Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary 1908/Clove Commiserate

Clove, klōv, pa.t. of Cleave.—n.  (see Hitch.)

Clove, klōv, n. the unexpanded flower-bud of the clove-tree, a native of the Moluccas, used as a spice.—ns. ', a clove-scented species of pink; ', a variety of pink which has an odour like that of cloves. [Fr. clou, in full clou de girofle, nail of the girofle, so called from the shape of the bud and its stalk—L. clavus, a nail.]

Cloven, clōv′n, p.adj. split: divided.—adjs. ', ', having the hoof divided, as the ox or sheep.—The cloven hoof, applied to any indication of devilish agency or temptation, from the early representation of the devil with cloven hoofs—prob. from Pan, some of whose characteristics he shares. [Pa.p. of Cleave, to divide.]

Clover, klōv′ėr, n. a genus of plants containing a great number of species, natives chiefly of temperate climates, affording rich pasturage.—adj. ', covered with clover.—n. ', clover.—adj. , abounding in clover.—Live in clover, to live luxuriously or in abundance. [A.S. cláfre; Dut. klaver; Dan. klöver; Ger. klee.]

Clown, klown, n. a rustic or country-fellow: one with the rough manners of a countryman: an ill-bred fellow: a fool or buffoon.—ns. ', a clown's performance; ', acting the clown.—adj. ', of or like a clown: coarse and awkward: rustic.—adv. '.—ns. '; '. [Prob. conn. with Clod, and Clot.]

Cloy, kloi, v.t. to fill to loathing: to satiate: (Spens.) to gore:—pr.p. pa.p. cloyed.—adjs. Cloyed, clagged: cumbered; ', satiating; ' (Shak.) that cannot cloy.—n. ' (Shak.), satiety, surfeit.—adj. ', satiating. [Fr. clouer, to drive a nail into, to spike or stop, as a gun, from L. clavus, a nail.]

Cloy, kloi, v.t. (Shak.) to stroke with a claw. [Perh. a corr. of Claw.]

Club, klub, n. a heavy tapering stick, knobby or massy at one end, used to strike with: a cudgel: a bat used in certain games: an instrument for playing golf, variously with wooden heads, iron heads, and wooden heads with brass soles: a bunch; one of the four suits of cards: a combination: a clique, set: an association of persons for the joint study of literature, politics, &c., or for social ends: an association of persons who possess a building as a common resort for the members: a club-house, or the house occupied by a club.—v.t. to beat with a club: to gather into a bunch: to combine: to throw soldiers into confusion.—v.i. to join together for some common end: to combine together: to share in a common expense.—adjs. ', sociable; Clubbed, like a club.—n. ', beating: combination: a disease in some plants.—adj. ', given to clubs.—ns. ', the club system; ', ', a deformed foot.—adj. '.—n. ', a species of grass having a club-shaped articulation.—v.t. ', (naut.), to tack by dropping the lee anchor and slipping the cable.—adj. ', having a thick head.—ns. ', a house for the accommodation of a club; ', government by violence; ', one who carries a club: a member of a club; ', the manager of, or purveyor for, a club; ', one of the four genera of Lycopodiaceæ; ', the room in which a club meets; , a plant of many varieties of the genus Scripus or rush.—n.pl. Clubs (see Clumps). [Ice. and Sw. klubba; same root as Clump.]

Cluck, kluk, n. the call of a hen to her chickens: any similar sound.—v.i. to make the sound of a hen when calling on her chickens.—n. , the noise made by a hen when calling her chickens.—adj. that clucks. [From the sound, like Dut. klokken, Ger. glucken, Dan. klukke.]

Clue, klōō (see Clew).—adj. , without trace.

Clumber, klumb′ėr, n. a kind of spaniel. [Clumber, in Notts, a seat of the Duke of Newcastle.]

Clump, klump, n. a thick, short, shapeless piece of anything: a cluster of trees or shrubs: a thick sole put on in addition.—v.i. to walk heavily.—v.t. to put in a clump.—n.pl. Clumps, a parlour game of question and answer—also Clubs.—adj. , abounding in clumps: heavy. [Prob. Scand.; Dan. klump, a lump. Cf. Ger. klump, and Club.]

Clumsy, klum′zi, adj. shapeless: ill-made: unwieldy: awkward: ungainly.—adj. '.—n. '. [M. E. clomsen, to be stiff or benumbed; most prob. Scand.; allied to Clamp.]

Clunch, klunsh, n. the miner's name for tough indurated clay, sometimes found in the coal-measures. [Ety. dub.; prob. related to Clump.]

Clung, klung, pa.t. and pa.p. of Cling.

Clunk, klungk, n. the sound of a liquid coming out of a bottle when the cork has been quickly drawn.—v.i. to make such a sound. [Scot.; from the sound.]

Clupeoid, klōō′pē-oid, n. a kind of herring. [L. clupea, a kind of fish.]

Cluster, klus′tėr, n. a number of things of the same kind growing or joined together: a bunch: a mass: a crowd.—v.i. to grow or gather into clusters.—v.t. to collect into clusters; to cover with clusters.—adjs. ', grouped; ', .—Clustered column, a pier which consists of several columns or shafts clustered together. [A.S. clyster; Low Ger. kluster; cf. Clot.]

Clutch, kluch, v.t. to close the hand: to carry off: to hold firmly: to seize or grasp.—n. a grasp; seizure.—n.pl. , the hands or paws: cruelty: rapacity. [M. E. cloche, cloke, claw; prob. allied to M. E. clechen—A.S. gelæccan. Cf. Latch.]

Clutch, kluch, n. (prov.) a brood of chickens, a 'sitting' of eggs.—v.t. to hatch.

Clutter, klut′ėr, n. confusion: stir: noise.—v.i. to crowd together: to go about noisily.—v.t. to pack. [A variant of Clatter.]

Cly, klī, v.t. (slang) to seize, steal.—ns. ', a pickpocket; ', pocket-picking. [Prob. related to Claw; referred by some to Dut. kleed, a garment, 'to fake a cly' = to take a garment.]

