Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary 1908/Entomostomata Even

Entomostomata, en-to-mo-stom′a-ta, n.pl. a family of mollusca. [Gr. entomos, cut into—en, in, temnein, to cut, stoma, a mouth.]

Entomostraca, en-to-mos′tra-ka, n.pl. a general name for the lower orders of crustacea—Phyllopods, Ostracods, Copepods, and Cirripedes:—sing. '.—adj. '. [Gr. entomos, cut in—en, in, temnein, to cut, ostrakon, a shell.]

Entonic, en-ton′ik, adj. showing high tension.

Entoperipheral, en-tō-pe-rif′e-ral, adj. situated or originated within the periphery or external surface of the body.

Entophyte, en′to-fīt, n. a parasitic plant which grows in a living animal.—adj. '.—adv. '.—adj. . [Gr. enton, within, and phyton, a plant.]

Entotic, en-tot′ik, adj. of the interior of the ear.

Entourage, äng-tōō-razh′, n. surroundings: followers. [Fr.,—entourer, to surround—en, in, tour, a circuit.]

Entozoa, en-to-zō′a, n.pl. animals that live inside of other animals: internal parasites such as Tapeworms (q.v.):—sing. '.—adjs. ', '.—ns. '; '.—adj. '. [Gr. entos, within, zōon, an animal.]

Entr′acte, äng-trakt′, n. the time between two acts in a play: (mus.) an instrumental piece performed between acts. [Fr., entre, between, acte, an act.]

Entrail, en-trāl′, v.t. (Spens.) to interlace, entwine.—n. (Spens.) twisting, entanglement. [O. Fr. entreillier—en, and treille, trellis-work.]

Entrails, en′trālz, n.pl. the internal parts of an animal's body, the bowels: the inside of anything: (obs.) the seat of the emotions. [O. Fr. entraille—Low L. intralia—inter, within.]

Entrain, en-trān′, v.t. to put into a railway train, esp. used of troops.

Entrain, en-trān′, v.t. to draw after. [Fr. entraîner.]

Entrammel, en-tram′el, v.t. to trammel, fetter.

Entrance, en′trans, n. act of entering: power or right to enter: the place for entering, the door: the beginning.—n. , one who, or that which, enters. [Fr. entrer—L. intrāre, to enter.]

Entrance, en-trans′, v.t. to put into a trance: to fill with rapturous delight.—n. ', state of trance or of excessive joy.—p.adj. ', charming, transporting.

Entrap, en-trap′, v.t. to catch, as in a trap: to ensnare: to entangle.—ns. ', act of entrapping: the state of being entrapped: '. [O. Fr. entraper—en, in, trappe, a trap.]

Entreasure, en-trezh′ūr, v.t. to lay up, as in a treasury.

Entreat, en-trēt′, v.t. to ask earnestly: to beseech: to pray for: (orig.) to treat, to deal with—so in B.—v.i. to pray.—adjs. '; ' (Spens.); ', that entreats.—adv. ', in an entreating manner: with solicitation.—adj. ', pleading.—ns. ', act of entreating: (Shak.) discourse; , act of entreating; earnest prayer. [O. Fr. entraiter—en, and traiter, to treat.]

Entrée, äng-trā′, n. entry, freedom of access, admittance: a made dish served at dinner between the chief courses: (mus.) an introduction or prelude: the act of entering, a formal entrance. [Fr.]

Entremets, äng-tr′mā′, n. any dainty served at table between the chief courses—formerly Entremes, Entremesse. [O. Fr. entremes—entre, between, mes (mod. mets), a dish.]

Entrench, en-trensh′, Intrench, in-, v.t. to dig a trench around: to fortify with a ditch and parapet.—v.i. to encroach.—n. , an earthen parapet thrown up to give cover against an enemy's fire and the ditch or trench from which the earth is obtained: any protection: an encroachment.—Entrench upon, to encroach upon.

Entrepas, äng′tr'pä, n. a gait between a walk and a trot, an amble. [Fr.]

Entrepôt, äng′tr'pō, n. a storehouse: a bonded warehouse: a seaport through which exports and imports pass. [Fr.]

Entresol, en′ter-sol, or äng′tr'sol, n. a low story between two main stories of a building, generally above the first story; in London, usually between the ground-floor and the first story. [Fr.,—entre, between, sol, the ground.]

Entrochite, en′trō-kīt, n. a wheel-like joint of an encrinite or fossil crinoid—also '.—adj. '. [Gr. en, in, trochos, a wheel.]

Entropion, -um, en-trō′pi-on, -um, n. inversion of the edge of the eyelid. [Gr. entropē.]

Entropy, en′trop-i, n. a term in physics signifying 'the available energy.'

Entrust, en-trust′, Intrust, in-, v.t. to give in trust: to commission: to commit to another, trusting his fidelity.—n. .

Entry, en′tri, n. act of entering: a passage into a short lane leading into a court: act of committing to writing: the thing written: (law) the taking possession of.—n. , the money paid on entering a society, club, &c.—Port of entry (see Port).

Entwine, en-twīn′, v.t. to interlace: to weave.

Entwist, en-twist′, v.t. to twist round.

Enubilate, ē-nū′bi-lāt, v.t. to clear from clouds.—adj. .

Enucleate, en-ū′kle-āt, v.t. to lay bare, explain: to extract.—n. . [L. enucleāre—e, out, nucleus, a kernel.]

Enumerate, e-nū′mer-āt, v.t. to count the number of: to name over.—n. ', act of numbering: a detailed account: a summing up.—adj. '.—n. , one who enumerates. [L. e, out, numerāre, -ātum, to number.]

Enunciate, e-nun′shi-āt, v.t. to state formally: to pronounce distinctly.—adj. ', capable of being enunciated.—n. ', act of enunciating: manner of uttering or pronouncing: a distinct statement or declaration: the words in which a proposition is expressed.—adjs. ', ', containing enunciation or utterance: declarative.—n. , one who enunciates. [L. enuntiāre, -ātum—e, out, nuntiāre, to tell—nuntius, a messenger.]

Enure, e-nūr′, v.t. (Spens.) to practise.—v.i. to belong. [En-, and ure—O. Fr. œuvre—work.]

Enuresis, en-ū-rē′sis, n. incontinence of urine.

Envassal, en-vas′al, v.t. to reduce to vassalage.

Envault, en-vawlt′, v.t. to enclose in a vault.

Enveigle. See Inveigle.

Envelop, en-vel′up, v.t. to cover by wrapping: to surround entirely: to hide.—n. Envelope sometimes, but quite unnecessarily,  that which envelops, wraps, or covers, esp. the cover of a letter.—adj. ' (her.), entwined, as with serpents, laurels, &c.—n. ', a wrapping or covering on all sides. [O. Fr. enveloper; origin obscure. Skeat refers it to the assumed Teut. root of M. E. wlappen, Eng. lap.]

Envenom, en-ven′um, v.t. to put venom into: to poison: to taint with bitterness or malice. [O. Fr. envenimer—en, and venim, venom.]

Envermeil, en-vėr′mil, v.t. (Milt.) to dye red, to give a red colour to. [O. Fr. envermeiller—en, in, vermeil, red, vermilion.]

Environ, en-vī′run, v.t. to surround: to encircle: to invest:—pr.p. pa.p. —n. , a surrounding: conditions influencing development or growth.—n.pl. Environs  or  the places that environ: the outskirts of a city: neighbourhood. [Fr. environner—environ, around—virer, to turn round; cf. veer.]

Envisage, en-viz′āj, v.t. to face: to consider.—n. . [Fr. envisager—en, and visage, the visage.]

Envoy, en′voi, n. a messenger, esp. one sent to transact business with a foreign government: a diplomatic minister of the second order.—n. . [For Fr. envoyé—envoyer, to send.]

Envoy, Envoi, en′voi, n. the concluding part of a poem or a book: the author's final words, esp. now the short stanza concluding a poem written in certain archaic metrical forms. [O. Fr. envoye—envoiier, to send—en voie, on the way—L. in, on, via, a way.]

Envy, en′vi, v.t. to look upon with a grudging eye: to hate on account of prosperity:—pr.p. pa.p. —n. grief at the sight of another's success: a wicked desire to supplant one: a desire for the advantages enjoyed by another: (B.) ill-will.—adj. ', that is to be envied.—n. ', the state or quality of being enviable.—adv. '.—n. ', one who envies.—adj. ', feeling envy: directed by envy: (Spens.) enviable.—adv. '.—ns. '; ' (B.), jealousy, ill-will. [Fr. envie—L. invidia—in, on, vidēre, to look.]

Enwall, en-wawl′, Inwall, in-, v.t. to enclose within a wall.

Enwallow, en-wol′ō, v.t. (Spens.) to roll about, to wallow.

Enwheel, en-hwēl′, v.t. (Shak.) to encircle.

Enwind, en-wīnd′, Inwind, in-, v.t. to wind itself round.

Enwomb, en-wōōm′, v.t. (Spens.) to make pregnant: (Shak.) to conceive in the womb: to contain.

Enwrap, en-rap′, Inwrap, in-, v.t. to cover by wrapping: to perplex: to engross.—n. '.—p.adj. '.

Enwreathe, en-rēth′, Inwreathe, in-, v.t. to wreathe: to encircle as with a wreath.

Enzone, en-zōn′, v.t. to enclose as with a zone.

Enzootic, en-zō-ot′ik, adj. endemic among animals in a particular district.—n. a disease of this character.

