.]

Rowen, row′en, n. the aftermath, or second crop of hay: (prov.) a stubble-field.

Rowlock, rō′lok, or rul′uk, n. a contrivance on the wale of a boat, to rest the oar in rowing.—Also ', '. [Prob. A.S. árlóc.]

Rowme, rowm, n. (Spens.) room, space, place.

Roxburghe, roks′bur-ō, n. a style of binding for books, with cloth or paper sides, plain leather back, gilt-top, other sides untrimmed, named from the Duke of Roxburghe (1740-1804).

Roy, roi, n. (obs.) a king. [O. Fr.,—L. rex, regis.]

Royal, roi′al, adj. regal, kingly: magnificent: illustrious: magnanimous: enjoying the favour or patronage of the sovereign: of more than common size or excellence.—n. a large kind of paper (19 by 24 in. for writing-paper, 20 by 25 for printing-paper): (obs.) a royal person, a king: a gold coin: a sail immediately above the topgallant sail: one of the shoots of a stag's head: a small mortar: a tuft of beard on the lower lip, an imperial.—n. ', a petty king.—v.t. ' (Shak.), to make royal.—ns. ', attachment to kings or to kingly government; ', an adherent of royalism: a cavalier during the English civil war: in American history, an adherent of the British government: in French history, a supporter of the Bourbons—also adj.—adv. '.—n. ', the fourth and highest part of the mast from the deck, commonly made in one piece with the topgallant mast.—adj. ' (Tenn.), rich as a king.—n. ', kingship: the character, state, or office of a king: majesty: the person of the king or sovereign: fixed sum paid to the Crown or other proprietor, as on the produce of a mine, &c.: kingdom: royal authority: a royal domain: (Scot.) the bounds of a royal burgh.—Royal bounty, a fund from which the sovereign grants money to the female relatives of officers who die of wounds; Royal cashmere, a thin material of pure wool; Royal fern (Osmunda regalis), the most striking of British ferns; Royal horned caterpillar, a large bombycid moth of the United States; Royal household, the body of persons in the service of the sovereign.—The Royals, a name formerly given to the first regiment of foot in the British army. [Fr.,—L. regalis, regal.]

Royena, roi′e-na, n. a genus of gamopetalous plants of the ebony family. [From the 18th-century Dutch botanist Adrian van Royen.]

Royne, roin, v.t. to bite, to gnaw.—adj.  (Shak.), scurvy, mangy: mean. [O. Fr. rogne, mange—L. rubigo, rust.]

Royne, roin, v.i. to whisper, mutter.—Also Roin, Rownd. [Cf. Round, to whisper.]

Roysterer, roist′ėr-ėr, n. Same as Roisterer.

Roytish, roi′tish, adj. (obs.) wild: irregular.

Rub, rub, v.t. to move something over the surface of with pressure or friction: to clean, polish, or smooth, by passing something over: to wipe: to scour: to remove by friction (with off, out): to erase or obliterate (with out): to touch hard, fret: at bowls, to touch the jack with the bowl.—v.i. to move along with pressure, friction, or difficulty: to get through difficulties: to grate, to fret:—pr.p. pa.t. and pa.p. rubbed.—n. the act of rubbing: that which rubs: a collision: an obstruction: difficulty: a pinch: a joke: a sarcasm: a flaw: a rubber at cards.—ns. ', the sound of the drum when beaten; ', a wheel-guard, or wheel-guard plate; , a whetstone: a coarse-grained sandstone used for sharpening instruments.—Rubbed work, work in stone smoothed by rubbing with gritstone; Rub down, to rub from top to bottom; Rub in, to force into the pores of by friction: to reiterate or emphasise; Rub out, to erase; Rub the wrong way, to irritate by opposition; Rub up, to polish: to freshen the memory. [Most prob. Celt.; Gael. rub, W. rhwbio, to rub, to grind.]

Rubasse, rōō-bas′, n. a beautiful variety of rock-crystal. [Fr.,—L. rubeus, reddish.]

Rubato, rōō-bä′to, adj. (mus.) in modified or distorted rhythm. [It., pa.p. of rubare, to steal.]

Rubber, rub′ėr, n. one who rubs down horses: one who practises massage: a coarse towel for rubbing the body: a piece of caoutchouc for erasing pencil-marks, india-rubber: a brush for erasing marks of chalk: the cushion of an electric machine: a whetstone, a file: an emery-cloth: an overshoe: a rub, as 'One who plays with bowls must expect to meet with rubbers': a contest of three games, as at whist—also the deciding game in such a series.—adj. made of caoutchouc or india-rubber.—ns. ', a fabric coated with caoutchouc; ', a sheet of caoutchouc used by dentists to keep saliva out of a tooth while being filled; ', a device for measuring the amount of india-rubber needed to make a given article; ', a vulcanite mould used by dentists in shaping the plates for artificial teeth; ', in saddlery, harness-mounting with vulcanite in imitation of leather-work.—n.pl. ', a disease in sheep, with great heat and itchiness.—ns. ', a circular rotatory knife for cutting india-rubber; ', an instrument for stamping by hand with ink, the letters, &c., being in flexible vulcanised rubber; ', a type cast in rubber; ', an application of friction: a copy of an inscribed surface produced by rubbing heel-ball or plumbago upon paper laid over it.—ns. ', a machine used in linen bleaching; ', a stone or wooden post set up for cattle to rub themselves against; , a gritstone for erasing the marks on a stone.

Rubbish, rub′ish, n. waste matter: the fragments of ruinous buildings: any mingled mass: nonsense: trash: trumpery: litter.—n. ', a pile of rubbish.—adj. ', trashy: paltry.—n. ', a gin-block.—adj. ', worthless. [M. E. robows, robeux—O. Fr. robeux, pl. of robel, dim. of robe, robbe, trash, whence also rubble; cf. It. roba, rubbish, spoil.]