Clypeus, klip′ē-us, n. the shield-like part of an insect's head.—adjs. ', ', , in the shape or form of a shield. [L. clipeus, clypeus, a shield.]

Clyster, klis′tėr, n. a liquid injected into the intestines to wash them out.—n.  (Shak.), a pipe or syringe for injecting a clyster. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. klyzein, to wash out.]

Cnida, knī′da, n. one of the thread-cells of the Cœlenterata, whence is their power of stinging:—pl. . [Late L.,—Gr. knidē, a nettle.]

Co., kō, an abbreviation for Company.

Co-, kō, a common prefix, signifying jointness, accompaniment, connection. [L. cum, with.]

Coach, kōch, n. a large, close, four-wheeled carriage: a private tutor: a professional trainer in athletics.—v.t. to carry in a coach: to tutor, instruct, prepare others for, as an examination or a rowing contest, &c.—v.t. to study under a tutor.—ns. ', the seat on which the driver of a coach sits; ', a spotted dog, kept chiefly as an attendant on coaches, called also Dalmatian Dog; ', ', a coachman; ', a yoke-fellow, comrade; ', money paid for the use of a hired coach; ', a horse used for drawing a coach; ', a house to keep a coach in; ', travelling by coach: tutoring: instruction; ', the driver of a coach; ', a booking-office for passengers and parcels by stage-coach; ', a place where coaches stand for hire; '; '.—adj. , pertaining to a coach. [Fr. coche—Hung. kocsi (pron. from Kocs, a place south of Komorn.]

Coact, kō-akt′, v.i. (Shak.) to act together.—adj. ' (Shak.), acting together.—n. '.

Coact, kō-akt′, v.t. to compel.—n. ', compulsion.—adj. ', compulsory. [L. cogĕre, coactum, to compel.]

Coadjacent, kō-ad-jās′ent, adj. contiguous.—n. . [Co- and Adjacent.]

Coadjutant, kō-ad-jōō′tant, or ko-ad′joo-tant, adj. mutually helping or assisting.—n. one of several who help another.—ns. ', a helper or assistant: an associate:—fem. ', '; '. [L. co, with, adjutor, a helper—ad, to, juv-āre, to help.]

Coadunate, kō-ad′ū-nāt, v.t. to unite: to combine.—n. '.—adj. '. [Co-, and L. adunāre, -ātum, to unite.]

Co-agency, kō-ā′jen-si, n. agency with another.—n. , one acting with another.

Coagulate, kō-ag′ū-lāt, v.t. to make to curdle or congeal.—v.i. to curdle or congeal.—adj. clotted: congealed.—n. '.—adj. '.—ns. ', a substance which causes coagulation, as rennet; '.—adjs. '; '.—n. , what is coagulated. [L. coagulāre, -ātum, co-, together, ag-ĕre, to drive.]

Coaita, kō-ī′ta, n. a small South American monkey—the red-faced Spider Monkey.

Coal, kōl, n. a solid, black, combustible substance used for fuel, dug out of the earth: cinder.—v.i. to take in coal.—v.t. to supply with coal.—n. ', a stratum of coal.—adj. ', black as coal, very black.—ns. ', a box for holding coal; ', a name applied to the pyrites in the coal-measures; ', a field or district containing coal strata; ', a fish of the cod family, so named from the black colour of its back; ', the mixture of gases produced by the destructive distillation of coal, chiefly carburetted hydrogen—giving the gaslight in common use; ', one employed in carrying coal; ', a covered-in place for keeping coal; ', one who has to do with coals; ', the owner or lessee of a coalfield; ', a measure by which the quantity of coal is ascertained: (pl.) the group of carboniferous strata in which coal is found (geol.); ', ', a pit or mine from which coal is dug; ', one who owns a colliery; ', a fossil plant of the carboniferous strata; ', a vessel for holding coal; ', or Gas-tar, a thick, black, opaque liquid which condenses in the pipes when coal or petroleum is distilled; ', one who stores or shifts coal on board vessels; ', one employed in unloading coal from vessels at anchor to barges which convey it to the wharves.—adj. , of or like coal.—Coaling station, a port at which steamships take in coal; Coal-scuttle bonnet, a woman's bonnet, shaped like a coal-scuttle upside down.—Blind or Anthracite coal, that which does not flame when kindled; Bituminous coal, that which does; Brown coal (see Brown); Caking coal, a bituminous coal which cakes or fuses into one mass in the fire; Cannel or Parrot coal (see Cannel); Cherry or Soft coal, coal breaking off easily into small, irregular cubes, having beautiful shining lustre; Splint, Hard, or Block coal, plentiful in Scotland, hard, breaking into cuboidal blocks.—Blow the coals, to excite passion; Carry coals to Newcastle, to take a thing where it is least needed; Haul over the coals, reprimand—from the discipline applied to heretics; Heap coals of fire on the head, to excite remorse by returning good for evil (Rom. xii. 20). [A.S. col; cog. with Ice. kol, Ger. kohle.]

Coalesce, kō-al-es′, v.i. to grow together or unite into one body: to associate.—adj. ', uniting.—n. ', union. [L. coalescĕre, co-, together, and alescĕre, to grow up.]

Coalition, kō-al-ish′un, n. act of coalescing, or uniting into one body: a union of persons, states, &c., which agree to sink their differences and act in common: alliance.—v.i. ', to make an alliance.—n. ', one of a coalition.

Coamings, kōm′ingz, n.pl. (naut.) raised work about the edges of the hatches of a ship to prevent the water from running into the apartments below. [Der. unknown.]

Coaptation, ko-ap-tā′shun, n. adaptation of parts to each other. [L.]

Coarb. See Comarb.

Coarctate, kō-ark′tāt, adj. compressed.—n. . [L. coartāre, -ātum, to compress together.]

Coarse, kōrs, adj. rough: rude: uncivil: vulgar: harsh: gross.—adj. ', coarse in the grain, as wood: (fig.) inelegant, gross.—adv. '.—v.t. ', to make coarse.—n. '.—adj. , somewhat coarse. [From phrase 'in course,' hence ordinary.]

