Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary 1908/Hurst Hythe

Hurst, hurst, n. a wood, a grove. [A.S. hyrst.]

Hurt, hurt, v.t. to cause bodily pain to: to damage: to wound, as the feelings.—v.i. to give pain, &c.:—pa.t. and pa.p. hurt.—n. a wound: injury.—n. ', that which hurts: a beam at the lower end of a gun-platform to save the parapet: a piece of iron or wood fixed to the top-rails of a gun-carriage to check its motion: the shoulder of an axle against which the hub strikes.—adj. ', causing hurt or loss: mischievous.—adv. '.—n. '.—adj. ', without hurt or injury, harmless.—adv. '.—n. . [O. Fr. hurter (Fr. heurter), to knock, to run against; prob. from the Celtic, as in W. hwrdd, a thrust, the butt of a ram, Corn. hordh, a ram.]

Hurtle, hurt′l, v.t. to dash against: to move violently: to clash: to rattle.—v.i. to move rapidly with a whirring sound. [Freq. of hurt in its original sense.]

Hurtleberry, a form of whortleberry.

Husband, huz′band, n. a married man: (B.) a man to whom a woman is betrothed: one who manages affairs with prudence: (naut.) the owner of a ship who manages its concerns in person.—v.t. to supply with a husband: to manage with economy.—n. ', allowance or commission of a ship's husband.—adjs. ' (Shak.), without a husband; ', frugal, thrifty.—ns. ', a working farmer: one who labours in tillage; , the business of a farmer: tillage: economical management: thrift. [M. E. husbonde—A.S. húsbonda, Ice. húsbóndi—hús, a house, búandi, inhabiting, pr.p. of Ice. búa, to dwell. Cf. Ger. bauen, to till.]

Hush, hush, interj. or imper. silence! be still!—adj. silent: quiet.—v.t. to make quiet: (min.) to clear off soil, &c., overlying the bed-rock.—ns. ', a lullaby used to soothe babies to sleep; ', money given as a bribe to hush or make one keep silent.—Hush up, to stifle, suppress: to be silent. [Imit. Cf. hist and whist.]

Husk, husk, n. the dry, thin covering of certain fruits and seeds: (pl.) refuse, waste.—v.t. to remove the husk or outer integument from.—adj. Husked, covered with a husk: stripped of husks.—ns. ', one who husks Indian corn, esp. at a husking-bee; ', the stripping of husks: a festive gathering to assist in husking Indian corn (maize)—also . [M. E. huske, orig. with l, as in cog. Ger. hülse, Dut. hulse, &c.]

Husky, husk′i, adj. hoarse, as the voice: rough in sound.—adv. '.—n. '. [A corr. of husty, from M. E. host (Scot. hoast, host, a cough)—A.S. hwósta, a cough; cf. Ger. husten.]

Huso, hū′so, n. the great sturgeon.

Hussar, hooz-zär′, n. a light-armed cavalry soldier: (orig.) a soldier of the national cavalry of Hungary. [Not Hung. huszar—husz, twenty, because at one time in Hungary one cavalry soldier used to be levied from every twenty families; but Slav. hussar, gooseherd, the sobriquet of the raiding horse of Matthias Corvinus (1443-90).]

Hussif. See Housewife. [Contr. of housewife.]

Hussite, hus′sīt, n. a follower of the Bohemian reformer, John Hus, martyred in 1415.

Hussy, huz′i, n. a pert girl: a worthless wench.

Hustings, hus′tingz, n.sing. the principal court of the city of London: formerly the booths where the votes were taken at an election of an M.P., or the platform from which the candidates gave their addresses. [A.S. hústing, a council, but a Scand. word, and used in speaking of the Danes—Ice. hústhing—hús, a house, thing, an assembly.]

Hustle, hus′l, v.t. to shake or push together: to crowd with violence.—n. , an energetic fellow. [Old Dut. hutsen, hutselen, to shake to and fro; cf. hotchpotch.]

Huswife. See Housewife.

Hut, hut, n. a small or mean house: (mil.) a small temporary dwelling.—v.t. (mil.) to place in huts, as quarters:—pr.p. pa.p.  [Fr. hutte—Old High Ger. hutta (Ger. hütte).]

Hutch, huch, n. a box, a chest: a coop for rabbits: a baker's kneading-trough: a trough used with some ore-dressing machines: a low wagon in which coal is drawn up out of the pit.—v.i. (Milt.) to hoard up. [Fr. huche, a chest—Low L. hutica, a box; prob. Teut.]