Enzym, Enzyme, en′zim, n. any of the unorganised ferments: leavened bread—opp. to Azym (q.v.).—adj. . [Gr. en, in, zymē, leaven.]

Eoan, ē-ō′an, adj. of or pertaining to dawn. [L.,—Gr. ēōs, dawn.]

Eocene, ē′ō-sēn, adj. (geol.) first in time of the three subdivisions of the Tertiary formation. [Gr. ēōs, daybreak, kainos, new.]

Eolian, Eolic, Eolipile. Same as Æolian, Æolic, Æolipile.

Eon. See Æon.

Eothen, ē-ō′then, adv. from the east—the name given by Kinglake to his book of travel in the East (1844). [Gr., lit. 'from morn,' 'at earliest dawn.']

Eozoön, ē-ō-zō′on, n. an assumed organism whose remains constitute reefs of rocks in the Archæan system in Canada.—adj. . [Gr. ēōs, dawn, zōon, an animal.]

Epacrid, ep′a-krid, n. a plant of order Epacridaceæ, a small order of heath-like shrubs or small trees. [Gr. epi, upon, akris, a summit.]

Epact, ē′pakt, n. the moon's age at the beginning of the year: the excess of the solar month or year above the lunar: (pl.) a set of nineteen numbers used for fixing the date of Easter and other church festivals, by indicating the age of the moon at the beginning of each civil year in the lunar cycle. [Fr.,—Gr. epaktos, brought on—epi, on, agein, to bring.]

Epagoge, ep-a-gō′jē, n. induction, proof by example.

Epalpate, ē-pal′pāt, adj. having no palps or feeders.

Epanadiplosis, ep-a-na-di-plō′sis, n. (rhet.) a figure by which a sentence begins and ends with the same word, as in Phil. iv. 4. [Gr.]

Epanalepsis, ep-a-na-lep′sis, n. (rhet.) repetition or resumption, as in 1 Cor. xi. 18 and 20. [Gr.]

Epanodos, e-pan′ō-dos, n. recapitulation of the chief points in a discourse. [Gr.]

Epanorthosis, ep-an-or-thō′sis, n. (rhet.) the retracting of a statement in order to correct or intensify it, as 'For Britain's guid! for her destruction!' [Gr.]

Epanthous, ep-an′thus, adj. growing upon flowers. [Gr. epi, upon, anthos, a flower.]

Eparch, ep′ärk, n. the governor of a Greek province.—n. , the province or territory ruled over by an eparch. [Gr. eparchos—epi, upon, archē, dominion.]

Epaulement, e-pawl′ment, n. a side-work of a battery or earthwork to protect it from a flanking fire.—n. , the shoulder of a bastion. [Fr.,—épauler, to protect—épaule, shoulder.]

Epaulet, Epaulette, ep′ol-et, n. a shoulder-piece: a badge of a military or naval officer (now disused in the British army): an ornament on the shoulder of a lady's dress. [Fr. épaulette—épaule, the shoulder.]

Epeira, ep-īr′a, n. a genus of spiders, the type of the Epeiridæ, including the common garden spider. [Gr. epi, on, eiros, wool.]

Epencephalon, ep-en-sef′a-lon, n. the hindmost of the divisions of the brain.—adj. .

Epenthesis, e-pen′the-sis, n. the insertion of a letter or syllable within a word.—adj. . [Gr.]

Epeolatry, ep-e-ol′a-tri, n. worship of words. [Gr. epos, word, latreia, worship.]

Epergne, e-pėrn′, n. an ornamental stand for a large dish for the centre of a table. [Perh. from Fr. épargne, saving—épargner, to save.]

Epexegesis, ep-eks-e-jē′sis, n. the addition of words to make the sentence more clear.—adjs. ', '.—adv. . [Gr. epi, in addition, exēgeisthai, to explain.]

Epha, Ephah, ē′fa, n. a Hebrew measure for dry goods. [Heb.; prob. of Egyptian origin.]

Ephebe, ef-ēb′, n. (Greek antiquities) a young citizen from 18 to 20 years of age. [L. ephēbus—Gr. ephēbos—epi, upon, hēbē, early manhood.]

Ephemera, ef-em′er-a, n. the Mayfly, a genus of short-lived insects: that which lasts a short time.—adj. ', existing only for a day: daily: short-lived.—n. anything lasting a short time.—ns. '; ', an insect belonging to the group Ephemeridæ.—adj. '.—ns. ', an account of daily transactions: a journal: an astronomical almanac:—pl. Ephemerides ', one who studies the daily motions of the planets; ', an insect that lives but a day.—adj. '. [Through L.,—Gr. ephēmeros, living a day—epi, for, hēmera, a day.]

Ephesian, ef-ē′zi-an, adj. of or pertaining to Ephesus.—n. an inhabitant of Ephesus: (Shak.) 'a jolly companion.'

Ephod, ef′od, n. a kind of linen surplice worn by the Jewish priests: a surplice, generally. [Heb. aphad, to put on.]

Ephor, ef′or, n. a class of magistrates whose office apparently originated at Sparta, being peculiar to the Doric states.—n. . [Gr. epi, upon, and root of horaein, to see.]

Epiblast, ep′i-blast, n. Same as Ectoderm.

Epic, ep′ik, adj. applied to a poem which recounts a great event in an elevated style: lofty: grand.—n. an epic or heroic poem: a story comparable to those in epic poems.—ns. '; '.—Epic dialect, the Greek in which the books of Homer are written. [L. epicus—Gr. epikos—epos, a word.]

Epicalyx, ep-i-kā′liks, n. an external or accessory calyx outside of the true calyx, as in Potentilla.

Epicarp, ep′i-kärp, n. (bot.) the outermost layer of the pericarp or fruit. [Gr. epi, upon, karpos, fruit.]

Epicedium, ep-i-sē′di-um, n. a funeral ode.—adjs. ', ', elegiac. [L.,—Gr. epikēdeion—epi, upon, kēdos, care.]

Epicene, ep′i-sēn, adj. and n. common to both sexes: (gram.) of either gender. [Through L.,—Gr. epikoinos—epi, upon, koinos, common.]

Epicheirema, ep-i-kī-rē′ma, n. a syllogism confirmed in its major or minor premise, or in both, by an incidental proposition. [Gr. epicheirēma, attempt—epi, upon, cheir, the hand.]

Epiclinal, ep-i-klī′nal, adj. (bot.) placed on the torus or receptacle of a flower.

Epicure, ep′i-kūr, n. a follower of Epicurus (341-270 B.C.), a Greek philosopher, who taught that pleasure was the chief good: one given to sensual enjoyment: one devoted to the luxuries of the table.—adj. ', pertaining to Epicurus: given to luxury.—n. a follower of Epicurus: one given to the luxuries of the table.—n. ', the doctrine of Epicurus: attachment to these doctrines.—v.i. ', to play the epicure, to feast, riot: to profess the philosophy of Epicurus.—n. ', the doctrines of Epicurus: luxury: sensual enjoyment.

Epicycle, ep′i-sī-kl, n. a circle having its centre on the circumference of a greater circle on which it moves.—adj. '.—n. ', a curve described by every point in the plane of a circle moving on the convex circumference of another circle.—adj. . [Gr. epi, upon, kyklos, a circle.]

Epideictic, -al, ep-i-dīk′tik, -al, adj. done for show or display. [Gr. epi, upon, deiknynai, to show.]

Epidemic, -al, ep-i-dem′ik, -al, adj. affecting a community at a certain time: general.—n. ', a disease falling on great numbers in one place, simultaneously or in succession.—adv. '.—n. , the science of epidemics. [Gr. epidēmos, general—epi, among, dēmos, the people.]

Epidermis, ep-i-dėr′mis, n. scarf-skin or cuticle, forming an external covering of a protective nature for the true skin or corium.—adjs. '; ', ', '. [Gr. epidermis—epi, upon, derma, the skin.]

Epidote, ep′i-dōt, n. a silicate of aluminium, iron, and calcium.

Epigastrium, ep-i-gas′tri-um, n. the part of the abdomen which chiefly corresponds to the situation of the stomach, extending from the sternum towards the navel.—adj. . [Gr. epi, upon, gastēr, the stomach.]

Epigene, ep′i-jēn, adj. applied to the geological agents of change which affect chiefly the superficial position of the earth's crust, as the atmosphere, water, &c.—adjs. ', growing on the surface of a part; ', growing on the earth—also . [Gr. epi, upon, gennaein, to produce.]

Epigenesis, ep-i-jen′e-sis, n. the development of the organism by the growth and differentiation of a single germ—i.e. by the division or segmentation of a fertilised egg-cell.—n. '.—adj. '. [Gr. epi, upon, genesis, genesis.]

Epiglottis, ep-i-glot′is, n. the cartilage at the root of the tongue that partly closes the aperture of the larynx.—adj. . [Gr. epi, upon, glōtta (glōssa), the tongue.]

Epigram, ep′i-gram, n. any concise and pointed or sarcastic saying: a short poem on one subject ending with an ingenious thought.—adjs. ', ', relating to or dealing in epigrams: like an epigram: concise and pointed.—adv. '.—v.t. ', to make an epigram on.—n. , one who writes epigrams. [Through Fr. and L., from Gr. epigramma—epi, upon, gramma, a writing—graphein, to write.]