Coast, kōst, n. side or border of land next the sea: the seashore: limit or border of a country.—v.i. to sail along or near a coast: to travel downhill on a bicycle with the feet on the foot-rests.—v.t. to sail by or near to.—ns. ', a vessel that sails along the coast; ', a body of men organised to act as a guard along the coast, originally intended to prevent smuggling.—adj. ', keeping near the coast: trading between ports in the same country.—n. the act of sailing, or of trading, along the coast: advances towards acquaintance, courtship: riding downhill on a bicycle with the feet up.—ns. ', the line or boundary of a coast: shore-line; ', a custom-house officer who waits upon and superintends the cargoes of vessels engaged in the coasting trade.—advs. Coastward, ', toward the coast; , along the coast.—adj. carried on along the coast. [O. Fr. coste (Fr. côte)—L. costa, a rib, side.]

Coat, kōt, n. a kind of outer garment: the hair or wool of a beast: vesture or habit: any covering: a garment worn by women and children, and hanging from the waist downwards: a membrane or layer, such as paint, &c.: a coat of arms.—v.t. to clothe: to cover with a coat or layer.—ns. ', coat of arms: armorial devices; ', a card bearing the representation of a coated figure, the king, queen, or knave—now, less correctly, called Court-card; ', a close-fitting coat with short tails; ', a covering: cloth for coats.—Coat of arms, the family insignia embroidered on the surcoat worn over the hauberk, or coat of mail: the heraldic bearings of a gentleman; Coat of mail, a piece of armour for the upper part of the body, made of metal scales or rings linked one with another.—Turn one's coat, to change one's principles, or to turn from one party to another. [O. Fr. cote (Fr. cotte)—Low L. cottus, cotta, a tunic; the further ety. is uncertain.]

Coati, kō-ä′ti, or kō′a-ti, n. an American plantigrade carnivorous mammal allied to the raccoons.—Also . [Tupi.]

Coax, kōks, v.t. to persuade by fondling or flattery: to humour or soothe: to pet.—ns. Coax, ', one who coaxes.—adv. '. [M. E. cokes, a simpleton; of obscure origin.]

Co-axial, kō-ak′si-al, adj. having the same axis.—adv. .

Cob, kob, n. a head of maize: a short-legged strong horse for heavy weights: a male swan—also '.—ns. ', a large loaf: (Shak.) an expression of contempt; , a large variety of the hazel-nut: a game played by children with nuts. [Prob. conn. with Cop.]

Cob, kob, n. a kind of composition of clay and straw for building.—n. , a wall built of this.

Cob, kob, v.t. to strike, to thump the buttocks.

Cobalt, kō′bawlt, n. a metal the ores of which are sparingly distributed—in the metallic state found in meteoric stones or aerolites, generally occurring combined with arsenic: a blue pigment, prepared from the foregoing—also '.—adj. of this deep-blue colour.—adjs. '; '.—n. ', a sulpharsenide of cobalt. [Ger. kobalt, from kobold, a demon, a nickname given by the German miners, because they supposed it to be a mischievous and hurtful metal.]

Cobble, kob′l, n. a stone worn smooth by water.—n. , a rounded stone used in paving.—v.t. to pave with such. [Ety. dub.]

Cobble, kob′l, v.t. to patch up or mend coarsely, as shoes.—ns. , one who cobbles or mends shoes: a drink made up of wine, sugar, &c., and sucked through a straw; Cobbler's punch, a warm drink made of beer, with the addition of spirit, sugar, and spice. [Der. unknown.]

Co-belligerent, kō-be-lij′e-rent, adj. and n. co-operating in warfare.

Coble, Cobble, kob′l, n. a small flat-bottomed fishing-boat. [Cf. W. ceubal, a hollow trunk, a boat.]

Cobra, Cobra da capello, kō′bra da n. a poisonous snake, native of the East Indies, which dilates the back and sides of the neck so as to resemble a hood. [Port., lit. 'snake of the hood.']

Coburg, kō′burg, n. a thin fabric of worsted with cotton or silk, twilled on one side. [Coburg, a town in Germany.]

Cobweb, kob′web, n. the spider's web or net: any snare or device intended to entrap: anything flimsy or easily broken: anything that obscures.—n. '.—adj. '. [Prob. shortened from M. E. atter-cop-web—A.S. átor, poison, and coppa—W. cop, a head, tuft. See also Web.]

Coca, kō′ka, n. a shrub of six or eight feet high, of which the leaves furnish an important narcotic and stimulant.—ns. Cocaine a local anæsthetic made from coca-leaves, and much used in dentistry and surgical operations; '.—v.t. '.—n. , a morbid condition induced by over-use of cocaine. [Sp.,—Peruv.]

Cocagne, Cocaigne. Same as Cockaigne.

Cocciferous, kok-sif′ėr-us, adj. berry-bearing. [L. coccum (—Gr. kokkos), a berry, and ferre, to bear.]

Coccolite, kok′ō-līt, n. a variety of pyroxene: a small rounded body found in deep-sea mud.—Also . [Gr. kokkos, a berry, lithos, a stone.]

Coccus, kok′us, n. one of the carpels or seed-vessels of a dry fruit: (zool.) a genus of insects in the order Hemiptera, and type of a family including many forms injurious to plants, and a few others useful to man.—n. , a tropical genus of climbing plants (Menispermaceæ).—Cocculus Indicus, a drug consisting of the dried fruit of Anamirta cocculus, having narcotic and poisonous properties—yielding picrotoxin. [L.,—Gr. kokkos, a berry.]

Coccyx, kok′siks, n. (anat.) the lower bone of the vertebral column:—pl. '.—adjs. ', . [Gr. kokkyx, the cuckoo, from its bill.]

Coch, koch, n. (Spens.). Same as Coach.

Cochin, kō′chin, n. a large-sized variety of the domestic hen, with feathered legs, full breast, small tail.—n. ', a large-sized hen originally from Cochin-China.—adj. '.