Rubble, rub′l, n. the upper fragmentary decomposed matter of a mass of rock: water-worn stones: small, undressed stones used in coarse masonry.—ns. ' (same as Rubble): also (geol.) a kind of conglomerate rock; ', a coarse kind of masonry of stones left almost as they come from the quarry, or only dressed a little with the hammer.—adj. . [O. Fr. robel, pl. robeux, dim. of robe, robbe, rubbish; cf. It. roba, and the cognate rob.]

Rubecula, rōō-bek′ū-la, n. a genus of birds, such as the robin redbreast. [L. rubēre, to be red.]

Rubedity, rōō-bed′i-ti, n. ruddiness.—adj. . [L. rubedo, redness—rubēre, to be red.]

Rubefacient, rōōb-e-fā′shent, adj. making ruby or red.—n. (med.) an external application which stimulates and consequently reddens the skin.—n. , the effect or action of a rubefacient. [L. rubēre, to be red, faciens, -entis, pr.p. of facĕre, to make.]

Rubella, rōō-bel′a, n. a contagious disease, with rose-coloured eruption.—Also , and German measles.

Rubescent, rōō-bes′ent, adj. tending to a red colour.—n. , a growing or becoming red: tendency to redness. [L. rubescĕre, to grow red—ruber, red.]

Rubia, rōō′bi-a, n. a genus of gamopetalous plants, including the madder.—n. ', a colour-producing matter of madder.—adj. '.—n. . [L.,—rubeus, reddish, rubēre, to be red.]

Rubican, rōō′bi-kan, adj. of a bay, sorrel, or black colour, with some light-gray or white on the flanks: of a red predominant over gray colour. [Fr.,—L. rubricāre, to colour red.]

Rubicel, Rubicelle, rōō′bi-sel, n. an orange or flame-coloured variety of spinel.

Rubicon, rōōb′i-kon, n. a stream of Central Italy, forming the boundary in the republican period of ancient Roman history between the province of Gallia Cisalpina and Italia proper.—Pass the Rubicon, to take a decisive, irrevocable step, as Julius Cæsar's crossing this stream, the limit of his province—a virtual declaration of war against the republic.

Rubicund, rōō′bi-kund, adj. inclining to redness: ruddy.—n. . [Fr.,—L. rubicundus, very red—rubēre, to be red.]

Rubidium, rōō-bid′i-um, n. a soft silvery-white metallic element. [L. rubidus, red.]

Rubify, rōō′bi-fī, v.t. to make red.—adj. '.—n. '.—adj. . [Fr.,—L. rubefacĕre—rubēre, to be red, facĕre, to make.]

Rubigo, rōō-bī′gō, n. a kind of rust on plants: mildew.—adjs. ', brown-red; '. [L., rust.]

Rubine, rōō′bin, n. an aniline dye.—adj. , of a glassy semi-transparent crimson. [L. rubeus, red.]

Rubiretin, rōō-bi-ret′in, n. a resinous colouring matter in madder. [L. rubeus, red, Gr. hrētinē, resin.]

Ruble, Rouble, rōō′bl, n. the unit of the Russian money system, divided into 100 copecks—the present silver ruble is equivalent to 2s. 1½d. [Russ. rublĭ—rubitĭ, cut off, prob. from Pers. rūpīya, a rupee.]

Rubric, rōō′brik, n. the directions for the service, in office-books, formerly in red letters: any heading, guiding, rule, &c. printed conspicuously in red: a flourish after a signature: a thing definitely settled: red ochre.—v.t. to enjoin services.—adjs. ', ', agreeing with a rubric.—adv. ', over formally.—v.t. ', to illuminate with red letters: to formulate as a rubric.—adj. represented in red.—ns. ', that which is illuminated; ', one who rubricates; ', one versed in the rubric; ', accordance with the rubric.—adj. ' (bot.), marked with red.—n. ' (obs.), a painter of ornamental letters in early manuscripts. [L. rubrica, red earth—ruber, red.]

Rubus, rōō′bus, n. a genus of rosaceous plants including the raspberry, &c. [L., a bramble-bush.]

Ruby, rōō′bi, n. a pure transparent red-coloured corundum, inferior in hardness to the diamond only among gems: redness, anything red: (her.) the tincture red or gules: (print.) a type smaller than nonpareil and larger than pearl—5½ points in the new system: the red bird of Paradise: the ruby hummer of Brazil.—adj. red.—v.t. to make red:—pa.t. and pa.p. —adj. ' (Shak.), red as a ruby.—n. ' (Spens.), same as Ruby.—adj. ' (Shak.), ruby, red, ruddy.—ns. ', a clear red variety of zinc sulphide: ruby silver; ', a gold-wasp, or cuckoo-fly.—adj. ', like a humming-bird, with a ruby gorget.—ns. ', a British moth; ', red sandalwood.—Rock ruby, a ruby-red garnet. [O. Fr. rubi—L. rubeus—ruber, red.]

Rucervus, rōō-ser′vus, n. a genus of East Indian Cervidæ.—adj. .

Ruche, rōōsh, n. a plaited frilling.—Also . [Fr., prob. Celt., Bret. rusk.]

Ruck, ruk, n. a wrinkle, fold, or crease.—v.t. to wrinkle, to crease: to annoy, ruffle.—v.i. to have a folded, wrinkled, or ridgy surface. [Ice. hrukka, a wrinkle.]

Ruck, ruk, v.i. to squat: to crouch down: to cower: to huddle together.—v.t. to perch, to roost.

Ruck, ruk, n. a crowd: a press: the common run: trash, nonsense.—v.t. to gather in heaps. [Prob. Scand.; Old Sw. ruka, a heap.]

Ruck, ruk, n. a small heifer.

Ruckle, ruk′l, n. (Scot.) a rattling noise in the throat, as from suffocation.—v.i. to emit such a sound. [Prob. cog. with Dut. rogchelen, to hawk.]

Ructation, ruk-tā′shun, n. the act of belching: eructation. [L. ructāre, to belch.]

Ruction, ruk′shun, n. (slang) a vexation: a disturbance: a rumpus. [Prob. a corr. of eruption.]

Rud, rud, n. redness: blush: flush: red ochre for marking sheep.—v.t. to make red. [A.S. rudu, redness, reódan, to redden.]