Hutchinsonian, huch-in-sōn′i-an, n. a follower of John Hutchinson (1674-1737), who held that the Hebrew Scriptures contain typically the elements of all rational philosophy, natural history, and true religion.

Huttonian, hut-ō′ni-an, adj. relating to the views of James Hutton (1726-97), who emphasised natural agencies in the formation of the earth's crust.

Huzza, hooz-zä′, interj. and n. hurrah! a shout of joy or approbation.—v.t. to attend with shouts of joy.—v.i. to utter shouts of joy or acclamation:—pr.p. pa.p. huzzaed  [Ger. hussa; the same as hurrah.]

Hyacine, hī′a-sin, n. (Spens.) the hyacinth.

Hyacinth, hī′a-sinth, n. a bulbous-rooted flower of a great variety of colours: (myth.) a flower which sprang from the blood of Hyacinthus, a youth killed by Apollo with a quoit: a precious stone, the jacinth.—adj. , consisting of or resembling hyacinth: very beautiful, like Hyacinthus: curling like the hyacinth. [Doublet of jacinth.]

Hyades, hī′a-dēz, Hyads, hī′adz, n. a cluster of five stars in the constellation of the Bull, supposed by the ancients to bring rain when they rose with the sun. [Gr. hyades, explained by the ancients as from hyein, to rain; more prob.=little pigs, hys, a pig.]

Hyæna, Hyena, hī-ē′na, n. a bristly-maned quadruped of the dog kind, so named from its likeness to the sow.—Laughing hyæna, the tiger-wolf or spotted hyæna of South Africa, emitting at times a sound somewhat like hysterical laughter. [L.,—Gr. hyaina—hys, a sow.]

Hyaline, hī′a-lin, adj. glassy: consisting of or like glass.—n. a glassy transparent surface.—n. ', the process of becoming glassy.—adj. '.—ns. ', a variety of opal like colourless gum; ', inflammation of the vitreous humour; ', the art of engraving on glass.—adj. ', hyaline, transparent. [Gr. hyalinos—hyalos, glass, prob. Egyptian.]

Hybernate, &c. See Hibernate, &c.

Hyblæan, hi-blē′an, adj. pertaining to ancient Hybla in Sicily, noted for its honey.

Hybrid, hī′brid, or hib′-, n. an animal or plant produced from two different species: a mongrel: a mule: a word formed of elements from different languages.—adjs. ', ', produced from different species: mongrel.—adj. '.—n. '.—v.t. and v.i. ', to cause to interbreed, and to interbreed.— '; ', ', state of being hybrid. [Fr.,—L. hibrida, a mongrel.]

Hydatid, hī′dā-tid, n. a watery cyst or vesicle sometimes found in animal bodies.—n. ', the sound caused by the fluctuation of pus in an abscess.—adj. ', watery, aqueous. [Gr. hydatis, a watery vesicle—hydōr, hydatos, water.]

Hydra, hī′dra, n. (myth.) a water-serpent with many heads, which when cut off were succeeded by others: any manifold evil: a genus of fresh-water polyps remarkable for their power of multiplication by being cut or divided.—adjs. ', difficulty to root out, springing up vigorously again and again; ', like the hydra. [L.,—Gr. hydra—hydōr, water, akin to Sans. udras, an otter.]

Hydragogue, hī′dra-gōg, n. a very active purgative, such as jalap. [Gr. hydōr, water, agōgos, leading, agein, to lead.]

Hydrangea, hī-dran′je-a, n. a genus of shrubby plants with large heads of showy flowers, natives of China and Japan. [Gr. hydōr, water, anggeion, vessel.]

Hydrant, hī′drant, n. a machine for discharging water: a water-plug. [Gr. hydōr, water.]

Hydrate, hī′drāt, n. a compound formed by the union of water with an oxide.—n. . [Gr. hydōr, water.]

Hydraulic, -al, hī-drawl′ik, -al, adj. relating to hydraulics: conveying water: worked by water.—adv. '.—n.pl. ', used as sing., the science of hydrodynamics in its practical application to water-pipes, &c.—Hydraulic belt, an arrangement for lifting water, consisting of an endless belt fitted with buckets which discharge as they turn over an upper wheel; Hydraulic cement, lime, a cement that sets or hardens under water; Hydraulic jack, a jack or lifting apparatus, by means of oil, &c., pressed by a force-pump against a piston or plunger; Hydraulic mining, a method of mining by which the auriferous detritus is washed down by a powerful jet of water into a sluice where the gold is easily separated; Hydraulic press, a press operated by the differential pressure of water on pistons of different dimensions; Hydraulic ram, an automatic pump worked by the pressure of a column of water in a pipe, and the force acquired by intermittent motion of the column. [From Gr. hydōr, water, aulos, a pipe.]