Epigraph, ep′i-graf, n. an inscription, esp. on a building: a citation or motto at the commencement of a book or its parts.—v.t. to provide with an epigraph.—ns. ', '.—adj. '.—n. '. [Gr. epi-graphē—epi, upon, graphein, to write.]

Epigynous, e-pij′i-nus, adj. (bot.) growing upon the top of the ovary.

Epilepsy, ep′i-lep-si, n. a chronic functional disease of the nervous system, manifested by recurring attacks of sudden insensibility or impairment of consciousness, commonly accompanied by peculiar convulsive seizures.—n. ', an epileptic patient.—adjs. ', '; '. [Gr. epilepsia—epi, upon, lambanein, lēpsesthai, to seize.]

Epilogue, ep′i-log, n. the conclusion of a book: a speech or short poem at the end of a play.—adjs. ' '.—v.i.   to write an epilogue. [Fr.—L.—Gr. epilogos, conclusion—epi, upon, legein, to speak.]

Epinasty, ep′i-nas-ti, n. (bot.) curvature of an organ, caused by a more active growth on its upper side.—adj. '.—adv. '.

Epiperipheral, ep-i-pe-rif′e-ral, adj. situated on the periphery or outer surface of the body.

Epipetalous, ep-i-pet′a-lus, adj. (bot.) inserted or growing on a petal.

Epiphany, e-pif′an-i, n. a church festival celebrated on Jan. 6, in commemoration of the manifestation of Christ to the wise men of the East: the manifestation of a god. [Gr. epiphaneia, appearance—epi, to, phainein, to show.]

Epiphlœum, ep-i-flē′um, n. (bot.) the corky envelope of the bark next the epidermis.

Epiphragm, ep′i-fram, n. (bot.) the dilated apex of the columella in urn-mosses: the disc with which certain molluscs close the aperture of their shell.

Epiphyllospermous, ep-i-fil-ō-sper′mus, adj. (bot.) bearing fruit on the back of the fronds, as ferns.

Epiphyllous, ep-i-fil′us, adj. (bot.) growing upon a leaf, esp. on its upper surface.

Epiphysis, ep-if′i-sis, n. any portion of a bone having its own centre of ossification: the pineal gland: a small upper piece of each half of an alveolus of a sea-urchin:—pl. . [Gr.]

Epiphyte, ep′i-fīt, n. one of a species of plants attached to trees, and deriving their nourishment from the decaying portions of the bark, and perhaps also from the air.—adjs. ', '. [Gr. epi, upon, and phyton, a plant.]

Epiplastron, ep-i-plas′tron, n. the anterior lateral one of the nine pieces of which the plastron of a turtle may consist.

Epiploon, e-pip′lō-on, n. the great omentum.—adj. . [Gr.]

Epipolism, e-pip′ō-lizm, n. fluorescence.—adj. . [Gr.]

Epirhizous, ep-i-rī′zus, adj. growing on a root.

Episcopacy, e-pis′ko-pas-i, n. the government of the church by bishops: the office of a bishop: the period of office: the bishops, as a class.—adj. ', governed by bishops: belonging to or vested in bishops.—adj. ', belonging to bishops, or government by bishops.—n. one who belongs to the Episcopal Church.—n. ', episcopalian government and doctrine.—adv. '.—ns. ' (Milt.); ', a bishopric: the office of a bishop: the order of bishops.—v.i. (Milt.) to act as a bishop.—v.t. '.—n. ' (Milt.), survey, superintendence. [L. episcopatus—Gr. episkopos, an overseer.]

Episemon, ep-i-sē′mon, n. the characteristic device of a city, &c.: one of three obsolete Greek letters used as numerals—, vau;, koppa; and , san, sampi.

Episode, ep′i-sōd, n. a story introduced into a narrative or poem to give variety: an interesting incident.—adjs. ', ', ', ', pertaining to or contained in an episode: brought in as a digression.—adv. , by way of episode: incidentally. [Gr. epeisodion—epi, upon, eisodos, a coming in—eis, into, hodos, a way.]

Epispastic, ep-i-spas′tik, adj. producing a blister on the skin.—n. a blister.

Episperm, ep′i-spėrm, n. the outer integument of a seed. [Gr. epi, upon, and sperma, seed.]

Epistaxis, ep-is-tak′sis, n. bleeding from the nose.

Epistemology, ep-is-tē-mol′oj-i, n. the theory of knowledge.—adj. . [Gr. epistēmē, knowledge, logia, discourse.]

Episternum, ep-i-ster′num, n. the interclavicle: the epiplastron: the presternum of mammals.—adj. .

Epistilbite, ep-i-stil′bīt, n. a whitish hydrous silicate of aluminium, calcium, and sodium.

Epistle, e-pis′l, n. a writing sent to one, a letter: esp. a letter to an individual or church from an apostle, as the Epistles of Paul: the extract from one of the apostolical epistles read as part of the communion service.—v.i. (Milt.) to preface.—ns. ', ', a letter-writer; ', one who reads the liturgical epistle in the communion service.—adjs. ', ', ', ', pertaining to or consisting of epistles or letters: suitable to an epistle: contained in letters.—n. ', a short letter.—v.i. ', to write a letter.—ns. ', a writer of letters; , letter-writing. [O. Fr.,—L. epistola—Gr. epistolē—epi, stellein, to send.]

Epistrophe, e-pis′trō-fē, n. (rhet.) a form of repetition in which successive clauses end with the same word, as in 2 Cor. xi. 22: a refrain in music.

Epistyle, ep′i-stīl, n. Same as Architrave. [Gr. epi, upon, stylos, a pillar.]

Epitaph, ep′i-taf, n. a commemorative inscription on a tombstone or monument.—v.t. to write an epitaph upon.—adjs. ', '.—n. , a writer of epitaphs. [Gr. epitaphion—epi, upon, taphos, a tomb.]

Epitasis, e-pit′a-sis, n. the main action of a Greek drama, leading to the catastrophe—opp. to Protasis.

Epithalamium, ep-i-tha-lā′mi-um, n. a song or poem in celebration of a marriage.—adj. . [Gr. epithalamion—epi, upon, thalamos, a bedchamber, marriage.]

Epithelium, ep-i-thē′li-um, n. the cell-tissue which invests the outer surface of the body and the mucous membranes connected with it, and also the closed cavities of the body.—adj. '.—n. ', carcinoma of the skin.—adj. . [Gr.,—epi, upon, thēlē, nipple.]

Epithem, ep′i-them, n. (med.) a soft external application. [Gr. epithema—epi, upon, tithenai, to place.]

Epithet, ep′i-thet, n. an adjective expressing some real quality of the thing to which it is applied, or an attribute expressing some quality ascribed to it: (Shak.) term, expression.—v.t. to term.—adj. ', pertaining to an epithet: abounding with epithets.—n. ' (Shak.), epithet. [Gr. epithetos, added—epi, on, tithenai, to place.]

Epithymetic, ep-i-thim-et′ik, adj. pertaining to desire. [Gr.,—epi, upon, thymos, the soul.]

Epitome, e-pit′o-me, n. an abridgment or short summary of anything, as of a book.—adj. ', like an epitome.—v.t. ', to make an epitome of: to shorten: to condense.—ns. ', ', one who abridges.—In epitome, on a small scale. [Gr.,—epi, temnein, to cut.]

Epitonic, ep-i-ton′ik, adj. overstrained. [Gr.,—epi, upon, teinein, to stretch.]

Epitrite, ep′i-trīt, n. (pros.) a foot made up of three long syllables and one short. [L.,—Gr.,—epi, in addition, tritos, the third.]

Epizeuxis, ep-i-zūk′sis, n. (rhet.) the immediate repetition of a word for emphasis. [Gr.]

Epizoon, ep-i-zō′on, n. a parasitic animal that lives on the bodies of other animals and derives its nourishment from the skin—also ':—pl. '.—adj. , pertaining to epizoa: (geol.) containing fossil remains: epidemic, as applied to animals. [Gr. epi, upon, zōon, an animal.]

Epoch, ep′ok, or ē′-, n. a point of time fixed or made remarkable by some great event from which dates are reckoned: a period remarkable for important events: (astron.) the mean heliocentric longitude of a planet in its orbit at any given time.—adjs. '; '.—Make, Mark, an epoch, to begin an important era. [Gr. epochē—epechein, to stop—epi, upon, echein, to hold.]

Epode, ep′ōd, n. a kind of lyric poem invented by Archilochus, in which a longer verse is followed by a shorter one: the last part of a lyric ode, sung after the strophe and antistrophe.—adj. . [Gr. epōdos—epi, on, ōdē, an ode.]

Eponym, ep′o-nim, n. a mythical personage created to account for the name of a tribe or people: a special title.—adj. . [Gr. epi, upon, to, onoma, a name.]

Epopee, ep′o-pē, Epopœia, n. epic poetry: an epic poem. [Formed from Gr. epopoiia—epos, a word, an epic poem, poiein, to make.]

Epopt, ep′opt, n. one initiated into the Eleusinian mysteries. [Gr. epi, upon, and root op-, to see.]

Epos, ep′os, n. the elementary stage of epic poetry: an epic poem: a series of events such as are treated in epic poetry. [L.,—Gr. epos, a word.]

Eprouvette, ep-roov-et′, n. a machine for testing the strength of gunpowder. [Fr.,—éprouver, to try.]

Epsom, ep′sum, n. a useful purgative medicine, acting as a refrigerant, and sometimes as a diuretic.—Also . [From Epsom, a town in Surrey.]