Rud, rud, v.t. (prov.) to rub: to polish.

Rudas, rōō′das, n. (Scot.) a foul-mouthed old woman: a randy, a hag.—adj. bold, coarse.

Rudbeckia, rud-bek′i-a, n. a genus of composite plants, abundant in the eastern and central United States, the cone-flowers. [Named from the Swedish botanist Olaus Rudbeck (1630-1702).]

Rudd, rud, n. the fish red-eye.

Rudder, rud′ėr, n. the instrument by which a ship is rowed or steered, its primitive form an oar working at the stern: that which guides anything: a bird's tail-feather.—ns. ', a gearing with which the rudder is braced when the ship is at anchor; ', a strap to receive a pintle of the rudder; ', a compressor for controlling the rudder in a seaway; ', a strong chain often shackled to the after-part of a rudder to prevent its loss; ', a covering of tarred canvas used to prevent water rushing in at the rudder-hole; ', the pilot-fish: the amber-fish: the barrel-fish.—adj. ', having no rudder.—ns. ', the shank of a rudder, having the blade at one end and the attachments at the other; ', the blade of the rudder, connected by hinges with the sternpost of a vessel; ', a casing of wood fitted into the post, through which the rudder-stock is inserted; , a small wheel at the end of a plough helping to guide it. [A.S. róther; Ger. ruder, an oar.]

Rudder, rud′ėr, n. a riddle or sieve.—v.t. , to sift together: to mix, as through a sieve.

Ruddle, rud′l, v.t. to interweave: to cross-plait, as in making lattice-work. [Raddle.]

Ruddle, rud′l, n. a species of red earth, red ochre: (obs.) ruddiness.—v.t. to mark with ruddle—also ', '.—n. =Reddleman. [A.S. rudu, redness—reád, red.]

Ruddoc, Ruddock, rud′uk, n. (Spens.) the redbreast: a gold coin: a kind of apple. [A.S. rudduc—rudu, redness—reád, red.]

Ruddy, rud′i (comp. Rudd′ier, superl. '), adj. red: of the colour of the skin in high health: rosy, glowing, bright.—v.t. to make red.—adv. '.—ns. '; ', ', an American duck with wedge-shaped tail; ', the long-eared sun-fish. [A.S. rudig, rudi—rudu, redness—reád, red.]

Rude, rōōd (comp. Ru′der, superl. '), adj. crude: uncultivated: barbarous: rough: harsh: ignorant: uncivil: not smoothed: of low rank: mean: savage: brutal: ferocious: ill-bred: boorish: stormy: robust: not in good taste.—adj. ', rough: wild.—adv. '.—ns. ';  (Shak.), an uncivil fellow. [Fr.,—L. rudis, rough.]

Rudenture, rōō-den′tūr, n. the figure of a rope with which the flutings of columns are sometimes filled.—adj. . [Fr.]

Ruderal, rōō′de-ral, adj. (bot.) growing in waste places or among rubbish.—n. , the act of paving with small stones and mortar. [L. rudus, rubbish.]

Rudesheimer, rü′des-hī-mėr, n. one of the white Rhine wines highly esteemed—named from Rüdesheim on the Rhine, opposite Bingen.

Rudge, ruj, n. (prov.) a partridge.

Rudge-wash, ruj′-wash, n. kersey cloth made of fleece wool as it comes from the sheep's back.

Rudiment, rōōd′i-ment, n. anything in its rude or first state: a first principle or element: (pl.) the introduction to any science: (biol.) that which is in its first stage of development: the beginning of any part or organ, that which is vestigial, an aborted part.—v.t. to ground: to settle in first principles.—adjs. ', ', pertaining to, consisting in, or containing rudiments or first principles: initial: elementary: undeveloped: (biol.) beginning to be formed: arrested in development.—adv. '.—n. '.

Rudmas-day, rud′mas-dā, n. Holy Rood Day.

Rue, rōō, n. a plant of any species of genus Ruta, with bitter leaves and greenish-yellow flowers—an emblem of bitterness and grief—called Herb of grace: any bitter infusion.—ns. ', an American wild-flower; ', a plant of the rue family. [Fr. rue—L. ruta—Gr. rhytē.]

Rue, rōō, v.t. to be sorry for: to lament: to repent of: to compassionate: to try to withdraw from, as a bargain.—v.i. to be sorrowful: to suffer: to have pity upon:—pr.p. pa.t. and pa.p. rued.—n. sorrow.—n. ', a forfeit for withdrawing from a bargain.—adj. ', sorrowful: piteous: deplorable: mournful: melancholy.—adv. '.—ns. '; , repentance. [A.S. hreówan, to be sorry for—hreów, sorrow; Ger. reue, Old High Ger. hriuwa, mourning.]

Ruelle, rōō-el′, n. the space between the bed and the wall, a bed-chamber where great French ladies held receptions in the morning in the 17th and 18th centuries. [Fr., a lane—L. ruga, a wrinkle.]

Ruellia, rōō-el′i-a, n. a genus of gamopetalous plants, tropical and American—the manyroot, spiritleaf, Christmas-pride of Jamaica, &c. [From the 16th-century French botanist, Jean Ruel.]

Rufescence, rōō-fes′ens, n. reddishness.—adj. . [L. rufescĕre, to grow reddish—rufus, red.]

Ruff, ruf, n. an ornament of frills formerly worn round the neck: anything plaited: a bird belonging to the sandpiper sub-family of the Snipe family, the male with an erectile ruff during the breeding season—fem. Reeve: a band of long hair growing round the neck of some dogs: (mach.) an annular ridge formed on a shaft to prevent motion endwise: a breed of domestic pigeons: (obs.) a display.—v.t. to pucker: to draw up in folds: to ruffle, disorder: in falconry, to hit without trussing: (Scot.) to applaud by making noise with hands or feet.—adj. Ruffed, having a ruff, as the ruffed grouse. [Prob. ruffle.]

Ruff, ruf, n. an old game at cards: the act of trumping when the player has no cards of the suit left.—v.t. to trump in this way. [Perh. conn. with It. ronfa, a card-game.]