Hydria, hī′dri-a, n. a large Greek water-vase.—n. , a water-nymph.

Hydrid, hī′drid, n. (chem.) a substance consisting of hydrogen combined with an element or some compound radical.—n. ', a salt of hydriodic acid.—adj. ', produced by the combination of hydrogen and iodine.

Hydrobarometer, hī-dro-ba-rom′e-ter, n. an instrument for determining the depth of the sea by the pressure of the superincumbent water.

Hydrobromic, hī-dro-brō′mik, adj. compounded of bromine and hydrogen.—n. , a salt of hydrobromic acid—same as bromide; also Bromhydrate.

Hydrocarbon, hī-dro-kär′bon, n. a compound of hydrogen and carbon.—Hydrocarbon furnace, a furnace in which liquid fuel, as petroleum, is used.

Hydrocele, hī′dro-sēl, n. (med.) a swelling consisting of a collection of serous fluid in the scrotum or in some of the coverings of the testicle or spermatic cord. [Gr. hydōr, water, kēlē, a swelling.]

Hydrocephalus, hī-dro-sef′a-lus, n. an accumulation of serous fluid within the cranial cavity, either in the sub-dural space or the ventricles: water in the head: dropsy of the brain.—adjs. ', ', . [Gr. hydōr, water, kephalē, the head.]

Hydrochloric, hī-dro-klō′rik, adj. compounded of hydrogen and chlorine.—n. , a salt of hydrochloric acid.

Hydrocyanic, hī-dro-sī-an′ik, adj. noting an acid formed by the combination of hydrogen and cyanogen—also Prussic acid.—ns. ', '.

Hydrodynamics, hī-dro-di-nam′iks, n.pl. used as sing., the science that treats of the motions and equilibrium of a material system partly or wholly fluid, called Hydrostatics when the system is in equilibrium, Hydrokinetics when it is not.—adjs. ', '.—n. ', an instrument for measuring the velocity of fluid in motion by its pressure.—adj. ', pertaining to electricity generated by the escape of steam under high pressure.—n. , an apparatus for removing moisture from yarns, cloths, &c., in process of manufacture. [Gr. hydōr, water, and dynamics.]

Hydrofluoric, hī-dro-flōō-or′ik, adj. consisting of fluorine and hydrogen.

Hydrogen, hī′dro-jen, n. a gas which in combination with oxygen produces water, an elementary gaseous substance, the lightest of all known substances, and very inflammable.—adjs. ', containing hydrogen; ', containing hydrogen: produced by the action of water, as applied to rocks in opposition to those that are pyrogenous, formed by the action of fire. [A word coined by Cavendish (1766) from Gr. hydōr, water, and genēs, producing.]

Hydrography, hī-drog′ra-fi, n. the art of measuring and describing the size and position of waters or seas: the art of making sea-charts.—n. ', a maker of sea-charts.—adjs. ', '.—adv. '. [Gr. hydōr, water, graphein, to write.]

Hydrokinetics, hī-dro-ki-net′iks, n.pl. used as sing., a branch of Hydrodynamics (q.v.).

Hydrology, hī-drol′o-ji, n. the science which treats of water.—adjs. ', '.—n. . [Gr. hydōr, water, logia, a discourse.]

Hydrolysis, hī-drol′i-sis, n. a kind of chemical decomposition by which a compound is resolved into other compounds by taking up the elements of water.—adj. . [Gr. hydōr, water, lysis—lyein, to loose.]

Hydromancy, hī′dro-man-si, n. divination by water.—adj. . [Gr. hydōr, water, manteia, divination.]

Hydromania, hī-dro-mā′ni-a, n. an insatiable craving for water, as in diabetes: a morbid propensity to suicide by drowning.

Hydromechanics, hī-dro-me-kan′iks, n. the mechanics of fluids.

Hydromel, hī′dro-mel, n. a beverage made of honey and water. [Gr. hydōr, water, meli, honey.]

Hydrometamorphism, hī-dro-met-a-mor′fizm, n. a kind of metamorphism of igneous rocks brought about by water, in opposition to Pyrometamorphism, that brought about by means of heat.

Hydrometeorology, hī-dro-mē-te-or-ol′o-ji, n. the branch of meteorology which treats of water in the atmosphere, as rain, clouds, snow, &c.—n. , any one of the aqueous phenomena of the atmosphere. [Gr. hydōr, water, meteōron, a meteor.]