Epulotic, ep-ū-lot′ik, adj. cicatrising.—n. a cicatrising medicament.

Equable, ē′kwa-bl, or ek′wa-bl, adj. equal and uniform: smooth: not variable: of even temper.—ns. ', ', the state or condition of being equable.—adv. . [L. æquabilis—æquāre—æquus, equal.]

Equal, ē′kwal, adj. identical: of the same value: adequate: in just proportion: fit: equable: uniform: equitable: evenly balanced: just.—n. one of the same age, rank, &c.—v.t. to be, or to make, equal to:—pr.p. pa.p. —n. ', the act of making equal: state of being equalised.—v.t. ', to make equal.—adj. and n. ', of or pertaining to the equality of mankind.—n. ', the condition of being equal: sameness: evenness.—adv. '.—n. ', the state of being equal: evenness: uniformity.—v.t. ', to reduce to an average or to a common standard of comparison: to regard as equal:—pr.p.  pa.p. —ns. ', the act of making equal: (alg.) a statement of the equality of two quantities: reduction to a mean proportion; ' (geog.), a great circle passing round the middle of the globe and dividing it into two equal parts: (astron.) the equinoctial.—adj. ', of or pertaining to the equator.—n. an instrument for observing and following a celestial body in any part of its diurnal course.—adv. , so as to have motion or direction parallel to the equator.—Equal to the occasion, fit or able for an emergency.—Equation of time, the reduction from mean solar time to apparent solar time.—An equal (Spens.), a state of equality.—Personal equation, any error common to all the observations of some one person, any tendency to error or prejudice due to the personal characteristics of some person for which allowance must be made. [L. æqualis—æquāre, to make equal—æquus, equal.]

Equanimity, ē-kwa-nim′i-ti, n. equality or evenness of mind or temper.—adj. '.—adv. '. [L. æquanimitas—æquus, equal, animus, the mind.]

Equerry, ek′we-ri, n. in the royal household, an official under the Master of the Horse, whose main duty is to accompany the sovereign when riding in state. [Fr. écurie—Low L. scuria, a stable—Old High Ger. scûr (Ger. scheuer), a shed.]

Equestrian, e-kwes′tri-an, adj. pertaining to horses or horsemanship: on horseback.—n. one who rides on horseback:—fem. '.—n. ', horsemanship. [L. equester, equestris—eques, a horseman—equus, a horse.]

Equi-, ē′kwi, a prefix meaning equal, from L. æquus.—adj. ', consisting of or having equal angles.—n. ', equal weight.—adjs. ', having equal differences; ', equally distant.—adv. '.—adj. ', having all sides equal.—v.t. ', to balance: to counterpoise.—ns. '; ', ', equal balancing: equality of weight or force: level position; ', a number multiplied by the same number as another.—adj. ', equal-footed.—ns. ', act of hanging in equipoise; ', equality of weight or force: the state of a balance when the two weights are equal.—v.t. to counterbalance.—n. ', the consonance which exists between octaves.—adj. ', having valves equal in size or form.

Equine, ē′kwīn, Equinal, ē-kwīn′al, adj. pertaining to a horse or horses.—n. , horse-pox, glanders, farcy. [L. equinus—equus, a horse.]

Equinox, ē′kwi-noks, n. the time when the sun crosses the equator, making the night equal in length to the day, about 21st March and 23d Sept.—adj. ', pertaining to the equinoxes, the time of the equinoxes, or to the regions about the equator.—n. a great circle in the heavens corresponding to the equator of the earth.—adv. ', in the direction of the equinox.—Equinoctial gales, high gales popularly supposed to prevail about the times of the equinoxes—the belief is unsupported by observation. [L. æquus, equal, nox, noctis, night.]

Equip, e-kwip′, v.t. to fit out: to furnish with everything needed for any service or work:—pr.p. pa.p. —n. ', that with which one is equipped: furniture required for any service, as that of a soldier, &c.: a carriage and attendants, retinue.—v.t. (obs.) to furnish with an equipage.—n. ', the act of equipping: the state of being equipped: things used in equipping or furnishing: outfit. [Fr. équiper, prob. Ice. skipa, to set in order, skip, a ship.]

Equipollent, e-kwi-pol′ent, adj. having equal power or force: equivalent.—n. an equivalent.—ns. ', '. [L. æquus, equal, pollens, pollentis, pr.p. of pollēre, to be able.]

Equiponderate, ē-kwi-pon′dėr-āt, v.i. to be equal in weight: to balance.—adj. equal in weight.—n. '.—adj. '. [L. æquus, equal, pondus, ponderis, weight.]

Equisetum, ek-wi-sē′tum, n. a genus of herbaceous plants having leafless articulated and whorled stems and branches—also Horse-tail.—adjs. '; '; . [L.,—equus, a horse, seta, a bristle.]

Equitation, ek-wi-tā′shun, n. the art of riding on horseback.—adjs. ', riding: straddling, overlapping; ', eating horse-flesh. [L.,—equitāre—equus, a horse.]

Equity, ek′wi-ti, n. right as founded on the laws of nature: moral justice, of which laws are the imperfect expression: the spirit of justice which enables us to interpret laws rightly: fairness.—adj. ', possessing or showing equity: held or exercised in equity.—n. '.—adv. . [Fr. equité—L. æquitas—æquus, equal.]

Equivalent, e-kwiv′a-lent, adj. equal in value, power, meaning, &c.—n. a thing equivalent.—n. '.—adv. '. [Fr.,—L. æquus, equal, valens, valentis, pr.p. of valēre, to be worth.]

Equivocal, e-kwiv′ō-kal, adj. capable of meaning two or more things: of doubtful meaning: capable of a double explanation: suspicious: questionable.—adv. '.—n. '.—v.i. ', to use equivocal or doubtful words in order to mislead.—ns. ', act of equivocating or using ambiguous words to mislead; '.—adj. ', containing or characterised by equivocation.—ns. ', ', an equivocal expression: equivocation: a quibble. [L. æquus, equal, vox, vocis, the voice, a word.]

Era, ē′ra, n. a series of years reckoned from a particular point, or that point itself: an important date. [Late L. æra, a number, orig. 'counters,' pieces of copper used in counting, being the neut.pl. of æs, æris, copper.]

Eradiate, e-rā′di-āt, v.i. to shoot out like a ray of light:—pr.p. pa.p. —n. , the act of eradiating; emission of radiance. [L. e, out, radius, a ray.]

Eradicate, e-rad′i-kāt, v.t. to pull up by the roots: to destroy.—adj. ', that may be eradicated.—p.adj. ', rooted up: (her.) said of a tree, or part of a tree, torn up by the roots.—n. ', the act of eradicating: state of being eradicated.—adj. ', serving to eradicate or drive thoroughly away.—n. . [L. eradicāre, to root out—e, out, radix, radicis, a root.]

Erase, e-rās′, v.t. to rub or scrape out: to efface: to destroy.—adj. '.—p.adj. ', rubbed out: effaced: (her.) torn off, so as to leave jagged edges.—ns. ', one who, or that which, erases, as ink-eraser; ', ', ', the act of erasing: a rubbing out: the place where something written has been rubbed out. [L. eradĕre—e, out, radĕre, rasum, to scrape.]

Erastian, e-rast′yan, n. a follower of Thomas Erastus (1524-83), a Swiss physician, who denied the church the right to inflict excommunication and disciplinary penalties: one who minimises the spiritual independence of the church, subordinating her jurisdiction to the state—a position not held by Erastus at all.—adj. relating to the Erastians or their doctrines.—n. , control of church by state.

Erato, er′a-tō, n. the Muse of lyric poetry.

Erbium, er′bi-um, n. a rare metal, the compounds of which are present in the mineral gadolinite, found at Ytterby in Sweden. [From Ytterby.]

Ere, ār, adv. before, sooner.—prep. before.—conj. sooner than.—advs. ', before long: soon; ', before this time; , formerly: some time before. [A.S. ǽr; cf. Dut. eer.]

Erebus, er′e-bus, n. (myth.) the dark and gloomy cavern between earth and Hades: the lower world, hell. [L.,—Gr. Erebos.]

Erect, e-rekt′, v.t. to set upright: to raise: to build: to exalt: to establish.—adj. upright: directed upward.—adj. '.—ns. ', ', one who, or that which, erects or raises: a muscle which assists in erecting a part or an organ: an attachment to a compound microscope for making the image erect instead of inverted.—adj. ', that may be erected.—ns. ', quality of being erectile; ', act of erecting: state of being erected: exaltation: anything erected: a building of any kind.—adj. ', tending to erect.—adv. '.—n. . [L. erectus, erigĕre, to set upright—e, out, regĕre, to direct.]

Eremacausis, er-e-ma-kaw′sis, n. (chem.) slow combustion or oxidation. [Gr. erema, slowly, kausis—kaiein, to burn.]

Eremite, er′e-mīt, n. a recluse who lives apart, from religious motives: a hermit.—adjs. ', '.—n. , state of being an eremite. [Late L.,—Gr. erēmos, desert.]

Erethism, er′e-thizm, n. excitement or stimulation of any organ.—adjs. ', ', . [Gr.]

Erf, erf, n. a garden-plot in South Africa. [Dut.]

Erg, erg, n. the unit of work in the centimetre-gramme-second system—that is, the quantity of work done by a force which, acting for one second upon a mass of one gramme, produces a velocity of one centimetre per second. [Gr. erg-on, work.]