Ruff, ruf, n. ruggedness.—v.t. to heckle flax on a coarse heckle: to nap hats.—n. ', a coarse heckle for flax.—adj. ', disordered, rough.—adv. helter-skelter, pell-mell.

Ruff, ruf, n. a low vibrating beat of a drum.

Ruff, ruf, n. a small fresh-water fish of the Perch family, abundant in England, about six inches long, with only one dorsal fin.—Also Pope.

Ruffian, ruf′i-an, n. a brutal, boisterous fellow: a robber: a murderer: a pander.—adj. brutal: boisterous: licentious: stormy.—v.i. to play the ruffian, to rage.—n. '.—adj. ', having the qualities or manners of a ruffian.—n. ', conduct of a ruffian.—adjs. ', like a ruffian: violent;  (obs.), ruffianly, outrageously. [O. Fr. ruffian (Fr. rufien; It. rufiano), prob. from Old Dut. roffen, roffelen, a pander.]

Ruffin, ruf′in, n. (Spens.) the ruff-fish.

Ruffle, ruf′l, v.t. to make like a ruff, to wrinkle: to form into plaits: to form with ruffles: to disorder: to agitate.—v.i. to grow rough: to flutter.—n. annoyance: a quarrel: a plaited article of dress: a tumult: agitation.—adj. '.—ns. '; ', a machine for making ruffles; ', ruffles generally.—Ruffle one's feathers, to make one angry. [Cf. Dut. ruifelen, to wrinkle, ruyffel, a wrinkle.]

Ruffle, ruf′l, v.i. to act turbulently: to swagger.—v.t. to bully.—n. , a bully. [Ruffian.]

Rufous, rōō′fus, adj. reddish or brownish-red: having reddish hair.—adj. , somewhat rufous. [L. rufus, akin to ruber, red.]

Rug, rug, n. a coarse, rough woollen cloth or coverlet: a soft, woolly mat: a cover for a bed: a blanket or coverlet: a covering for the floor: a travelling robe: a rough, shaggy dog: a kind of strong liquor.—n. , heavy napped cloth for rugs: a coarse cloth for horse-boots. [Scand., Sw. rugg; cf. Rough.]

Rug, rug, v.t. (Scot.) to pull roughly.—n. a tug.—Get a rug, to get a haul at something desirable.

Rug, rug, adj. (prov.) snug: warm.

Ruga, rōō′ga, n. a fold: a crease: a corrugation.—adj. . [L., a fold.]

Rugby, rug′bi, n. the game of football according to the rules of the Rugby Football Union (1871), the sides numbering 15 each, played on ground 110 by 75 yards.

Rugged, rug′ed, adj. rough: uneven: shaggy: sour: stormy: grating to the ear: wrinkled: ruffled: homely: unpolished: rough: ungentle: (U.S.) robust.—adv. '.—n. '.—adjs. ', rough: uneven; ', shock-headed. [Scand.; cf. Rug.]

Rugine, rōō′jin, n. a surgeon's rasp, a nappy cloth.—v.t. to use a rugine. [Fr.]

Rugosa, rōō-gō′sa, n. an order of sclerodermatous stone corals.

Rugose, rōō′gōs, adj. wrinkled: full of wrinkles: (bot.) having the veinlets sunken and the spaces between them elevated, as the leaves of the sage—also '.—adv. '.—n. '.—adj. '. [L. rugosus—ruga, a wrinkle.]

Ruin, rōō′in, n. a rushing or falling down violently: destruction: overthrow: that which destroys: the remains of a building demolished or decayed (usually in pl.): the state of being ruined: wreck, material or moral.—v.t. to demolish: to destroy: to defeat: to impoverish: to bring to ruin: to undo: to spoil: to seduce, debauch.—v.i. to run to ruin: to fall into decay: to do irreparable harm.—adj. ' (Bacon), capable of being ruined.—v.t. ' (Shak.), to ruin, to destroy: to demolish: to reduce to poverty.—v.i. (Spens.) to fall:—pr.p. pa.p. —adj. (obs.) falling to ruin: ruined.—ns. ', overthrow: subversion; '.—adjs. ', having the appearance of ruins; ', fallen to ruins: decayed: pernicious.—adv. '.—n. ', the state or quality of being ruinous: mischievousness. [Fr.,—L. ruina—ruĕre, to tumble down.]

Rule, rōōl, n. government: a principle: a standard: a statute, a maxim, formula, or order: an instrument used in drawing lines or making calculations mechanically: a minor law, something established for guidance and direction, esp. the regulations of monasteries, corporate societies, &c.: the limits of a prison (esp. in pl.): conformity to rule, uniformity: in American parliamentary law, the regulations adopted by a deliberative body for the regulation of its proceedings: (gram.) the expression of some established form of construction: the description of a process for solving a problem: a general proposition, as 'Failure is the rule, success the exception': (law) an order regulating the court: (print.) a thin strip of rolled brass, cut type high, used for printing: in plastering, a strip of wood on the face of the wall as a guide to assist in keeping the plane surface.—v.t. to dispose: to regulate: to dominate: to govern: to manage: to prevail upon: to settle as by a rule: to establish by decision: to determine, as a court: to mark with lines.—v.i. to exercise power (with over): to decide: to lay down and settle: to stand or range, as prices.—adj. ', governable: allowable.—ns. ' (print.), a tray with partitions for rules; ' (print.), a machine for cutting brass rules into short lengths; ', a teacher who teaches by rote; ', a pivoted joint used by surveyors, &c.—adj. ', lawless.—ns. '; ', a stickler for rules; ', a sovereign: a governor: an instrument used in drawing lines: in engraving, a straight steel bar employed in engraving the lines; '; ' (print.), work with many rules, as tables of figures, &c.—adj. ', predominant: prevailing: reigning.—n. the determination by a judge, esp. an oral decision: the act of making ruled lines.—n. ', a machine for ruling diffraction gratings.—adv. '.—ns. ', a machine used by engravers for ruling in flat tints: a machine for ruling parallel coloured lines upon writing-paper; ', a form of pen for drawing lines of even thickness; , a rule having one or more scales which slide over others for the purpose of facilitating calculations.—Rule of faith, not the sum of the Christian faith as laid down in creeds and confessions, but, in polemical theology, the sources whence the doctrines of the faith are to be authoritatively derived—the Scriptures, the tradition of the Church, the teaching of the Fathers, &c.; Rule of the road, the regulations to be observed in the movements of conveyances either on land or at sea—thus in England drivers, riders, and cyclists take the left side in meeting, and the right in passing; Rule of three, the method of finding the fourth term when three are given; Rule of thumb, any rough process of measurement.—A rule to show cause, or A rule nisi, a rule which is conditional (see Nisi); As a rule, on the whole; One hour rule, a rule prohibiting members of the United States House of Representatives speaking more than an hour. [O. Fr. reule (Fr. règle)—L. regula—regĕre, to rule.]