Hydrometer, hī-drom′et-ėr, n. an instrument for measuring the density or specific gravity of solids and liquids by flotation, consisting of a weighted glass bulb or hollow metal cylinder with a long stem: a current-gauge.—adjs. ', '.—n. . [Gr. hydōr, water, metron, a measure.]

Hydromotor, hī-dro-mō′tor, n. a form of motor for propelling vessels by means of jets of water ejected from the sides or stern.

Hydromys, hī′dro-mis, n. an Australasian genus of rodents, known as water-rats and beaver-rats. [Gr. hydōr, water, mys, mouse.]

Hydronette, hī′dro-net, n. a syringe: a garden force-pump.

Hydropathy, hī-drop′a-thi, n. the treatment of disease by cold water.—adjs. ', '.—adv. '.—n. ', one who practises hydropathy.—Hydropathic establishment or (coll.) simply , a temperance hotel where the guests can have hydropathic treatment if desired. [Gr. hydōr, water, pathos, suffering, pathein, to suffer.]

Hydrophane, hī′dro-fān, n. a partly translucent variety of opal which becomes transparent when wetted.—adj. . [Gr. hydōr, water, phainein, to shine.]

Hydrophidæ, hī-drof′i-dē, n.pl. a family of venomous sea-snakes. [Gr. hydōr, water, ophis, snake.]

Hydrophobia, hī-dro-fō′bi-a, n. an unnatural dread of water, a symptom of a disease known as Rabies, usually resulting from the bite of a mad dog—hence the disease itself.—adj. . [Gr. hydōr, water, phobos, fear.]

Hydrophone, hī′dro-fōn, n. a marine electric apparatus for detecting the approach of a torpedo-boat, &c.

Hydrophore, hī′dro-fōr, n. an apparatus for obtaining specimens of water from any required depth.

Hydrophthalmia, hī-drof-thal′mi-a, n. an increase in quantity of the aqueous or the vitreous humour.

Hydrophyte, hī′dro-fīt, n. a plant living in water.—n. ', the branch of botany which describes such—also '. [Gr. hydōr, water, phyton, a plant, logia, discourse.]

Hydropsy, hī′drop-si, n. dropsy.—adjs. ', ', dropsical: thirsty.

Hydropult, hī′dro-pult, n. a hand force-pump.

Hydrosaurus, hī-dro-saw′rus, n. a genus of monitor-lizards, of aquatic habit, found in the Malay Peninsula, &c. [Gr. hydōr, water, sauros, a lizard.]

Hydroscope, hī′dro-skōp, n. a kind of water-clock, consisting of a cylindrical graduated tube, from which the water escaped through a hole in the bottom. [Gr. hydōr, water, skopein, to view.]

Hydrosoma, hī-dro-sō′ma, n. the entire organism of any hydrozoon:—pl. '.—adjs. ', .

Hydrostatics, hī-dro-stat′iks, n.pl. used as sing., a branch of Hydrodynamics (which see).—n. ', an electrical contrivance for detecting a leakage or overflow of water: an apparatus devised to guard against the explosion of steam boilers.—adjs. ', '.—adv. '.—Hydrostatic balance, a balance for weighing bodies in water to determine their specific gravity; Hydrostatic bellows, a device for illustrating the law that fluid pressure is proportional to area; Hydrostatic paradox, the principle that (disregarding molecular forces) any quantity of fluid, however small, may balance any weight, however great, as in the hydrostatic bellows; Hydrostatic press, the same as Hydraulic Press.

Hydrosulphuric, hī-dro-sul-fū′rik, adj. formed by a combination of hydrogen and sulphur.

Hydrotelluric, hī-dro-tel-lū′rik, adj. pertaining to hydrogen and tellurium.

Hydro-therapeutics, hī-dro-ther-a-pū′tiks, n.pl. remedial treatment of disease by water in various modes and forms—also '.—adj. '.

Hydrothermal, hī-dro-ther′mal, adj. pertaining to, or produced by, action of heated or super-heated water, esp. in dissolving, transporting, and redepositing mineral matter.

Hydrothorax, hī-dro-thō′raks, n. a term applied to dropsical collections in the pleura. [Gr. hydōr, water, thōrax, chest.]

Hydrotropism, hī-dro-trop′izm, n. the habit induced in a growing organ by the influence of moisture, of turning toward, or away from, the moisture.—adj.  [Gr. hydōr, water, tropos, a turn.]