Cochineal, koch′i-nēl, n. a scarlet dye-stuff consisting of the dried bodies of certain insects gathered from the cactus plant in Mexico, the West Indies, &c.: the insect itself. [Sp. cochinilla, dim. of L. coccinus—Gr. kokkos, a berry, as the cochineal was formerly supposed to be the berry or seed of the plant.]

Cochlea, kok′le-a, n. a spiral-shaped shell, esp. the snail-shell: (anat.) the spiral cavity of the ear.—adjs. '; ', ', ', twisted. [L.,—Gr. kochlias, a snail.]

Cock, kok, n. the male of birds, particularly of the domestic fowl: the time of cock-crowing: a weathercock: a plucky chap, a term of familiarity, as 'Old cock:' a strutting chief or leader: anything set erect: a tap for liquor: part of the lock of a gun, held back by a spring, which, when released by the trigger, produces the discharge.—v.t. to set erect or upright: to set up, as the hat: to draw back the cock of a gun: to turn up to one side: to tilt up knowingly, inquiringly, or scornfully.—v.i. to strut: to swagger.—ns. ', a knot of ribbons or something similar worn on the hat as a badge; ', a bumptious little person: a boy's game; ', the broth made from a boiled cock; ', the May-bug, an insect of a pitchy-black colour, most destructive to vegetation; ', ', early morning, the time at which cocks crow.—adj. Cocked, set erect: turned up at one side.—ns. ', one who follows cock-fighting: a small dog of the spaniel kind employed by sportsmen in pheasant and woodcock shooting; ', a young cock: a young man—also ', whence ', foolish; ', a squinting eye: the loop by which a trace is attached to the whipple-tree.—adj. '.—ns. ', ', a fight or contest between game-cocks: a fight; ', a child's rocking-horse.—adj. prancing, proud.—adv. properly a-cock-horse = on cock-horse, on horseback: exultingly.—ns. ' (Scot.), a yeoman; ', the room in a house next the roof; ', a cock-fight; ', a pit or enclosed space where game-cocks fought: a room in a ship-of-war for the wounded during an action; ', the common black beetle; ', the comb or crest on a cock's head: a fop: the name of various plants; ' (Shak.), twilight, probably referring to the time when poultry are shut up; ', a free throw at a thing, as for amusement.—adj. ', quite sure, often without cause.—n. ' (see Coxswain).—adjs. ', ', bumptious.—n. ', a racing horse that is not thoroughbred: one who apes the gentleman: (U.S.) a drink of spirits flavoured with various ingredients.—adjs. ', having the tail cocked or tilted up; ', impudent.—ns. ', soup made of a fowl boiled with leeks; ', a nursery or pet name for a bird.—Cock-a-doodle-doo, the cry of the cock; Cock-a-hoop, a phrase expressing reckless exultation; Cock and pie, used as an exclamation (see Pie, 2); Cocked hat, the old-fashioned three-cornered hat, the triangular pointed hat worn as part of some full-dress uniforms: a note folded into a three-cornered shape; Cock of the walk, chief of a set; Cock's-foot grass, a genus of grasses very abundant in Britain, and furnishing an important part of both natural and artificial pastures; Cock the eye (coll., humorous), to wink.—A cock-and-bull story, an incredible tale.—Full-cock, when the cock of a gun is drawn full back: when a tap is full open; Half-cock, the position of the cock of a gun when drawn back half the whole distance.—Knock into a cocked hat, 'to lick out of shape:' to give a profound beating. [A.S. coc; Ice. kokkr.]

Cock, kok, n. a small pile of hay.—adj. Cocked, heaped up in cocks. [Sw. koka, a lump of earth; Dut. kogel; Ger. kugel, a ball.]

Cock, kok, n. (Shak.) a cock-boat. Now Cock-boat.

Cock, perversion of the word God.—Cock and pie (see Pie, 2).

Cock-a-bon′dy, kok-a-bon′di, n. a fly for angling. [A corr. of Welsh coch a bon ddu, red, with black stem.]

Cockaigne, Cockayne, kok-ān′, n. an imaginary country of luxury and delight. [Ety. dub.; Fr. cocagne, acc. to some from L. coquĕre, to cook.]

Cockatoo, kok-a-tōō′, n. a popular name for several genera and species of parrots. [Malay, kakatúa, prob. from its cry.]

Cockatrice, kok′a-trīs, n. a fabulous monster like a serpent, often confounded with the Basilisk (q.v.), and regarded as possessing similar deadly powers. [O. Fr. cocatrice.]

Cock-boat, kok′-bōt, n. a small ship's boat: a small frail boat. [See Cog, a small boat.]

Cocker, kok′ėr, v.t. to pamper: to fondle: to indulge. [Ety. dub.; cf. Dut. kokelen, O. Fr. coqueliner, to dandle.]

Cockernony, kok′ėr-non-i, n. (Scot.) the gathering of a young woman's hair, when it is wrapped up in a band or fillet, commonly called a 'snood' (Jamieson).

Cocket, kok′et, n. the custom-house official seal: a document given by the officers of the custom-house to merchants, as a warrant that their goods are duly entered: the office where such goods are entered. [Perh. a corr. of the words quo quietus.]

Cockle, kok′l, n. a troublesome weed among corn, with a purple flower. [A.S. coccel.]

Cockle, kok′l, n. a large and typical genus of bivalve molluscs, having a thick, ribbed, heart-shaped, equal-valved shell.—adj. ', shelled like a cockle.—ns. ', a hat bearing a scallop-shell, the badge of a pilgrim; , the shell of a cockle: a frail boat.—The cockles of the heart, the heart itself. [Fr. coquille—Gr. kongchylion—kongchē, a cockle.]

Cockle, kok′l, v.i. to pucker into wrinkles or ridges.—v.t. to cause to pucker.

Cockle, kok′l, n. the fire-chamber of an air-stove.