Rule, rōōl, n. revelry.—v.i. to revel. [Revel.]

Rullion, rul′yon, n. a shoe made of untanned leather: a coarse woman: (Scot.) an ill-conditioned beast. [A.S. rifeling, a kind of shoe.]

Rum, rum, n. a spirit distilled from the fermented juice of the sugar-cane, or from molasses.—ns. ', a warm drink; ', ', a pimple on the nose; ', the wild black cherry of North America; ' (U.S.), the keeper of a rum-shop; '; , a liqueur of rum, sugar, lime or lemon juice, &c. [Abbrev. of rumbullion; prob. related to rumble.]

Rum, rum, adj. good: queer, droll, odd.—n. any odd person or thing.—adv. , finely (used ironically). [A Gipsy word, rom, a husband.]

Rumal, rōō′mal, n. a handkerchief: a small shawl or veil.—Also ', '. [Hind.]

Rumble, rum′bl, v.i. to make a confused noise from rolling heavily: to roll about.—v.t. to rattle.—n. a low, heavy, continued sound: a jarring roar, rumour: confusion: a seat for servants behind a carriage: a revolving box in which articles are polished by mutual attrition.—ns. '; ', a rumble-seat; ', a low, heavy, continued sound.—adv. '. [Teut.; found in Dut. rommelen, rummeln.]

Rumbo, rum′bō, n. a strong liquor.—n. , a tipple: a mixed drink. [Rum.]

Rumbullion, rum-bul′yon, n. a great tumult: a strong liquor.—Also .

Rumen, rōō′men, n. the paunch and first stomach of a ruminant:—pl. . [L.]

Rumex, rōō′meks, n. a genus of apetalous plants to which belong dock and sorrel, &c.

Rumfustian, rum-fus′tyan, n. a hot drink of sherry, eggs, &c.

Rumgumption, rum-gump′shun, n. (Scot.) rough and homely common-sense: shrewdness of intellect—also '.—adj. ', shrewd: sharp.

Ruminant, rōō′mi-nant, adj. having the power of ruminating or chewing the cud—also '.—n. an animal that chews the cud, as the ox, &c.—n.pl. ', the even-toed or Artiodactyl Ungulates, which chew the cud—the Tragulidæ, often called musk-deer; the Cotylophora, including antelopes, sheep, goats, oxen, giraffes, deer; the Camelidæ, or camels and llamas.—adv. '.—v.i. ', to chew the cud: to meditate.—v.t. to chew over again: to muse on.—adj. (bot.) appearing as if chewed, as in the nutmeg, &c.—adv. '.—n. ', act of chewing the cud: calm reflection.—adj. ', well-considered.—n. '. [L. rumināre, -ātum—rumen, the gullet.]

Rumkin, rum′kin, n. (obs.) a kind of drinking-vessel.

Rumkin, rum′kin, n. a tailless fowl.

Rummage, rum′āj, v.t. to turn things over in search: to clear a ship's hold of goods: to pack: to stow closely: to ransack: to explore: to bring to light: to stir.—v.i. to make a search.—n. a careful search: an upheaval.—n. .—Rummage sale, a sale of unclaimed goods. [Room-age.]

Rummer, rum′ėr, n. a large drinking-glass. [Dut. roemer; Ger. römer—prob. from such being used in the Römersaal at Frankfurt.]

Rummy, rum′i, adj. rum: queer.

Rumour, rōō′mur, n. flying report; a current story.—v.t. to report: to circulate by report.—adj. ', vaguely heard.—n. ' (Shak.), a reporter, a spreader of news. [Fr.,—L. rumor, a noise.]

Rump, rump, n. the end of the backbone of an animal with the parts adjacent.—n. '.—adj. ' (Shak.), fattened in the rump, fat-bottomed.—adj. ', having no tail.—ns. ', the share bone or pygostyle of a bird; , steak cut from the thigh near the rump.—The rump, the remnant of the Long Parliament, after Col. Pryde's expulsion of about a hundred Presbyterian royalist members. [Ice. rumpr, Ger. rumpf, Dut. rumpe.]

Rumple, rum′pl, v.t. to crush out of shape: to make uneven.—n. a fold or wrinkle. [A variant of rimple. A.S. hrimpan, to wrinkle; Dut. rompelen.]

Rumpus, rum′pus, n. an uproar: a disturbance.

Rumswizzle, rum′swiz′l, n. a cloth made in Ireland from pure wool undyed.