Hydrous, hī′drus, adj. watery, containing hydrogen.

Hydroxide, hī-droks′īd, n. a metallic or basic radical combined with one or more hydroxyl groups.—n. , a compound radical not yet isolated, but found in many chemical compounds.

Hydrozoa, hī-dro-zō′a, n.pl. (sing. ') one of the main divisions of the sub-kingdom Cœlenterata, the other two being Ctenophora and Anthozoa or Actinozoa; they are chiefly marine organisms, soft and gelatinous, free or fixed, existing everywhere, endlessly varied in form and complexity of structure, including such great groups as hydroids, acalephs, medusans, jelly-fish, sea-blubbers, &c.—adjs. ', . [Gr. hydōr, water, zōon, an animal.]

Hydruret. Same as Hydrid.

Hyena, hī-ē′na, Hyen, hī′en, n. (Shak.) a hyæna.

Hyetal, hī′e-tal, adj. rainy.—n. ', a chart showing the average rainfall of the earth or any of its divisions.—adjs. ', '.—ns. '; '; '; . [Gr. hyetos, rain.]

Hygeian, hī-jē′an, adj. relating to health and its preservation.—ns. Hygeia goddess of health, daughter of Æsculapius; ', ', ', the science which treats of the preservation of health.—adj. '.—adv. '.—n. ', one skilled in hygiene; , art of the preservation of health. [Gr. hygieia—hygiēs, healthy.]

Hygrodeik, hī′gro-dīk, n. a form of hygrometer in which the atmospheric humidity is indicated by an index controlled by the heights of a wet-bulb and a dry-bulb thermometer, supported on each side of a frame on which is described a scale. [Gr. hygros, wet, deik-nynai, to show.]

Hygrometer, hī-grom′et-ėr, n. an instrument for measuring the moisture in the atmosphere, or its relative humidity.—n. ', the art of measuring the moisture in the atmosphere, and of bodies generally.—adjs. ', . [Gr. hygros, wet, metron, a measure.]

Hygroscope, hī′gro-skōp, n. an instrument for indicating the humidity of the atmosphere.—adjs. ', '.—ns. '; ', the art of measuring degrees of moisture. [Gr. hygros, wet, skopein, to view.]

Hyksos, hik′sos, n. the shepherd kings, apparently a Tartar race who overthrew the reigning dynasty of Lower Egypt about 2000 B.C., and reigned until overturned by the Egyptian rulers of Upper Egypt about 1700 B.C.

Hyleg, hī′leg, n. the planet which rules at the hour of one's birth, in that sign of the zodiac immediately above the eastern horizon. [Ar.]

Hylism, hī′lizm, n. materialism—also '.—ns. '; ', the origin of matter; ', the doctrine that there is no God but matter and the universe.—adjs. ', '.—ns. ', the doctrine that all matter is endowed with life; '.

Hylopathism, hī-lop′a-thizm, n. the doctrine that matter is sentient.—n. , one who maintains this. [Gr. hylē, matter, pathos, suffering.]

Hymen, hī′men, n. (myth.) the god of marriage: marriage: a thin membrane partially closing the virginal vagina.—adjs. ', '.—n. , the fructifying surface in fungi. [L.,—Gr. hymēn; cf. Gr. hymnos, a festive song.]

Hymenopteral, hī-men-op′tėr-al, adj. pertaining to the ', an order of insects having four membranous wings.—Also '. [Gr. hymēn, a membrane, pteron, a wing.]

Hymenotomy, hī-men-ot′o-mi, n. the cutting or dissection of membranes.

Hymn, him, n. a song of praise, a metrical formula of public worship.—v.t. to celebrate in song: to worship by hymns.—v.i. to sing in adoration.—ns. ', ', a hymn-book.—adj. ', relating to hymns.—ns. ', hymns collectively: hymnology; '; ', the art of writing hymns; '; ', the study or composition of hymns. [Gr. hymnos.]

Hyoid, hī′oid, adj. having the form of the Greek letter upsilon, applied to a bone at the base of the tongue. [Gr. hyoeidēs—the letter, and eidos, form.]

Hyoscyamine, hī-ō-skī′a-mīn, n. a very poisonous alkaloid found in the seeds of Hyoscyamus niger, or henbane. [Gr. hyoskyamos, henbane.]

Hyp. See Hip (3).

Hypæthral, hip-ē′thral, adj. roofless, open to the sky.—n. , an open court. [Gr. hypo, beneath, aithēr, air.]