Cockney, kok′ne, n. (Shak.) an affected, effeminate person, knowing the manners of the town, but a stranger to what every child else knows: a townsman as opposed to a countryman: one born in London, but strictly in a particular part of London.—ns. ', the domain of Cockneys; '.—v.t. ', to make Cockney.—adj. '.—n. , the dialect or manners of a Cockney.—The Cockney school, a school of writers belonging to London, who flourished in the first half of the nineteenth century. [M. E. coken-ey, prob. lit. 'cock's egg;' cf. Fr. coco, an egg, a darling, a chap. Others would connect with Fr. coquin, a rogue—L. coquus, a cook.]

Coco, Cocoa, kō′kō, n. a palm-tree growing in tropical countries, and producing the coco-nut.—ns. ', ', the well-known fruit of the coco-palm: (slang) a man's head. [Port. and Sp. coco, a bugbear; applied to the nut from the three marks at the end of it, which form a grotesque face.]

Cocoa, kō′kō, n. the seed of the cacao or chocolate tree: a beverage made from the seeds crushed and ground. [A corr. of Cacao.]

Cocoon, ko-kōōn′, n. the silken sheath spun by the larvæ of many insects in passing into the pupa or resting stage.—n. , a place for keeping silkworms when feeding and spinning cocoons. [Fr. cocon, from coque, a shell—L. concha, a shell.]

Coction, kok′shun, n. the act of boiling or cooking.—adj. , baked: hardened by fire, as a brick. [L. coquĕre, coctum, to boil, to cook.]

Cod, kod, Codfish, kod′fish, n. a species of fish much used as food, found in the northern seas.—ns. '; '; '; ', a small cod.—Cod-liver oil, a medicinal oil extracted from the fresh liver of the common cod. [Ety. dub.]

Cod, kod, n. a husk or shell containing seeds: the scrotum.—adjs. ', enclosed in a cod; ' (Shak.), wanton.—n. , a baggy appendage worn in front of the tight hose of the middle ages. [A.S. codd, a small bag.]

Cod, kod, n. (Scot.), a pillow. [Old Dan. kodde, Ice. koddi, a pillow.]

Cod, kod, n. (slang) applied to persons, with various meanings: a joke.—v.t. to impose on. [Ety. dub.; conn. with Codger.]

Coddle, kod′l, v.t. to pamper: to fondle: to parboil.—n. an effeminate person. [Ety. dub.]

Code, kōd, n. a collection or digest of laws: a system of rules and regulations: a system of signs used in the army.—ns. '; ', ', one who codifies.—v.t. ', to put into the form of a code: to digest: to systematise:—pr.p. pa.p. —Code telegram, a telegram whose text in itself has no meaning, but where the words are merely arbitrary symbols for other words known to the receiver.—The Code, esp. the rules and regulations regarding government schools and teachers. [Fr. code—L. codex.]

Codex, kō′deks, n. a code: a manuscript volume:—pl. Codices [L. codex or caudex, the trunk of a tree, a set of tablets, a book.]

Codger, koj′ėr, n. a mean fellow: an old person: a chap. [Prob. a variant of Cadger.]

Codicil, kod′i-sil, n. a short writing or note added as a supplement to a will.—adj. . [L. codicillus, dim. of codex.]

Codilla, kō-dil′a, n. the coarsest part of hemp or flax, sorted out and separated from the rest. [Dim. of It. coda—L. cauda, a tail.]

Codille, kō-dil, n. a term at ombre when the player gets fewer tricks than one of his opponents. [Fr.]

Codling, kod′ling, Codlin, kod′lin, n. a variety of apple.—n. , the moth whose larvæ cause the 'worm-eaten' apples which fall prematurely off. [Ety. dub.]

Coefficient, kō-ef-fish′ent, n. that which acts together with another thing: (math.) the numerical or literal factor prefixed to an unknown quantity in any algebraic term.—n. '.—adv. '.

Coehorn, Cohorn, kō′horn, n. a small mortar for throwing grenades. [From Baron van Coehoorn (1641-1704).]

Cœlenterata, sē-len-ter-ā′ta, n. the technical name for the second lowest alliance of many-celled animals—radially symmetrical, without any body-cavity distinct from the alimentary tube.—adj. . [Gr. koilos, hollow, and enteron, intestine.]

Cœliac, sē′li-ak, adj. relating to the belly. [L. cœliacus—Gr. koilia, the belly.]

Coemption, ko-emp′shun, n. the purchasing of the whole of a commodity: in Roman law, a mode of marriage under the fiction of a mutual sale. [Co-, and L. emĕre, to buy.]

Cœnesthesis, sē-nes-thē′sis, n. the general bodily consciousness. [Gr. koinos, common, aisthēsis, perception.]

Cœnobite, Cenobite, sen′o-bīt, n. a monk who lives along with others of a like mind with himself, in contradistinction to anchorites or hermits.—adjs. ', '; ', '.—ns. ', '; , a religious community. [Gr. koinobion—koinos, common, and bios, life.]

Coequal, ko-ē′kwal, adj. equal with another person or thing: of the same rank or dignity.—n. one of the same rank.—n. '.—adv. '.

Coerce, kō-ėrs′, v.t. to restrain by force: to compel.—adj. '.—adv. '.—ns. ', restraint: government by force; '.—adj. ', having power to coerce: compelling.—adv. '.—n. . [L. coercēre—co-, together, arcēre, to shut in.]

Co-essential, kō-es-sen′shal, adj. partaking of the same essence.—n. .

Coetaneous, kō-ē-tān′e-us, adj. of the same age: contemporary. [Co and L. ætas, ætatis, age.]

Co-eternal, kō-ē-tėr′nal, adj. equally eternal with another.—adv. '.—n. '.

Coeval, kō-ē′val, adj. of the same age.—n. one of the same age: a contemporary. [L. coævus, co-, together, and ævum, age.]

Co-exist, kō-egz-ist′, v.i. to exist at the same time.—n. '.—adj. '.

Co-extend, kō-eks-tend′, v.i. to extend equally with.—n. '.—adj. '.

Coff, kof, v.t. (Scot.) to buy.—pa.p. Coft.