Run, run, v.i. to move swiftly on the legs, to hasten, rush on: to move, travel, ply regularly to: to pass by: to have a certain form: (law) to have legal authority: to be current, as money: to average: to reach, have course in any direction: to make a fault, to slip, as thread in knitting: to stand as a candidate: to pass from one state to another: to pass quickly in thought, to dwell repeatedly upon in thought: to continue in operation, be in constant motion, to be carried, to extend: to move swiftly: to pass quickly on the ground: to flee: to go, as ships, &c.: to have course in any direction, to extend, spread: to flow: to dart: to turn: to extend through a period: to pierce: to fuse or melt: to turn or rotate: to be busied: to become: to be in force: to discharge matter, as a sore: to have a general tendency: to pass, fall: to creep: to press with immediate demands for payment, as a bank.—v.t. to cause to move swiftly, to keep running: to force forward: to push: to cause to pass: to fuse: to discharge, as a sore: to pursue in thought: to incur: to pour forth: to execute: to chase: to break through, as to run the blockade: to pierce: to sew: to fish in: to evade: to manage: to tease:—pr.p. pa.t. ran; pa.p. run, as &apos;run brandy,' that which has been smuggled in.—n. act of running: course: flow: discharge from a sore: distance sailed: voyage: continued series: general reception: prevalence: popular clamour: an unusual pressure, as on a bank, for payment: a trip: the run of events: a small stream: the quantity run: the act of migrating: in base-ball, the complete circuit made by the player which enables him to score one: in cricket, a passing from one wicket to another, by which one point is scored: a range of pasturage: a pair of millstones: the aftermost part of a ship's bottom: (mus.) a succession of consecutive notes: a roulade.—ns. ', a gadabout: a vagabond: an open wagon; ', one who runs away from danger or restraint: a fugitive.—adj. fleeing from danger or restraint: done by or in flight.—ns. ', ', a little run or stream: a brook; ', a deserter from a ship-of-war; ', one who, or that which, runs: a racer: a messenger, agent, one employed to solicit patronage: a rooting stem that runs along the ground: a rope to increase the power of a tackle: a deserter: a smuggler: a manager of an engine: a Bow Street officer: in saddlery, a loop of metal through which a rein is passed: that on which anything slides: in moulding, a channel cut in a mould: the rotating-stone of a grinding-mill: the movable piece to which the ribs of an umbrella are attached: a tool in which lenses are fastened for polishing: a vessel for conveying fish, oysters, &c.—adj. ', kept for the race: successive: continuous: flowing: easy: cursive: discharging matter.—prep. (coll.) approaching or about.—n. act of moving swiftly: that which runs or flows, the quantity run: a discharge from a wound: the act of one who risks dangers, as in running a blockade: strength to run: the ranging of any animal.—n. ', a block in an arrangement of pulleys.—n.pl. ', the days occupied on a voyage, &c., under a charter, including Sundays.—ns. ', a fight kept up between one party that flees and another that pursues; ' (mil.), a rapid succession of firing; ', the wheels and axles of a vehicle; ', a style of rapid writing without lifting the pen; ', a knot made so as to form a noose when the rope is pulled.—n.pl. ', the lights shown by vessels between sunset and sunrise.—adv. '.—ns. ', an ornament in which the design is continuous; ', a form of driving-rein; ', all the rigging except the shrouds, stays, and lower mast-head pendants; ', a disease in the feet of horses; ', the title of a book, &c., continued from page to page on the upper margin; ', a pipe so formed as to be a seal against the passage of gases; , a trail, track, or passage-way.—Run across, to come upon by accident; Run away with, to carry away in uncontrollable fright: to carry off in fleeing; Run down, to chase to exhaustion: to run against and sink, as a ship: to overbear, to crush; Run down a coast, to sail along it; Run hard, to press hard behind in a race or other competition; Run in, to go in: to arrest and take to a lock-up: (print.) to insert a word, &c., without making a break or new paragraph: to alter the position of matter to fill vacant space; Run into debt, to get into debt; Run in the blood, family, to belong to one by natural descent; Run off, to cause to flow out: to take impressions of, to print: to repeat, recount; Run on (print.), to continue in the same line, and not a new paragraph; Run out, to come to an end; Run over, to overflow: to go over cursorily; Run riot (see Riot); Run the chance, to encounter all risks; Run through, to expend, to waste, to pierce through and through; Run together, to mingle or blend; Run to seed, to shoot up too rapidly, to become exhausted, to go to waste; Run up, to make or mend hastily: to build hurriedly: to string up, hang.—In the long-run, in the end or final result; In the running, or Out of the running, competing, or not competing, in a contest, with good hopes of success in a candidature, &c., or the opposite; Make good one's running, to keep abreast with others; Take up the running, to go off at full speed; The common run, The run, or The run of mankind, ordinary people. [A.S. rinnan; Ger. rennen, Ice. renna, to run.]

Runagate, run′a-gāt, n. a vagabond: renegade: an apostate: a fugitive. [A corr. of renegade, but modified both in form and meaning by run.]

Runch, runch, n. the charlock: the wild radish.—n.pl. , dried charlock.

Runch, runch, v.t. (Scot.) to grind, as with the teeth.

Runcinate, runs′in-āt, adj. (bot.) having the lobes convex before and straight behind, or pointing backward as in the dandelion. [L. runcinatus, pa.p. of runcināre, to plane off—runcina, a plane.]

Rundale, run′dāl, n. a system of holding land in single holdings made up of detached pieces.

Rundle, run′dl, n. a round, a rung or step of a ladder: a ring, an orbit: a ball.—adj. . [Roundel.]

Rundlet, rund′let, n. a small barrel.—Also .

Rune, rōōn, n. one of the characters or letters used by the peoples of northern Europe down to the 16th century: (pl.) the ancient Scandinavian alphabet or futhorc—from its first six letters f, u, th, o, r, c (the writing is called Runic, the individual letters Rune-staves, or less correctly Runes): a secret, a mystic sentence: any song mystically expressed.—n. '.—adj. Runed.—n. '.—adj. ', relating to runes, to the ancient Teutonic nations, or to their characters.—ns. ', one versed in Runic remains; .—Runic knots, a form of interlaced ornament. [A.S. rún, a secret. The word is found in M. E. rounen, to whisper, and is cog. with Old High Ger. runa, a secret, Goth. runa, secret.]

Rung, rung, n. one of the floor-timbers of a ship: one of the rounds of a ladder: a bar: a heavy staff: a cudgel: one of the radial handles of a steering-wheel. [A.S. hrung, a beam; Ger. runge.]

Rung, rung, pa.t. and pa.p. of ring.—adj. having a ring through the nose, as a hog.

Runkle, runk′l, v.i. to wrinkle: to crease.

Runn, run, n. in India, a tract of sandy or boggy land—often overflowed by the tide. [Hind. rān.]