Hypalgesia, hip-al-jē′si-a, n. diminished susceptibility to painful impressions—also '.—adj. '. [Gr. hypo, under, algos, pain.]

Hypallage, hi-pal′a-jē, n. (rhet.) a figure in which the relations of things in a sentence are mutually interchanged, but without obscuring the sense. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. hypallassein, to interchange—hypo, under, alassein, to change.]

Hyperacute, hī-per-a-kūt′, adj. excessively acute.—n. .

Hyperæsthesia, hī-per-es-thē′si-a, n. (path.) excessive sensibility.—adj. .

Hyperbaton, hī-per′ba-ton, n. (rhet.) a figure by which words are transposed from their natural order.—adj. '.—adv. '. [Gr.,—hyperbainein—hyper, beyond, bainein, to go.]

Hyperbola, hī-per′bo-la, n. (geom.) one of the conic sections or curves formed when the intersecting plane makes a greater angle with the base than the side of the cone makes.—adjs. ', '.—adv. '.—adjs. '; . [L.,—Gr. hyperbolē, from hyperballein—hyper, beyond, ballein, to throw.]

Hyperbole, hī-per′bo-le, n. a rhetorical figure which produces a vivid impression by representing things as much greater or less than they really are—not expecting to be taken literally: an obvious exaggeration.—adjs. ', '.—adv. '.—v.t. ', to represent hyperbolically.—v.i. to speak hyperbolically or with exaggeration.—n. . [A doublet of the above.]

Hyperborean, hī-per-bō′rē-an, adj. belonging to the extreme north.—n. an inhabitant of the extreme north. [Gr. hyperboreos—hyper, beyond, Boreas, the north wind.]

Hypercatalectic, hī-per-kat-a-lek′tik, adj. (pros.) having an additional syllable or half-foot after the last complete dipody.—n. .

Hypercritic, hī-per-krit′ik, n. one who is over-critical.—adjs. ', ', over-critical.—adv. '.—v.t. ', to criticise with too much nicety.—n. .

Hyperdulia, hī-per-dū-lī′a, n. the special kind of worship paid by Roman Catholics to the Virgin Mary, being higher than that paid to other saints (dulia), and distinct from that paid to God alone (latria). [Gr. hyper, beyond, douleia, service.]

Hyperemesis, hī-per-em′e-sis, n. excessive vomiting.—adj. . [Gr. hyper, over, emesis, vomiting.]

Hyperemia, Hyperæmia, hī-per-ē′mi-a, n. an excessive accumulation of blood in any part of the body.—adjs. ', '. [Gr. hyper, over, haima, blood.]

Hyperesthetic, hī-per-es-thet′ik, adj. morbidly sensitive.—Also .

Hypericum, hī-per′i-kum, n. a large genus of plants, of which St John's wort is a typical species. [Gr. hypo, under, ereikē, heath.]

Hyperinosis, hī-per-i-nō′sis, n. excess of fibrin in the blood:—opp. to Hypinosis.—adj. .

Hyperion, hī-pēr′i-on, n. a Titan, son of Uranus and Ge, and father of Helios, Selene, and Eos: Helios himself, the incarnation of light and beauty.

Hypermetrical, hī-per-met′rik-al, adj. beyond or exceeding the ordinary metre of a line: having a syllable too much.—n. .

Hypermetropia, hī-per-me-trō′pi-a, n. long-sightedness, the opposite of Myopia— '.—adj. '. [Gr. hyper, beyond, metron, measure, ōps, eye.]

Hyperorthodox, hī-per-or′thō-doks, adj. extremely orthodox—n. .

Hyperphasia, hī-per-fā′zi-a, n. (path.) lack of control of the organs of speech.—adj. .

Hyperphysical, hī-per-fiz′ik-al, adj. beyond physical laws: supernatural.

Hyperplasia, hī-per-plā′si-a, n. (path.) overgrowth of a part due to excessive multiplication of its cells.—adjs. ', '. [Gr. hyper, over, plasis, a forming—plassein, to form.]

Hypersarcosis, hī-per-sar-kō′sis, n. (path.) proud or fungous flesh.—Also .

Hypersensitive, hī-per-sen′si-tiv, adj. excessively sensitive.—n. .

Hypersthene, hī-per-sthēn′, n. a rock-forming mineral which crystallises in orthorhombic forms, an anhydrous magnesian silicate, generally dark green or raven-black in colour.—adj. '.—n. ', a more or less coarsely crystalline igneous rock, allied to gabbro—an aggregate of labradorite (feldspar) and hypersthene, of plutonic origin. [Gr. hyper; above, sthenos, strength.]