Ergo, ėr′go, adv. (logic) therefore, used to mark the conclusion of a syllogism.—v.i. , to wrangle. [L. ergo, therefore.]

Ergot, ėr′got, n. a disease, consisting of a parasitical fungus, found on the seed of certain plants, esp. rye and some other grasses.—ns. ', the active principle of ergot of rye; ', poisoning caused by eating bread made of rye diseased with ergot; '.—v.t. '. [Fr.]

Eric, er′ik, n. the blood-fine paid by a murderer to his victim's family in old Irish law.—Also ', '.

Erica, e-rī′ka, n. the scientific name for heath.—adj. , belonging to plants of the genus Erica. [L.,—Gr. ereikē, heath.]

Eringo. Same as Eryngo.

Erinite, er′i-nīt, n. native arseniate of copper found in Cornwall and Ireland. [Erin, old name of Ireland.]

Erinys, e-rī′nis, n. one of the Furies:—pl. Erinyes

Eriometer, er-i-om′e-ter, n. an optical instrument for measuring small diameters of fibres, &c. [Gr. erion, wool, metron, a measure.]

Eristic, -al, er-is′tik, -al, adj. of or pertaining to controversy. [Gr. erizein, to strive—eris, strife.]

Erl-king, ėrl′-king, n. for German erl-könig, a mistranslation (meaning 'alder-king') of the Danish ellerkonge (i. e. elverkonge, king of the elves).

Ermelin, ėr′me-lin, n. (arch.) ermine.

Ermine, ėr′min, n. a well-known carnivore belonging to the genus which includes polecat, weasel, ferret, &c.—its white fur often used as an emblem of purity: ermine fur used for the robes of judges and magistrates.—adj. , adorned with ermine. [O. Fr. ermine (Fr. hermine), perh. from L. (mus) Armenius, lit. mouse of Armenia, whence it was brought to Rome; but acc. to Skeat from Old High Ger. harmin (Ger. hermelin), ermine-fur.]

Erne, ėrn, n. the eagle. [A.S. earn; cf. Ice. orn, Dut. arend.]

Erne, ėrn, v.i. obsolete form of earn, to yearn.

Erode, e-rōd′, v.t. to eat away: to wear away.—n. ', a caustic drug.—adj. ', gnawed.—n. ', act or state of eating or being eaten away.—adj. ', having the property of eating away. [L. e, out, rodĕre, rosum, to gnaw.]

Erostrate, e-ros′trāt, adj. (bot.) having no beak.

Erotesis, er-ō-tē′sis, n. (rhet.) a figure consisting of an oratorical question.—adj. . [Gr.]

Erotic, er-ot′ik, adj. pertaining to love: amatory.—n. an amatory poem.—ns. ', morbid sexual passion; ', one affected with this. [Gr. erōtikos—erōs, erōtos, love.]

Err, er, v.i. to wander from the right way: to go astray: to mistake: to sin.—adj. ', capable of erring.—n. ', a wanderer: an erratic boulder.—adjs. ', ', wandering: having no certain course: not stationary: irregular.—adv. '.—n. ', an error in writing or printing, esp. one noted in a list at the end of a book:—pl. '.—adj. ', erring: full of error: wrong: mistaken: (obs.) wandering.—adv. '.—ns. '; ', a deviation from truth, right, &c.: a blunder or mistake: a fault: sin; '. [Fr. errer—L. errāre, to stray; cog. with Ger. irren, and irre, astray.]

Errand, er′and, n. a message: a commission to say or do something.—A fool's errand, a useless undertaking; Go an errand, to go with messages; Make an errand, to invent a reason for going. [A.S. ǽrende; Ice. eyrindi; prob. conn. with Goth. áirus, Ice. árr, a messenger.]

Errant, er′ant, adj. wandering: roving: wild: (obs.) thorough (cf. Arrant).—n. a knight-errant.—adv. '.—n. ', an errant or wandering state: a rambling about like a knight-errant. [Fr.,—L. errans, errantis, pr.p. of errāre.]

Errhine, er′in, adj. affecting the nose.—n. a sternutatory. [Gr., en, in, rhis, rhinos, the nose.]

Erse, ėrs, n. the name given by the Lowland Scotch to the language of the people of the West Highlands, as being of Irish origin—now sometimes used for Irish, as opposed to Scotch, Gaelic. [Irish.]

Erst, ėrst, adv. at first: formerly.—adv. , formerly. [A.S. ǽrest, superl. of ǽr. See Ere.]

Erubescent, er-ōō-bes′ent, adj. growing red: blushing.—ns. ', '. [L. erubescens, -entis, pr.p. of erubescĕre, to grow red—e, out, and rubescĕre—rubēre, to be red. See Ruby.]

Eructate, e-ruk′tāt, v.t. to belch out, as wind from the stomach.—n. , the act of belching: a violent ejection of wind or other matter from the earth, as a volcano, &c. [L. eructāre, -ātum—e, out, ructāre, to belch forth.]

Erudite, er′ōō-dīt, adj. learned.—n. a learned person.—adv. '.—n. ', state of being erudite or learned: knowledge gained by study: learning, esp. in literature. [L. erudīre, erudītum, to free from rudeness—e, from, rudis, rude.]

Erupt, e-rupt′, v.i. to break out or through, as a volcano.—n. ', a breaking or bursting forth: that which bursts forth: a breaking out of spots on the skin.—adjs. '; ', breaking forth: attended by or producing eruption: produced by eruption.—n. '. [L. erumpĕre, eruptum.—e, out, rumpĕre, to break.]

Eryngo, e-ring′go, n. a genus of evergreen plants resembling thistles, the young leaves of E. maritimum (sea-holly) being sometimes eaten as a salad. [L. eryngion—Gr. ēryngos.]

Erysimum, er-is′i-mum, n. a genus of Cruciferæ, allied to Hedge-mustard and Dame's Violet. [Formed through L. from Gr. erysimon.]

Erysipelas, er-i-sip′e-las, n. an inflammatory disease, generally in the face, marked by a bright redness of the skin.—adj. . [Gr.; prob. from the root of erythros, red, pella, skin.]

Erythema, er-i-thē′ma, n. a name applied to certain skin diseases, but scarcely used by any two writers in exactly the same sense.—adjs. ', '. [Gr.,—erythainein, to redden—erythros, red.]

Erythrite, e-rith′rīt, n. a reddish hydrous arseniate of cobalt.—adj. .

Escalade, es-ka-lād′, n. the scaling of the walls of a fortress by means of ladders.—v.t. to scale: to mount and enter by means of ladders—sometimes written . [Fr.,—Sp. escalada—escala, a ladder—L. scala.]

Escallop, es-kal′up, n. a variant of scallop.—adj. . (her.), covered with scallop-shells.



Escape, es-kāp′, v.t. to free from: to pass unobserved: to evade: to issue.—v.i. to flee and become safe from danger: to be passed without harm.—n. act of escaping: flight from danger or from prison.—adj. '.—ns. ', an escape: a mischievous freak; ', act of escaping: means of escape: part of a timepiece connecting the wheelwork with the pendulum or balance, and allowing a tooth to escape at each vibration; ', a valve on a boiler so as to let the steam escape when wanted. [O. Fr. escaper (Fr. échapper)—L. ex cappa, (lit.) 'out of one's cape or cloak.']

Escarmouche, e-skär′moosh, n. (obs.) a skirmish. [Fr.]

Escarp, es-kärp′, v.t. to make into a scarp or sudden slope.—n. a scarp or steep slope: (fort.) the side of the ditch next the rampart.—n. , the precipitous side of any hill or rock: escarp. [Fr. escarper, to cut down steep, from root of scarp.]

Eschalot, esh-a-lot′. See Shallot.

Eschar, es′kär, n. a slough or portion of dead or disorganised tissue, gen. of artificial sloughs produced by the application of caustics.—adj. , tending to form an eschar: caustic.—n. a caustic substance. [L.,—Gr. eschara, a hearth.]

Eschatology, es-ka-tol′o-ji, n. (theol.) the doctrine of the last or final things, as death, judgment, the state after death.—adjs. ', '.—n. . [Gr. eschatos, last, logia, a discourse.]

Escheat, es-chēt′, n. property which falls to the state for want of an heir, or by forfeiture: (Spens.) plunder.—v.t. to confiscate.—v.i. to fall to the lord of the manor or the state.—adj. '.—ns. '; . [O. Fr. eschete—escheoir (Fr. échoir)—Low L.,—L. ex, out, cadĕre, to fall.]

Eschew, es-chōō′, v.t. to shun: to flee from: to abstain from. [O. Fr. eschever; cog. with Ger. scheuen, to shun.]

Esclandre, e-sklang′dr, n. notoriety: any unpleasantness. [Fr.,—L. scandalum.]

Escort, es′kort, n. a body of men, or a single man, accompanying any one on a journey, for protection, guidance, or merely courtesy: attendance.—v.t. , to attend as guide or guard. [Fr. escorte—It. scorta—scorgere, to guide—L. ex, out, corrigĕre, to set right.]

Escot, es-kot′, v.t. (Shak.) to pay a reckoning for, to maintain. [O. Fr. escoter, escot=scot, a tax.]

Escritoire, es-kri-twor′, n. a writing-desk.—adj. . [Fr. escritoire—Low L. scriptorium—L. scribĕre, scriptum, to write.]

Escroll, es-krōl′, n. (her.). Same as Scroll.