Coffee, kof′ē, n. a drink made from the seeds of the coffee-tree, a native of Arabia: the powder made by roasting and grinding the seeds.—ns. ', the seed of the coffee-plant; ', the fruit of the coffee-tree; ', the Lecanium coffeæ, destructive to the coffee-plant; ', a cup for coffee; ', a house where coffee and other refreshments are sold; ', a small mill or machine for grinding coffee-beans; ', a pot or vessel in which coffee is prepared and served; ', a room in a hotel where coffee and other refreshments are served. [Turk. qahveh—Ar. qahwah, orig. meaning wine.]

Coffer, kof′ėr, n. a chest for holding money or treasure: (pl.) the whole wealth of a person: a deep panel in a ceiling.—v.t. to hoard up.—n. ', a water-tight structure used in engineering for excluding the water from the foundations of bridges, quay walls, &c., so as to allow of their being built dry.—adj. '. [O. Fr. cofre, a chest—L. cophinus, a basket—Gr. kophinos.]

Coffin, kof′in, n. the coffer or chest in which a dead body is enclosed.—v.t. to place within a coffin.—n. , a ship that is unsound, and likely to prove fatal to those in it.—Drive a nail in one's coffin, to do something tending to hasten death or ruin. [O. Fr. cofin—L. cophinus—Gr. kophinos.]

Coffle, kof′l, n. a gang, esp. of slaves. [Ar. qāfilah, a caravan.]

Cog, kog, v.t. to cheat or deceive: to wheedle: to cog dice is to manipulate them so that they may fall in a given way.—n. the act of cheating: deception.—p.adj. , cheating. [No doubt from the succeeding word.]

Cog, kog, n. a catch or tooth on a wheel.—v.t. to fix teeth in the rim of a wheel: to stop a wheel by putting a block before it:—pr.p. pa.p. cogged.—n. , a toothed wheel, whose teeth fit into and move another. [M. E. cogge; ety. dub.; cf. Sw. kugge.]

Cog, kog, n. formerly a large ship of burden or for war: a small boat: a cock-boat. [M. E. cogge, perh. from O. Fr. cogue, a ship. Cf. Dan. kogge, kog; Ice. kuggi.]

Cogent, kō′jent, adj. powerful: convincing.—ns. ', ', convincing power.—adv. . [L. cogĕre, co-, together, agĕre, to drive.]

Coggie, Cogie, kog′i, n. (Scot.) a small wooden bowl.—Also Cog. [Dim. of Cogue (q.v.).]

Coggle, kog′gl, v.i. to be unsteady.—n. a cobble, a round stone.—adv.  (Scot.), shaky. [Cf. Ger. kugel, and Dut. kogel.]

Cogitate, koj′i-tāt, v.i. to turn a thing over in one's mind: to meditate: to ponder.—adj. ', capable of being thought.—n. ', deep thought: meditation.—adj. , having the power of thinking: given to cogitating. [L. cogitāre, -ātum, to think deeply, co-, together, and agitāre, to put a thing in motion.]

Cognac, kō′nyak, n. an excellent quality of French brandy, so called because much of it is made near the town Cognac, in Charente.

Cognate, kog′nāt, adj. of the same family, kind, or nature: related or allied to.—n. one related by blood, a kinsman: a person related to another through the mother, as distinguished from an agnate, one related through the father.—n. . [L. cognatus—co-, together, (g)nasci, (g)natus, to be born.]

Cognition, kog-nish′un, n. certain knowledge: apprehension.—adj. ', that may be known or understood: that may be judicially investigated.—adv. '.—ns. ', ', knowledge or notice, judicial or private: observation: jurisdiction: that by which one is known, a badge.—adj. ', having cognisance or knowledge of.—v.t. ', to become conscious of.—adj. , capable of, or pertaining to, cognition.—Have cognisance of, to have knowledge of. [L., from cognoscĕre, cognitum—co-, together, and noscĕre, gnoscĕre, to know.]

Cognomen, kog-nō′men, n. a surname: a nickname: a name: the last of the three names of an individual among the Romans, indicating the house or family to which he belonged.—adj. ', like-named: relating to a cognomen.—v.t. ', to name.—n. . [L.,—co-, together, nomen, gnomen, a name—noscĕre, gnoscĕre, to know.]

Cognosce, kog-nos′, v.t. (Scots law) to examine: to give judgment: to declare to be an idiot.—adj. . [L. cognoscĕre—co-, together, and noscĕre, to know.]

Cognoscente, ko-nyo-shent′e, n. one professing a critical knowledge of works of art, and of a somewhat more pretentious character than amateurs:—pl. Cognoscenti [It.,—L. cognoscĕre.]

Cognovit, kog-nō′vit, n. (law) an acknowledgment by the defendant in an action that the plaintiff's cause is just. [L. cognovit actionem, he has confessed the action.]

Cogue, Cog, kōg, n. (Scot.) a round wooden vessel for holding milk. [Ety. dub.]

Cohabit, kō-hab′it, v.i. to dwell together as husband and wife, often of persons not married.—ns. ', one dwelling with others; '. [L. cohabitāre—co-, together, habitāre, to dwell.]

Co-heir, kō-ār′, n. a joint heir:—fem. .

Cohere, kō-hēr′, v.i. to stick together: to follow in proper connection: to be consistent.—ns. ', a sticking together: a consistent connection between several parts: congruity; '.—adj. ', sticking together: connected: consistent in thought or speech.—adv. '.—n. ', an apparatus for the reception of the waves in 'wireless' telegraphy.—adj. ', capable of cohesion.—n. ', the act of sticking together: a form of attraction by which particles of bodies stick together: logical connection.—adj. ', having the power of cohering: tending to unite into a mass.—adv. '.—ns. ', . [L. cohærēre, cohæsum, co-, together, and hærēre, to stick.]

Cohort, kō′hort, n. among the Romans, a body of soldiers from 300 to 600 in number, forming a tenth part of a legion: a band of armed men: any band of men. [Fr.,—L. cohors, an enclosed place, a multitude enclosed, a company of soldiers.]