Hypersthenia, hī-per-sthē′ni-a, n. (path.) a morbid condition marked by excessive excitement of all the vital phenomena.—adj. . [Gr. hyper, above, sthenos, strength.]

Hyperthesis, hī-per′the-sis, n. a transfer of a letter from its own to the syllable immediately before or after.—adj. . [Gr. hyper, over, thesis—tithenai, to put.]

Hypertrophy, hī-per′tro-fi, n. over-nourishment: the state of an organ or part of the body when it grows too large from over-nourishment.—adjs. ', ', ', '. [Gr. hyper, above, trophē, nourishment.]

Hyphen, hī′fen, n. a short stroke (-) joining two syllables or words.—adj. . [Gr. hypo, under, hen, one.]

Hypnotism, hip′no-tizm, n. a sleep-like condition induced by artificial means: a nervous sleep like the condition under mesmerism.—n. ', production of hypnotism—also '.—adj. '.—adv. '.—adjs. ', ', having the property of producing sleep; '.—ns. ', the sum of knowledge about sleep; ', the production of sleep: the hypnotic state; ', a medicine that induces sleep; '.—adj. '.—n. '.—v.t. ', to subject to hypnotism, to produce hypnotic sleep in any one.—n. '.—adjs. '; , like hypnotism. [Coined in 1843 from Gr. hypnos, sleep.]

Hypnum, hip′num, n. the largest genus of mosses, order Bryineæ, having archegonia and capsules borne on special lateral branches.

Hypobole, hip-pob′o-lē, n. (rhet.) the mention in argument of things apparently damaging to one's side, with the successive refutation of each. [Gr.]

Hypocaust, hip′o-kawst, n. among the ancients, a vaulted chamber from which the heat of stoves was distributed to baths or rooms above: now applied to the fireplace of a stove or hothouse. [Gr. hypokauston—hypo, under, kaiein, to burn.]

Hypochondria, hip-o-kon′dri-a, n. a nervous malady, often arising from indigestion, and tormenting the patient with imaginary fears—more correctly, '—also ', ', '.—n. ', one suffering from hypochondria—also '.—adjs. ', ', relating to or affected with hypochondria: melancholy.—n.  (anat.), that region of the abdomen situated on either side, under the costal cartilages and short ribs. [L.,—Gr., from hypo, under, chrondos, a cartilage.]

Hypocist, hī′po-sist, n. an inspissated juice from a parasitic plant of the cytinus family.

Hypocrisy, hi-pok′ri-si, n. a feigning to be what one is not: concealment of true character. [Gr. hypokrisis—hypokrinesthai, to play on the stage, from hypo, under, krinein, to decide.]

Hypocrite, hip′o-krit, n. one who practises hypocrisy.—adj. ', practising hypocrisy.—adv. '. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. hypokritēs.]

Hypocycloid, hī-po-sī′kloid, n. a curve generated by a point on the circumference of a circle which rolls on the inside of another circle.—adj. .

Hypodermic, hī-po-der′mik, adj. relating to the parts under the skin, subcutaneous, esp. of a method of injecting a drug in solution under the skin by means of a fine hollow needle to which a small syringe is attached—also '.—n. ', the layer of colourless cells immediately beneath the epidermis of a leaf. [Gr. hypo, under, derma, the skin.]

Hypogastric, hip-o-gas′trik, adj. belonging to the lower part of the abdomen.—ns. ', the lower part of the belly; ', a hernia through the walls of the lower belly. [Gr. hypo, under, gastēr, the belly.]

Hypogene, hī′po-jēn, adj. (geol.) of or pertaining to rocks which have assumed their present structure under the surface, plutonic:—opp. to Epigene.—adj.  (bot.), produced below the surface, of fungi growing on the under side of leaves:—opp. to Epigenous and Epiphyllous. [Gr. hypo, under, genēs, produced.]

Hypogeum, hī-po-jē′um, n. the part of a building below the ground, any underground chamber.—adjs. ', ', , subterranean. [Gr. hypo, under, gē, the ground.]

Hypoglossal, hī-po-glos′al, adj. situated under the tongue. [Gr. hypo, under, glōssa, the tongue.]

Hypognathous, hī-pog′nā-thus, adj. (ornith.) having the under mandible longer than the upper, as the black skimmer.—n. .

Hypogynous, hī-poj′i-nus, adj. (bot.) growing from beneath the ovary, said of certain parts of plants. [Gr. hypo, under, gynē, a woman.]