Escuage, es′kū-āj, n. scutage.

Esculapian, es-kū-lā′pi-an, adj. pertaining to Esculapius, and hence to the art of healing.—Also . [Æsculapius, god of medicine.]

Esculent, es′kū-lent, adj. eatable: fit to be used for food by man.—n. something that is eatable. [L. esculentus, eatable—esca, food—edĕre, to eat.]

Escutcheon, es-kuch′un, n. a shield on which a coat of arms is represented: a family shield: the part of a vessel's stern bearing her name.—adj.  ('und), having an escutcheon.—Escutcheon of pretence, an escutcheon placed with the arms of an heiress in the centre of her husband's coat.—A blot on the escutcheon, a stain on one's good name. [O. Fr. escuchon—L. scutum, a shield.]

Esemplastic, es-em-plas′tik, adj. shaping into one.

Eskar, Esker. Same as Asar (q.v.).

Eskimo, es′ki-mō, n. and adj. one of a nation constituting the aboriginal inhabitants of the whole northern coast of America, and spread over the Arctic islands, Greenland, and the nearest Asiatic coast.—n. Eskimo dog, a half-tamed variety, widely distributed in the Arctic regions, and indispensable for drawing the sledges. [Said by Dr Rink to be from an Indian word=eaters of raw flesh.]

Esloin, es-loin′. See Eloin.

Esnecy, es′ne-si, n. the right of first choice belonging to the eldest.

Esophagus. See Œsophagus.

Esoteric, es-o-ter′ik, adj. inner: secret: mysterious: (phil.) taught to a select few—opp. to Exoteric.—adv. '.—ns. ', , the holding of esoteric opinions.—Esoteric Buddhism (see Theosophy). [Gr. esōterikos—esōterō, inner, a comp. form from esō, within.]

Espalier, es-pal′yėr, n. a lattice-work of wood on which to train fruit-trees: a fruit-tree trained on stakes: (obs.) a row of trees so trained.—v.t. to train as an espalier. [Fr.,—It. spalliera, a support for the shoulders—spalla, a shoulder. Cf. Epaulet.]

Esparto, es-par′tō, n. a strong kind of grass found in the south of Europe, esp. in Spain, used for making baskets, cordage, paper, &c. [Sp.,—L. spartum—Gr. sparton, a kind of rope.]

Especial, es-pesh′al, adj. special: particular: principal: distinguished.—adv. .—In especial, in particular. [O. Fr.,—L. specialis—species.]

Esperance, es′pėr-ans, n. (Shak.) hope. [Fr.,—L. sperans, pr.p. of sperāre, to hope.]

Espiègle, es-pi-ā′gl, adj. roguish, frolicsome.—n. , raillery: frolicsomeness. [Fr.]

Espionage, es′pi-on-āj, n. practice or employment of spies. [Fr.,—espionner—espion, a spy.]

Esplanade, es-pla-nād′, n. a level space between a citadel and the first houses of the town: any level space for walking or driving in. [Fr.,—Sp. esplanada—L. explanāre—ex, out, planus, flat.]

Espouse, es-powz′, v.t. to give in marriage: to take as spouse: to wed: to take with a view to maintain: to embrace, as a cause.—ns. ', the act of espousing or betrothing: the taking upon one's self, as a cause: (pl.) a contract or mutual promise of marriage; '. [O. Fr. espouser (Fr. épouser)—L. sponsāre—spondēre, sponsum, to promise.]

Esprit, es-prē′, n. spirit: liveliness.—Esprit de corps d' kōr), regard for the character of that body to which one belongs; Esprit fort  fōr), a person of strong character. [Fr. esprit, spirit, corps, body, fort, strong.]

Espy, es-pī′, v.t. to watch: to see at a distance: to catch sight of: to observe: to discover unexpectedly.—n. , the act of espying: observation. [O. Fr. espier, from root of spy.]

Esquimau, es′ki-mō (pl. Esquimaux, Same as Eskimo.

Esquire, es-kwīr′, n. (orig.) a squire or shield-bearer: an attendant on a knight: a landed proprietor: a title of dignity next below a knight: a title given to younger sons of noblemen, &c.: a general title of respect in addressing letters. [O. Fr. esquier (Fr. écuyer)—L. scutarius—scutum, a shield.]

Ess, the name of the letter S (q.v.).

Essay, es′ā, n. a trial: an experiment: a written composition less elaborate than a treatise.—v.t. ', to try: to attempt: to make experiment of:—pr.p. pa.p. —ns. ', ', one who essays: a writer of essays; ', ', a little essay.—adjs. '; . [O. Fr. essai—L. exagium, weighing—exagĕre, to try, examine.]

Esse, es′i, n. used in phrase In esse, in existence, opposed to In posse, in potentiality. [L. esse, to be.]

Essence, es′ens, n. the inner distinctive nature of anything: the qualities which make any object what it is: a being: the extracted virtues of any drug: the solution in spirits of wine of a volatile or essential oil: a perfume.—adj. ', relating to or containing the essence: necessary to the existence of a thing: indispensable or important in the highest degree: highly rectified: pure.—n. something necessary: a leading principle.—n. ', the quality of being essential: an essential part.—adv. '.—n. '. [Fr.,—L. essentia—essens, -entis, assumed pr.p. of esse, to be.]

Essene, es-sēn′, n. one of a small religious fraternity among the ancient Jews leading retired ascetic lives and holding property in common.—n. . [Bishop Lightfoot prefers the der. from Heb. chāshā, to be silent, whence chashshāīm, 'the silent ones' who meditate on mysteries.]

Essoin, es-soin′, n. (law) excuse for not appearing in court: (Spens.) excuse.—n. . [O. Fr. essoine (Fr. exoine), es—L. ex, out, soin, care.]

Essorant, es′ō-rant, adj. (her.) about to soar.

Establish, es-tab′lish, v.t. to settle or fix: to confirm: to prove a point: to ordain: to found: to set up in business: to institute by law as the recognised state church, and to support officially and financially.—p.adj. ', fixed: ratified: instituted by law and supported by the state.—ns. '; ', act of establishing: fixed state: that which is established: a permanent civil or military force: one's residence and style of living: the church established by law.—adj. ', maintaining the principle of the established church.—n. one who maintains this principle. [O. Fr. establir, pr.p. establissant—L. stabilīre—stabilis, firm—stāre, to stand.]

Estacade, es-ta-kād′, n. a dike of piles in a morass, river, &c., against an enemy. [Fr.,—Sp.]

Estafette, es-ta-fet′, n. a military courier or express. [Fr.,—It. staffetta—Old High Ger. stapho, a step.]

Estaminet, es-tam-in-ā′, a restaurant where smoking is allowed. [Fr.]

Estate, es-tāt′, n. condition or rank: position: property, esp. landed property: fortune: an order or class of men in the body-politic: (pl.) dominions: possessions.—v.t. to give an estate to: (arch.) to bestow upon.—n. , statesman.—Man's estate, the state of manhood; The estates of the realm are three—Lords Spiritual, Lords Temporal, and Commons; but often misused for the legislature—king, lords, and commons.—The ancient parliament of Scotland consisted of the king and the Three Estates—viz.: (1) archbishops, bishops, abbots, and mitred priors; (2) the barons and the commissioners of shires and stewartries; (3) the commissioners from the royal burghs;—in France, the nobles, clergy, and Third Estate (tiers état) remained separate down to 1789; The fourth estate, often used humorously for the press. [O. Fr. estat (Fr. état)—L. status, a state.]

Esteem, es-tēm′, v.t. to set a high estimate or value on: to regard with respect or friendship: to consider or think.—n. high estimation or value: favourable regard.—p.adj. ', respected.—adj. ', that can be estimated or valued: worthy of esteem: deserving our good opinion.—adv. '.—v.t. ', to judge of the worth of a thing: to calculate.—n. reputation: a valuing in the mind: judgment or opinion of the worth or size of anything: a rough calculation: estimation.—n. ', act of estimating: a reckoning of value: esteem, honour: importance: conjecture.—adj. '.—n. .—Hold in estimation, to esteem highly.—The estimates, accounts given before parliament showing the probable expenditure for the year. [Fr. estimer—L. æstimāre.]

Esthetic, Esthetics. See Æsthetic, Æsthetics.

Esthonian, es-thō′ni-an, adj. pertaining to Esthonia, the most northerly of the Baltic provinces of Russia, or its population, language, or customs.—ns. Esth, an Esthonian of the original Finnish stock; , an Esthonian of the mixed race, in which the German element preponderates.

Estival, Estivation. See Æstival, Æstivation.

Estop, es-top′, v.t. to stop or bar: (law) to hinder, preclude:—pr.p. pa.p. —ns. ', the state of being estopped; ', a conclusive admission, which cannot be denied by the party whom it affects. [O. Fr. estoper—estoupe—L. stuppa, tow. See Stop.]

Estovers, es-tō′vėrz, n.pl. (law) necessaries allowed by law, as wood to a tenant for necessary repairs, &c.—Common of estovers, the right of taking necessary wood from another's estate for household use and the making of implements of industry. [O. Fr. estovoir, necessaries.]

Estrade, es-träd′, n. a low platform. [Fr.,—Sp. estrado.]

Estrange, es-trānj′, v.t. to treat as an alien: to alienate: to divert from its original use or possessor.—p.adj. ', alienated: disaffected.—ns. '; '; '. [O. Fr. estranger (Fr. étranger)—L. extraneāre—extraneus. See Strange.]