Runnel, run′el, n. a little brook. [A.S. rynel, dim. of ryne, a stream—rinnan, to run.]

Runrig, run′rig, n. a species of ownership under which the alternate ridges of a field belong to different owners—also ', ', a survival of the simple form of open-field husbandry, under the tribal system once universally prevalent in the western districts of Britain.

Runt, runt, n. a young ox or cow: an undersized animal: a dwarf: a bow: a breed of domestic pigeons: the dead stump of a tree: the stem of a cabbage.—adj. .

Rupee, rōō-pē′, n. an East Indian silver coin, nominally worth about 2s.—at present about 1s. 4½d. [Hind. rūpīyah—Sans. rūpya, silver.]

Rupert's-drop, rōō′perts-drop, n. a detonating bulb, or glass bubble—probably discovered by Prince Rupert (1619-82).

Rupestrine, rōō-pes′trin, adj. rock-inhabiting. [L. rupes, a rock.]

Rupia, rōō′pi-a, n. a severe form of skin disease, with flattish distinct bullæ or blebs, containing a serous, purulent, or sanious fluid, becoming thick scabs. [Gr. hrypos, filth.]

Rupicapra, rōō-pi-kap′ra, n. a genus of antelopes—the chamois.

Rupicola, rōō-pik′ō-la, n. a genus of rock-manikins or cocks of the rock.—adjs. ', ', growing or living among rocks. [L. rupes, a rock, colĕre, to inhabit.]

Ruppia, rup′i-a, n. a genus of monocotyledonous plants of the order Naiadaceæ—to which Ditch or Tassel grass belongs. [From the 18th-cent. German botanist H. B. Ruppius.]

Rupture, rup′tūr, n. the act of breaking or bursting: the state of being broken: a breach of the peace: hernia (q.v.), esp. abdominal.—v.t. to break or burst: to part by violence.—v.i. to suffer a breach: (bot.) to dehisce irregularly.—adj. ' (bot.), dehiscent by an irregular splitting of the walls.—n. ', a breach.—adj. '.—n. ', a member of the plebeian class. [Fr.,—Low L. ruptura—L. rumpĕre, ruptum, to break.]

Rural, rōō′ral, adj. of or belonging to the country: suiting the country: rustic: pertaining to agriculture.—n. (obs.) a countryman.—ns. ', an ecclesiastic under the bishop and archdeacon, with the peculiar care of the clergy of a district; '.—v.t. ', to render rural.—v.i. to become rural: to rusticate.—ns. '; '; '.—adv. '.—n. '.—adj. , pertaining to a rural dean or deanery. [Fr.,—L. ruralis—rus, ruris, the country.]

Rusa, rōō′za, n. a genus of East Indian stags. [Malay.]

Rusalka, rōō-sal′ka, n. a Russian water-nymph.

Ruscus, rus′kus, n. a genus of monocotyledonous plants of the order Liliaceæ—containing Butcher's broom, Shepherd's myrtle, &c. [L. ruscum.]

Ruse, rōōz, n. a turning or doubling, as of animals to get out of the way of dogs: a trick, fraud, or the use of such.—n. Ruse-de-guerre, a stratagem of war. [O. Fr. ruse—ruser, reūser, to get out of the way—L. recusāre, to decline.]

Rush, rush, v.i. to move with a shaking, rustling noise, as the wind: to move forward violently: to enter rashly and hastily.—v.t. to drive: to push, to secure by rushing.—n. a rushing or driving forward: an eager demand: urgent pressure, as of business: a stampede of cattle: in football, when a player forces his way by main strength.—n. , in football, a player whose special duty it is to force the ball toward his opponents' goal: a go-ahead person. [Skeat explains M. E. ruschen as from Sw. ruska, to rush, to shake, an extension of Old Sw. rusa, to rush. Cf. Rouse.]

Rush, rush, n. a genus (Juncus) of marshy plants, some absolutely destitute of leaves, but with barren scapes resembling leaves: the name esp. of those species with no proper leaves, the round stems known as rushes: a wick: the merest trifle.—n. ', a country feast, when the parish church was strewn with rushes, between haymaking and harvest: the day of the festival.—adj. ', having a seat or bottom made with rushes.—ns. ' (obs.), a swash-buckler; ', ', a candle or night-light having a wick of rush-pith: a small, feeble light.—adj. ', made of rushes.—ns. ', a clip-candlestick used for rush-lights; '.—adj. ', resembling a rush: weak.—ns. ', a plant of the species of blue-eyed grass; ', the Cyperus esculentus, whose tubers are eaten in southern Europe; ', the natterjack.—adjs. ', full of, or made of, rushes; '.—n. , any utensil made of straw, &c., as a basket, &c.—Flowering rush, an aquatic plant; Marry with a rush, to wed in jest. [A.S. risce, like Ger. risch, from L. ruscum, rustum.]

Rusk, rusk, n. a kind of light hard cake: a kind of light soft cake or sweetened biscuit. [Sp. rosca, a roll; cf. Rosca de mar, a sea-rusk; origin unknown.]

Rusma. See Rhusma.

Russel, rus′el, n. (obs.) a fox: a twilled woollen material.—n. , a kind of rep made of cotton and wool. [O. Fr. roussel—L. russus, red.]

Russet, rus′et, adj. rusty or reddish-brown: coarse: rustic: of russet-leather.—n. a coarse homespun dress.—ns. ', an apple of a russet colour and rough skin; '.—adj. . [O. Fr. rousset—L. russus, red.]

Russian, rush′yan, adj. relating to Russia, a country of Europe, or to its people.—n. a native of Russia: the Russian language.—adj. Russ, belonging to the Russians.—n. a Russian: the Russian language.—v.t. ', to give Russian characteristics to.—n. '.—v.t. ', to Russianise.—ns. ', the national art of Russian architecture; ', one who favours Russian policy (also adj.); '; '; ', one who dreads or hates the Russians—also '; ', the dread of Russian policy.—Russia leather (see Leather).

Russula, rus′ū-la, n. a genus of hymenomycetous fungi—so called from the colour of the pileus in some. [Low L. russulus, reddish—L. russus, red.]