Hyponasty, hī′po-nas-ti, n. (bot.) increased growth along the lower surface of an organ or part of a plant, causing the part to bend upward:—opp. to Epinasty.

Hypophosphite, hī-po-fos′fīt, n. (chem.) a salt obtained by the union of hypophosphorous acid with a salifiable base—also '.—adjs. ', , containing less oxygen than phosphorous acid contains.

Hypophysis, hī-pof′i-sis, n. the pituitary body of the brain: (bot.) an inflated part of the pedicel under the capsule, in mosses; in flowering plants, a cell of the embryo producing the primary root and root-cap. [Gr. hypo, under, phyein, to grow.]

Hypostasis, hī-pos′ta-sis, n. a substance: the essence or real personal subsistence or substance of each of the three divisions of the Godhead.—adjs. ', '.—adv. '.—v.t. '. [L.,—Gr. hypostasis—hyphistēmi—hypo, under, histēmi, I make to stand.]

Hypostrophe, hī-pos′tro-fe, n. return of a disease, relapse: (rhet.) use of insertion or parenthesis.

Hypostyle, hī′po-stīl, adj. (archit.) having the roof supported by pillars. [Gr. hypo, under, stylos, a pillar.]

Hyposulphurous, hī-po-sul′fer-us, adj. next in a series below sulphurous.—Also .

Hypotaxis, hī-po-tak′sis, n. (gram.) dependent construction—opp. to Parataxis.—adj. .

Hypotenuse, hī-pot′en-ūs, or hip-, Hypothenuse, n. the side of a right-angled triangle opposite to the right angle. [Fr.,—Gr. hypoteinousa (grammē), lit. (a line) 'which stretches under'—hypo, under, teinein, to stretch.]

Hypothec, hī-poth′ek, n. in Scotch law, a lien or security over goods in respect of a debt due by the owner of the goods.—adj. pertaining to hypothecation or mortgage.—v.t. ', to place or assign anything as security under an arrangement: to mortgage.—ns. '; . [Fr.,—L. hypotheca—Gr. hypothēkē, a pledge.]

Hypothesis, hī-poth′e-sis, n. a supposition: a proposition assumed for the sake of argument: a theory to be proved or disproved by reference to facts: a provisional explanation of anything.—v.i. ', to form hypotheses.—adjs. ', ', belonging to a hypothesis: conditional.—adv. '. [Gr., hypo, under, tithenai, to place.]

Hypotyposis, hī-po-ti-pō′sis, n. (rhet.) vivid description of a scene.

Hypozoic, hī-po-zō′ik, adj. (geol.) below the limit of life: belonging to the '.—adj. and n. '.

Hypsometry, hip-som′e-tri, n. the art of measuring the heights of places on the earth's surface by means of the '.—adj. '. [Gr. hypsi, on high, metron, a measure.]

Hypural, hī-pū′ral, adj. situated beneath the tail.

Hyrax, hī′raks, n. a genus of mammals of obscure affinities, like rabbits in size and marmots in appearance, living among rocks in Africa and Syria—the Cape Daman, Klippdass, or Rock-badger; the Shaphan (Hyrax syriacus) mistranslated 'cony' of Scripture; and the Abyssinian Ashtok.

Hyson, hī′son, n. a very fine sort of green tea.—n. , the refuse of hyson tea. [Chinese.]

Hyssop, his′up, n. an aromatic plant. [Fr.,—L. hyssopum—Gr. hyssōpos—Heb. ēzōph.]

Hysteranthous, his-ter-an′thus, adj. (bot.) having the leaves appearing after the flowers.

Hysteresis, his-te-rē′sis, n. magnetic friction in dynamos, by which every reversal of magnetism in the iron causes dissipation of energy. [Gr. hysterēsis, a deficiency—hysteros, later.]

Hysteric, -al, his-ter′ik, -al, adj. pertaining to, of the nature of, or affected with hysterics or hysteria: like hysterics, fitfully and violently emotional.—adv. '.—ns. ', ', a nervous affection occurring typically in paroxysms of laughing and crying alternately, with a choking sensation in the throat, but often as a counterfeit of some organic disease.—adjs. ', ', like hysteria.—ns. ', hysterical mania, often marked by erotic delusions and an excessive desire to attract attention; , the operation of cutting into the uterus. [L. hystericus—Gr. hysterikos—hystera, the womb.]

Hysteron-proteron, his′ter-on-prot′er-on, n. a figure of speech in which what should follow comes first: an inversion. [Gr., lit. 'the last first.']

Hythe, hīth, n. Same as Hithe.