Estray, e-strā′, n. a beast found within a manor or lordship, and not owned.—v.i. to stray. [See Astray.]

Estreat, e-strēt′, n. (law) a true extract, copy, or note of some original writing or record, esp. of fines and amercements to be levied by bailiffs or other officers.—v.t. to extract from the records of a court, as a forfeited recognisance: to levy fines under an estreat. [O. Fr. estraite—L. extrahĕre—ex, out, and trahĕre, to draw. See Extract.]

Estrich, es′trich, Estridge, n. (obs.) the ostrich.

Estuary, es′tū-ar-i, n. the wide lower part of a river where it becomes tidal.—adjs. ', '. [L. æstuarium—æstus, tide.]

Esurient, es-ū′ri-ent, adj. hungry: penurious.—n. , hunger: neediness. [L. esuriens, -entis, pr.p. of esurīre, to be hungry—edĕre, to eat.]

Et cetera, et set′er-a, usually written etc. or &c., a phrase meaning 'and so on.'—n. something in addition, which can easily be understood. [L. et and, cetera, the rest.]

Etch, ech, v.t. or v.i. to make designs on metal, glass, &c. by eating out the lines with an acid.—ns. ', one who etches; ', the act or art of etching or engraving: the impression from an etched plate; ', the coating of wax or varnish on a plate prepared for etching; ', a fine-pointed steel instrument used in etching. [From Ger. ätzen, to corrode by acid; from same root as Ger. essen. See Eat.]

Eternal, ē-tėr′nal, adj. without beginning or end of existence: everlasting: ceaseless: unchangeable—(arch.) '.—v.t. ', ', to make eternal: to immortalise.—n. ', one who thinks that matter has existed from eternity.—adv. '.—n. ', eternal duration: the state or time after death.—The Eternal, an appellation of God; The eternities, the eternal reality or truth. [Fr. éternel—L. æternus, æviternus—ævum—Gr. aion, a period of time, an age.]

Etesian, e-tē′zhan, adj. periodical: blowing at stated seasons, as certain winds. [L. etesius—Gr. etēsios, annual—etos, a year.]

Ethe, ēth, adj. (Spens.) easy. [A.S. eath.]

Ether, ē′thėr, n. the clear, upper air: the subtile medium supposed to fill all space: a colourless, transparent, volatile liquid of great mobility and high refractive power, and possessing a fragrant odour and a fiery, passing to a cooling, taste.—adj. ', consisting of ether: heavenly: airy: spirit-like.—n. '.—v.t. ', to convert into ether, or the fluid ether: to render spirit-like.—n. '.—adv. '.—adj. ' (Milt.), ethereal.—n. '.—adj. '.—n. '.—v.t. ', to convert into ether: to stupefy with ether.—n. , the condition induced by using ether. [L.,—Gr. aithēr, aithein, to light up.]

Ethic, eth′ik, adj. relating to morals: treating of morality or duty.—n. (more commonly in pl. ') the science of morals, that branch of philosophy which is concerned with human character and conduct: a treatise on morals.—adj. ', relating to the science of ethics.—adv. '.—n. ', one versed in ethics.—Ethical dative, the dative of a first or second personal pronoun implying an indirect interest in the fact stated, used colloquially to give a livelier tone to the sentence. [Gr. ēthikos—ēthos, custom.]

Ethiopian, ē-thi-ō′pi-an, adj. pertaining to Ethiopia, a name given to the countries south of Egypt inhabited by the negro races.—n. a native of Ethiopia: a blackamoor—(arch.) Ethiop.—adj. '.—n.pl. ', a term applied by the ancient chemists to certain oxides and sulphides of the metals which possessed a dull, dingy, or black appearance. [Gr. Aithiops, sun-burnt, Ethiopian—aithein, to burn, ōps, the face.]

Ethmoid, -al, eth′moid, -al, adj. resembling a sieve.—Ethmoid bone, one of the eight somewhat cubical bones which collectively form the cranial box. [Gr. ēthmos, a sieve, and eidos, form.]

Ethnic, -al, eth′nik, -al, adj. concerning nations or races: pertaining to the heathen.—ns. ', a heathen; ', heathenism; '.—adj. '.—n. ', the scientific description of the races of the earth.—adj. '.—adv. '.—ns. '; , the science that treats of the varieties of the human race. [L.,—Gr. ethnos, a nation; Gr. graphē, writing, logia, discourse.]

Ethology, ē-thol′o-ji, n. a discourse on ethics: the science of character.—adjs. ', ', relating to ethology: treating of morality.—ns. ', one versed in ethology or ethics; ', habitual character and disposition: the quality of a work of art which produces a high moral impression. [Gr. ēthos, custom, logia, a discourse.]

Ethyl, ē′thil, n. a colourless, inflammable gas, insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol—supposed base of ether. [Gr. aithēr, ether, hylē, base.]

Etiolate, ē-ti-o-lāt′, v.t. (med., bot.) to cause to grow pale from want of light and fresh air.—v.i. to become pale from disease or absence of light.—n. . [Fr. étioler, to become pale, to grow into stubble, éteule, stubble—L. stipula, a stalk.]

Etiology, ē-ti-ol′o-ji, n. Same as Ætiology.

Etiquette, et-i-ket′, n. forms of ceremony or decorum: ceremony: the unwritten laws of courtesy observed between members of the same profession, as 'medical etiquette.' [Fr. See Ticket.]

Etna, et′na, n. a vessel for heating water, &c., at table or in the sick-room, in a cup placed in a saucer is which alcohol is burned.—adj. . [From the volcano, Mount Ætna.]

Etonian, et-ōn′i-an, n. and adj. one educated at Eton College.—Eton jacket, a boy's dress-coat, untailed.

Etrurian, et-rū′ri-an, adj. and n. of or belonging to Etruria.—adj. and n. , of or belonging to ancient Etruria or its people, language, art, &c.—sometimes jocularly put for Tuscan.

Ettle, et′l, v.t. (Scot.) to purpose, intend.—v.t. to guess.—n. purpose, intent. [Ice., ætla, to think, from root of Goth. aha, understanding.]

Étude, ā-tüd′, n. (mus.) a composition intended either to train or to test the player's technical skill. [Fr.]

Etui, Etwee, et-wē′, n. a small case for holding valuables. [Fr.]

Etymology, et-i-mol′o-ji, n. the investigation of the derivation and original signification of words: the science that treats of the origin and history of words: the part of grammar relating to inflection.—adjs. '; '.—adv. '.—ns. ', ', an etymological dictionary.—v.t. ', to give, or search into, the etymology of a word.—ns. ', one skilled in or who writes on etymology; ', the origin of a word: an original root: the genuine or literal sense of a word. [O. Fr.,—L.,—Gr. etymos, true, logia, an account.]

Etypic, -al, ē-tip′ik, -al, adj. unconformable to type.

Eucalyptus, ū-kal-ip′tus, n. the 'gum-tree,' a large Australian evergreen, beneficial in destroying the miasma of malarious districts.—ns. ', a eucalyptus; ', a volatile, colourless, limpid oil. [Coined from Gr. eu, well, kalyptos, covered—kalyptein, to cover.]

Eucharist, ū′ka-rist, n. the sacrament of the Lord's Supper: the elements of the sacrament, as 'to receive the Eucharist.'—adjs. ', '. [Gr. eucharistia, thanksgiving—eu, well, and charizesthai, to show favour—charis, grace, thanks.]

Euchlorine, ū-klō′rin, n. a very explosive green-coloured gas, prepared by the action of strong hydrochloric acid on chlorate of potash.—adj. . [Gr. eu, well, chloros, green.]

Euchologion, ū-ko-lō′ji-on, n. a formulary of prayers, primarily that of the Greek Church.—Also . [Gr. euchologion—euchē, a prayer, logia—legein, to speak.]

Euchre, ū′kėr, n. an American game at cards for two, three, or four persons, with the 32, 28, or 24 highest cards of the pack—if a player fails to make three tricks he is euchred, and his adversary scores against him.—v.t. to outwit. [Ety. uncertain; prob. Ger., like the term bower (q.v.), used in the game; some have suggested a Sp. yuca.]

Euclase, ū′klās, n. a silicate of aluminium and glucinum occurring in pale-green transparent crystals. [Fr.,—Gr. eu, well, klasis, breaking.]

Euclidean, ū-klid′e-an, or ū-kli-dē′an, adj. pertaining to Euclid, a mathematician of Alexandria about 300 B.C.

Eudemonism, Eudæmonism, ū-dē′mon-izm, n. the system of ethics that makes happiness the test of rectitude—whether Egoistic, as Hobbes, or Altruistic, as Mill.—ns. ', '. [Gr. eudaimonia, happiness—eu, well, daimōn, a god.]

Eudiometer, ū-di-om′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring the purity of, or the quantity of oxygen contained in, the air.—adjs. ', '.—n. . [Gr. eudios, clear, metron, measure.]

Euge, ū′jē, interj. well! well done! [L.]

Eugenic, ū-jen′ik, adj. pertaining to race culture.—n.pl. ', the science of such.—n. '.

Eugenin, ū′je-nin, n. a substance procured from the distilled water of cloves.

Eugh, Eughen, obsolete forms of yew, yewen.

Eugubine, ū′gū-bin, adj. pertaining to the ancient town of Eugubium or Iguvium (mod. Gubbio), or to its famous seven tablets of bronze, the chief monument of the ancient Umbrian tongue.