Cohortative, kō-hor′ta-tiv, adj. encouraging.—n. in Heb. grammar, a lengthened form of the imperfect—also Paragogic future. [See Paragoge.]

Coif, koif, n. a covering for the head, esp. the close-fitting cap of white lawn or silk originally worn by serjeants-at-law: a covering for the head worn by women.—v.t. to provide with a coif: to dress (the hair).—ns. ', a hairdresser; ', a head-dress. [Fr. coiffe—Low L. cofia, a cap, perh. Old High Ger. chuppha, a cap, Ger. kopf.]

Coign, koin, n. a corner or external angle: a corner-stone: a wedge.—Coign of vantage, a position of advantage, either for seeing or acting. [Coin.]

Coil, koil, v.t. to wind in rings as a rope, a serpent, &c.: to twist: to entangle.—v.i. to twist one's self.—n. a rope which has been gathered into rings: one of the rings into which a rope is gathered: a wire wound spirally to conduct electricity.—Coil up, of a serpent, to get into a position for springing: to gather into a ball. [O. Fr. coillir (Fr. cueillir)—L. colligĕre—col, together, legĕre, to gather.]

Coil, koil, n. tumult: hubbub: noise: fuss.—Mortal coil, the toil and trouble of human life. [Der. unknown; prob. Celt.; Gael. and Ir. goill, war.]

Coin, koin, n. (Shak.) a corner-stone: a piece of metal legally stamped and current as money.—v.t. to convert a piece of metal into money: to stamp; to make, invent, fabricate: (fig.) to make into.—ns. ', the act of coining money: the currency: the pieces of metal coined: the invention, or fabrication, of something new: what is invented; ', one who coins money: a maker of counterfeit coins: an inventor; , minting: invention.—Coin money, to make money rapidly.—Pay a man in his own coin, to give tit for tat: to give as good as one got. [Fr. coin, a wedge, also the die to stamp money—L. cuneus, a wedge.]

Coincide, kō-in-sīd′, v.i. to fall in with, or agree, in opinion: to correspond: to be identical.—ns. ', act or condition of coinciding: the occurrence of an event at the same time as another event, without any apparent connection; '.—adjs. ', '.—adv. . [L. co-, together, incidĕre—in, in, cadĕre, to fall.]

Co-inhere, kō-in-hēr′, v.i. to inhere together.—n. .

Co-inheritor, kō-in-her′it-or, n. a joint heir.—n. .

Co-instantaneous, kō-in-stan-tān′e-us, adj. exactly simultaneous.—ns. ', '.—adv. .

Coir, koir, n. the strong fibre of the husk of the coco-nut, used for making door-mats. [Malay, kāyar, cord—kāyaru, to be twisted.]

Coistril, kois′tril, n. a groom: (Shak.) a knave. [See Custrel.]

Coition, kō-ish′un, n. sexual intercourse. [L. coitio—co-, together, īre, ītum, to go.]

Cojoin, kō-join′, v.t. (Shak.). Same as Conjoin.

Coke, kōk, n. a form of fuel obtained by the heating of coal in confined spaces whereby its more volatile constituents are driven off.—v.t. to make into coke. [Ety. dub.; not before 17th century.]

Col, kol, n. (geog.) a depression or pass in a mountain-range. [Fr.,—L. collum, a neck.]

Colander, Cullender, kul′end-ėr, n. a vessel having small holes in the bottom, used as a strainer in cookery.—ns. ', ', straining. [L. colāre, to strain—colum, a strainer.]

Colbertine, kol′ber-tin, n. a kind of lace, so called after Jean Baptiste Colbert (1619-83), Minister of Finance to Louis XIV., a great patron of the arts.

Colcannon, kol-kan′on, n. an Irish dish, being a stew of pounded cabbage and potatoes with butter. [Cole, cabbage; cannon unknown.]

Colchicum, kol′chi-kum, n. a genus of Liliaceæ—the meadow saffron, its corm or seed used for gout and rheumatism. [L.,—Gr. colchicon, meadow saffron—Colchicus, relating to Colchis, the native country of the sorceress Medea.]

Colcothar, kol′kō-thar, n. a dark-red iron peroxide formed by calcining copperas.

Cold, kōld, adj. the opposite of hot: shivering: without passion or zeal: spiritless: unfriendly: indifferent: reserved.—n. a relative want of sensible heat: the feeling or sensation caused by the absence of heat: coldness: a spell of cold weather: a disease caused by cold, a catarrhal inflammation of the mucous membrane of the respiratory organs, usually accompanied by hoarseness and coughing: catarrh: chillness.—adj. ', having cold blood, as fishes: without feeling: hard-hearted—of persons or actions.—adv. '.—ns. '; ', a strong and finely-tempered chisel for cutting cold metal, as distinguished from a blacksmith's chisel for cutting hot iron; ', the name applied to a creamy ointment, usually made of almond-oil, spermaceti, white wax, and rose-water, used as a cooling dressing for the skin.—adjs. ', wanting feeling: indifferent; ', somewhat cold.—adv. Coldly.—ns. '; ' (coll.), the application of cold water to wake a person.—adj. ', brittle when cold: (fig.) of the temper.—ns. ', water at its natural temperature; ', brandy with cold water and no sugar.—Cold as charity, a proverbial phrase expressing ironically great coldness or indifference.—Catch cold, Take cold, to acquire the malady—a cold.—Give the cold shoulder, to show indifference: to give a rebuff.—In cold blood, with deliberate intent, not under the influence of passion.—Leave out in the cold, to neglect, ignore.—Throw cold water on, to discourage. [A.S. ceald; Scot, cauld, Ger. kalt; cog. also with Eng. cool, Ice. kala, to freeze, L. gelidus—gelu, frost.]

Cole, kōl, n. a general name for all sorts of cabbage.—ns. ', a cabbage garden; ', the seed of rape; , a species of cabbage. [A.S. cáwel; Ger. kohl, Scot. kail; all from L. colis, caulis, a stem, esp. of cabbage; cf. Gr. kaulos.]