Rust, rust, n. the reddish-brown coating on iron exposed to moisture: anything resembling rust: a disease of cereals and grasses, with brown spots on the leaves, caused by fungi: a corrosive: an injurious habit: any foul matter.—v.i. to become rusty: to become dull by inaction.—v.t. to make rusty: to impair by time and inactivity.—adjs. '; '.—adv. '.—ns. '; ', certain mites of the family of gall-mites.—adjs. ', not liable to rust; ', covered with rust: impaired by inactivity, out of practice: dull: affected with rust-disease: time-worn: of a rusty black: rough: obstinate: discoloured.—ns. ', a fern; ', the grackle; ', a fungus with dark-coloured spores.—Ride, or Turn, rusty, to become obstinate or stubborn in opposition. [A.S. rust; Ger. rost.]

Rustic, rus′tik, adj. pertaining to the country: rural: rude: awkward: simple: coarse: artless: unadorned: made of rustic-work.—n. a peasant: a clown: a noctuoid moth.—adj. '.—adv. '.—n. '.—v.t. ', to send into the country: to banish for a time from town or college.—v.i. to live in the country.—n. '.—v.i. '.—ns. ', rustic manner: simplicity: rudeness; ', the European woodcock; ', a terra-cotta of a light-brown paste, having a brown glaze; ', various stonework, as frosted work, punctured work, &c.: in woodwork, summer-houses, &c. [Fr. rustique—L. rusticus—rus, the country.]

Rustle, rus′l, v.i. to make a soft, whispering sound, as silk, straw, &c.: (U.S.) to stir about.—n. a quick succession of small sounds, as that of dry leaves: a rustling, a movement with rustling sound.—ns. ', one who, or that which, rustles: (U.S.) an active fellow; ', a quick succession of small sounds, as that of dry leaves.—adv. . [Skeat makes it a freq. of Sw. rusta, to stir, a variant of Old Sw. ruska, to shake. Cf. Rush; and cf. Ger. rauschen, ruschen, to rustle.]

Rustre, rus′tėr, n. (her.) a lozenge pierced with a circular opening.—adj. . [Fr.]

Rusure, rōō′zhūr, n. (prov.) the sliding down of a bank.

Rut, rut, n. a track left by a wheel: an established course.—v.t. to form ruts in:—pr.p. pa.t. and pa.p. —adj. , full of ruts. [O. Fr. route—Low L. rupta, a way.]

Rut, rut, n. the noise made by deer during sexual excitement: the periodic time of heat of animals.—v.i. to be in heat.—v.t. (rare) to copulate with.—adj. ', inclined to rut: lustful.—n. ', libidinousness. [O. Fr. ruit, rut—L. rugitus—rugīre, to roar.]

Ruta, rōō′ta, n. a genus of polypetalous plants—the general name of the species is Rue.—adj. . [Gr. hrytē, rue.]

Rutabaga, rōō-ta-bā′ga, n. the Swedish turnip. [Fr.; ety. unknown.]

Rutela, rōō′te-la, n. a genus of lamellicorn beetles. [L. rutilus, red.]

Ruth, rōōth, n. pity, tenderness, sorrow: cruelty.—adj. ', pitiful, sorrowful: piteous, causing pity.—adv. ', in a sorrowful manner.—adj. ', without pity: insensible to misery: cruel.—adv. '.—n. . [M. E. ruthe, reuth—Scand.; Ice. hryggth, hrygth, sorrow.]

Ruthenian, rōō-thē′ni-an, adj. of or pertaining to the Ruthenians, a branch of the little Russian division of the Slav race, on both sides of the Carpathians.—n. one of this race.

Ruthenium, rōō-thē′ni-um, n. a hard brittle metal discovered in 1843 by Claus in the ore of platinum, forming no fewer than four different oxides. [Ruthenia, a name of Russia.]

Rutic, rōō′tik, adj. pertaining to, or derived from, rue.

Ruticilla, rōō-ti-sil′a, n. the redstart.

Rutilant, rōō′ti-lant, adj. shining: glittering.—v.i. , to emit rays of light. [L. rutilans, pr.p. of rutilāre, to be reddish.]

Rutile, rōō′til, n. one of the three forms in which titanium dioxide occurs. [Fr.,—L. rutilus, red.]

Rutter, rut′ėr, n. (obs.) a trooper: a mercenary horse-soldier: a man of fashion. [O. Fr. routier—Low L. ruptarius—rupta, a troop.]

Rutter, rut′ėr, n. a direction specially for a course by sea: a marine chart. [O. Fr. routier, a chart.]

Ruttle, rut′l, v.i. (prov.) to gurgle. [M. E. rotelen, ratelen, to rattle.]

Ruvid, rōō′vid, adj. rough. [L. ruidus, rough.]

Ryal, rī′al, n. an old English gold coin worth about ten shillings, called a Rose-noble.—Also .

Rye, rī, n. a genus of grasses allied to wheat and barley, one species of which is cultivated as a grain: (her.) a bearing representing a stalk of grain with the ear bending down.—ns. ', a variety of grass cultivated for pasture and fodder; ', an insect whose larva feeds on stems of rye; ', an evil creature of German folklore lurking in the rye-fields; ', an insect which devours the stems of rye. [A.S. ryge; Ice. rúgr, Ger. rocken, roggen.]

Ryfe, rīf, adj. (Spens.). Same as Rife.

Ryke, rīk, v.i. (Scot.) to reach.

Rynd, rind, n. in a burstone mill, the iron which supports the upper stone. [A.S. hrindan, to thrust.]

Ryot, rī′ut, n. a Hindu cultivator or peasant.—ns. ', ', the arrangement about rent made annually in India, esp. in Madras, between the government officials and the ryots. [Hind. raiyat—Ar. ra‛iya, a subject.]

Rype, rīp, n. a ptarmigan. [Dan.]

Rypeck, rī′pek, n. (prov.) a pole used to move a punt while fishing.—Also ', '.

Ryve, rīv, v.t. (Spens.) to pierce. [Rive.]