Euharmonic, ū-har-mon′ik, adj. producing perfectly concordant sounds.

Euhemerism, ū-hē′me-rizm, n. the system which explains mythology as growing out of real history, its deities as merely magnified men.—v.t. and v.i. '.—n. and adj. '.—adj. '.—adv. '. [From Euhemerus, a 4th-cent. (B.C.) Sicilian philosopher.]

Eulogium, ū-lō′ji-um, Eulogy, n. a speaking well of: a speech or writing in praise of.—adjs. ', ', containing eulogy or praise.—adv. '.—v.t. ', to speak well of: to praise.—n. ', one who praises or extols another.—adj. ', full of praise.—adv. . [Late L. eulogium—Gr. eulogion (classical eulogia)—eu, well, logia, a speaking.]

Eumenides, ū-men′i-dēz, n.pl. the Erinyes or Furies—the euphemistic name for these. [Gr. eu, well, menos, mind.]

Eunomy, ū′nō-mi, n. equal, righteous law. [Gr.]

Eunuch, ū′nuk, n. a castrated man—often employed as chamberlain in the East.—v.t. '.—n. ', the state of being a eunuch. [Gr. eunouchos—eunē, a couch, echein, to have charge of.]

Euonym, ū′ō-nim, n. a fitting name for anything. [Gr.]

Eupatrid, ū-pat′rid, n. a member of the Athenian aristocracy. [Gr. eupatridēs—eu, well—patēr, father.]

Eupepsy, ū-pep′si, n. good digestion—opp. to Dyspepsia.—adj. ', having good digestion.—n. '. [Gr. eupepsia—eu, well, pepsis, digestion—peptein, to digest.]

Euphemism, ū′fem-izm, n. a figure of rhetoric by which an unpleasant or offensive thing is designated by an indirect and milder term.—v.t. or v.i. ', to express by a euphemism: to use euphemistic terms.—adj. '.—adv. . [Gr. euphēmismos—euphēmos—eu, well, phēmē—phanaí, to speak.]

Euphony, ū′fo-ni, n. an agreeable sound: a pleasing, easy pronunciation—also '.—adjs. ', ', ', pertaining to euphony: agreeable in sound.—adv. '.—v.t. ', to make euphonious.—n. , the bass instrument of the saxhorn family: a variation of the harmonica, invented by Chladni in 1790. [Gr. euphōnia—eu, well, phōnē, sound.]

Euphorbia, ū-for′bi-a, n. the Spurge genus.—n. , a gum resin. [L.,—Euphorbus, a physician to Juba, king of Mauritania.]

Euphrasy, ū′fra-zi, n. (bot.) the plant eyebright, formerly regarded as beneficial in disorders of the eyes. [Gr. euphrasia, delight—euphrainein, to cheer—eu, well, phrēn, the heart.]

Euphrosyne, ū-fros′i-nē, n. one of the three Charities or Graces: merriment. [Gr. euphrōn, cheerful.]

Euphuism, ū′fū-izm, n. an affected and bombastic style of language: a high-flown expression.—v.i. '.—n. '.—adj. . [From Euphues, a popular book by John Lyly (1579-80).—Gr. euphyēs, graceful—eu, well, phyē, growth—phyesthai, to grow.]

Eurasian, ū-rā′zi-an, adj. descended from a European on the one side and an Asiatic on the other: of or pertaining to Europe and Asia taken as one continent. [From the combination of Europe and Asia.]

Eureka, ū-rē′ka, n. a brilliant discovery. [Gr. perf. indic. of euriskein, to find; the cry of Archimedes as he ran home naked from the bath, where a method of detecting the adulteration of Hiero's crown had suddenly occurred to him.]

Euripus, ū-rī′pus, n. an arm of the sea with strong currents: the water-channel between the arena and cavea of a Roman hippodrome. [Gr.]

Euroclydon, ū-rok′li-don, n. the tempestuous wind by which St Paul's ship was wrecked (Acts, xxvii. 14). [Gr., from euros, the east wind, klydōn, a wave—klyzein, to dash over.]

European, ū-ro-pē′an, adj. belonging to Europe.—n. a native or inhabitant of Europe.

Eurus, ū′rus, n. the east wind. [L.,—Gr. euros, the east wind.]

Eusebian, ū-sē′bi-an, adj. pertaining to Eusebius of Cæsarea, father of ecclesiastical history (died 340), or to the Arian Eusebius of Nicomedia (died 342).

Euskarian, ūs-kā′ri-an, adj. Basque. [Basque Euskara, the Basque language.]

Eustachian, ū-stā′ki-an, adj. pertaining to the tube leading from the middle ear to the pharynx, or to the rudimentary valve at the entrance of the inferior vena cava in the heart. [Named from the Italian physician Bartolommeo Eustachio (died 1574).]

Eutaxy, ū′tak-si, n. good order.—adj. . [Gr.]

Euterpean, ū-tėr′pe-an, adj. relating to , the muse who presided over music—hence relating to music. [Gr. Euterpē—eu, well, terpein, to delight.]

Euthanasia, ū-than-ā′zi-a, n. an easy mode of death.—Also . [Gr. euthanasia—eu, well, thanatos, death.]

Eutrophy, ū′trō-fi, n. healthy nutrition. [Gr.]

Eutychian, ū-tik′i-an, adj. of or pertaining to the doctrine of Eutyches, a 5th-cent. archimandrite of Constantinople, who held that after the incarnation of Christ all that was human in Him became merged in the divine, and that Christ had but one nature.—n. a follower of Eutyches.

Evacuate, e-vak′ū-āt, v.t. to throw out the contents of: to discharge: to withdraw from.—adj. ', purgative.—n. ', act of emptying out: a withdrawing from: that which is discharged.—adj. '.—n. ', one who evacuates: (law) one who nullifies or makes void. [L. e, out, vacuāre, -ātum, to empty—vacuus, empty.]

Evade, e-vād′, v.t. to escape or avoid artfully: to baffle. [L. evadĕre—e, out, vadĕre, to go.]

Evagation, e-vag-ā′shun, n. wandering: a digression. [Fr.,—L. evagāri—e, out, vagāri, to wander.]

Evaginate, ē-vaj′i-nāt, v.t. to draw from a sheath.—n. .

Evaluate, e-val′ū-āt, v.t. to determine the value of.—n. .

Evanescent, ev-an-es′ent, adj. fleeting; imperceptible.—v.i. ', to fade away.—n. '.—adv. . [L. evanescens, -entis—e, vanescĕre, to vanish—vanus, empty.]

Evangel, e-van′jel, n. (poet.) good news, esp. the gospel: a salutary principle, esp. relating to morals, politics, &c.—adjs. ', ', of or pertaining to the gospel: relating to the four gospels: according to the doctrine of the gospel: maintaining the truth taught in the gospel: Protestant: applied to the school which insists especially on the total depravity of unregenerate human nature, the justification of the sinner by faith alone, the free offer of the gospel to all, and the plenary inspiration and exclusive authority of the Bible.—n. ', one who belongs to the evangelical school.—adv. '.—ns. '; ', ', evangelical principles; ', act of proclaiming the gospel.—v.t. ', to make known the good news: to make acquainted with the gospel.—v.i. to preach the gospel from place to place.—ns. '; ', one who evangelises: one of the four writers of the gospels: an assistant of the apostles: one authorised to preach, but without a fixed charge; ', a book containing passages from the gospels to be read at divine service—also ', '.—adj. ', tending or intended to evangelise.—n. ' (obs.), the gospel. [L. evangelicus—Gr. euangelikos—eu, well, angellein, to bring news.]

Evanish, e-van′ish, v.i. to vanish: to die away.—ns. ', '. [See Evanesce.]

Evaporate, e-vap′or-āt, v.i. to fly off in vapour: to pass into an invisible state: to depart, vanish.—v.t. to convert into steam or gas.—adj. ', able to be evaporated or converted into vapour.—n. ', act of evaporating or passing off in steam or gas: the process by which a substance changes into the state of vapour.—adj. '.—ns. '; . [L. e, off, vaporāre, -ātum—vapor, vapour.]

Evasion, e-vā-′zhun, n. act of evading or eluding: an attempt to escape the force of an argument or accusation: an excuse.—adjs. ', capable of being evaded; ', that evades or seeks to evade: not straightforward: shuffling.—adv. '.—n. '.

Eve, ēv, Even, ēv′n, n. (poet.) evening: the night before a day of note: the time just preceding a great event. [A.S. ǽfen; Dut. avond; Ger. abend.]

Evection, e-vek′shun, n. (astron.) a lunar inequality resulting from the combined effect of the irregularity of the motion of the perigee, and alternate increase and decrease of the eccentricity of the moon's orbit. [L. evection-em—e, out, vehĕre, vectum, to carry.]

Even, ēv′n, adj. flat: level: uniform: (Shak.) straightforward: parallel: equal on both sides: not odd, able to be divided by 2 without a remainder.—v.t. to make even or smooth: to put on an equality: (Shak.) to act up to.—adv. exactly so: indeed: so much as: still.—n. ' (obs.), fellow-Christian.—adj. ', straight-down (of rain): downright, honest.—adv. thoroughly.—adj. ', with an equal, fair, or impartial hand: just.—adv. '.—adj. ', having an even or calm mind: equable.—n. '.—Be even with, to be revenged on: to be quits with. [A.S. efen; Dut. even, Ger. eben.]