Coleoptera, kol-e-op′tėr-a, n.pl. an order of insects having two pairs of wings, the outer pair being hard or horny, serving as wing-cases for the true wings: the beetles.—adjs. ', '.—n. . [Gr. koleos, a sheath, and pteron (pl. ptera), a wing.]

Coleorhiza, kol-ē-ō-rī′za, n. the root-sheath in endogens. [Gr. koleos, sheath, rhiza, root.]

Colibri, kol′ib-rē, n. a kind of humming-bird. [Sp. and Fr. colibri, said to be the Carib. name.]

Colic, kol′ik, n. a disease attended with severe pain and flatulent distension of the abdomen, without diarrhœa.—adj. ', suffering or causing colic.—n. ' (see Colonitis under Colon). [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. kolikos—kolon, the large intestine.]

Colin, kol′in, the American quail or partridge. [Ety. dub.]

Coliseum. See Colosseum.

Coll, kol, v.t. (Spens.) to embrace or fondle by taking round the neck.—n. , embracing. [Fr. col—L. collum, the neck.]

Collaborator, kol-ab′ō-rā-tor, Collaborateur, n. an associate or assistant in labour, particularly literary or scientific.—n. . [Coined from L. col, with, and laborāre, -ātum, to labour.]

Collapse, kol-aps′, n. a falling away or breaking down: any sudden or complete breakdown or prostration.—v.i. to fall together, to contract: to fall or break down: to go to ruin: to lose heart.—adj. , capable of collapsing. [L. collapsus—col, together, and labi, lapsus, to slide or fall.]

Collar, kol′ar, n. something worn round the neck: the part of a garment at the neck: a band round a dog's neck: that part of a horse's harness worn round the neck, to which the traces are attached: a ring: a band.—v.t. to seize by the collar: to put a collar on: to capture.—ns. ', a horizontal piece of timber connecting or bracing two opposite rafters, to prevent sagging; ', in man and most mammals the only bone directly connecting the upper extremity with the skeleton of the trunk.—p.adj. ', having, or ornamented with, a collar: rolled up and bound with a string, as a piece of meat having the bones removed: captured.—ns. ', a small collar; , hard work against the collar: drudgery. [O. Fr. colier—L. collāre—collum, the neck.]

Collard, kol′ard, n. cole-wort. [See Cole.]

Collate, kol-āt′, v.t. to bring together for comparison: to examine and compare, as books, and esp. old manuscripts: to place in or confer a benefice upon: to place in order, as the sheets of a book for binding.—adj. '.—ns. ', act of collating: a bringing together for examination and comparison: presentation to a benefice: a repast between meals, from the habit of reading the collationes or lives of the Fathers during meals in monasteries.—adj. ', having the power of conferring: of livings where the bishop and patron are one and the same person.—n. ', one who collates or compares: one who bestows or presents. [L. conferre, collatum—con, together, ferre, to bring.]

Collateral, kol-at′ėr-al, adj. side by side: running parallel or together; corresponding; descended from the same ancestor, but not directly, as the children of brothers.—n. a collateral relation: a contemporary: a rival.—adv. . [L. col, and latus, lateris, a side.]

Colleague, kol′ēg, n. one associated with others in some employment—not of partners in business.—n. . [Fr. collègue—L. collega—col, together, and legĕre, to choose.]

Colleague, kol′ēg, v.i. to join or unite: to conspire:—pr.p. colleaguing pa.p. colleagued  [From O. Fr. colliguer, to join in alliance—L. colligāre, to bind together.]

Collect, kol-ekt′, v.t. to assemble or bring together: to infer: to put one's thoughts in order.—v.i. to run together: to accumulate.—ns. ', a short form of prayer, peculiar to the liturgies of the Western Church, consisting of a single sentence, conveying one main petition; ', a selection of passages from various authors: a miscellany.—adj. ', gathered together: having one's senses gathered together: cool: firm—adv. '.—ns. ', self-possession: coolness; ', act of collecting: collecting of money at a religious or public meeting: the money collected: a number of anything: an assemblage: a book of selections: composure: an examination at the end of the terms in certain colleges.—adj. ', considered as forming one mass or sum: congregated: common: (Milt.) inferential: (gram.) expressing a number or multitude.—adv. '.—ns. ', the economic theory of socialism, that industry should be carried on with a collective capital; ', a socialist—also adj.; ', one who collects, as tickets, money, &c.; ', . [L. colligĕre, collectum, from col, together, and legĕre, to gather.]

Colleen, kol′ēn, n. a girl. [Irish cailín.]

College, kol′ej, n. an incorporation, company, or society of persons joined together generally for literary or scientific purposes, and often possessing peculiar or exclusive privileges: a member of the body known as the university: (U.S.) often used as the equivalent of university: a seminary of learning: a literary, political, or religious institution: the edifice appropriated to a college.—n. ', inmate of a college: one of the seventy foundationers at Eton College.—adj. ', pertaining to a college.—ns. ', a member or inhabitant of a college: (slang) inmate of a prison; ', a member of a college, a student.—adj. , pertaining to or resembling a college: containing a college, as a town; instituted like a college: corporate.—n. inmate of a prison, &c.—College of Arms, Heralds' College, a collegiate body incorporated in 1483, presided over by the Earl Marshal, and including Garter, principal King-of-arms, Clarenceux, and Norroy, besides six heralds and four pursuivants: College of Justice, in Scotland, a great forensic society, composed of judges, advocates, writers to the signet, and solicitors.—Collegiate church, Collegial church, a church so called from having a college or chapter, consisting of a dean or provost and canons, attached to it (in Scotland, a church occupied by two or more pastors of equal rank—also Collegiate charge). [Fr. collège—L. collegium, from col, and legĕre, to gather.]

Collet, kol′et, n. a ring or collar: the part of a ring which contains the stone. [Fr.,—L. collum.]

Collide, kol-īd′, v.i. to dash together: to clash.—p.adjs. ', '.—ns. ', state of being struck together: conflict: opposition: clashing; '; a mat for covering a hole in a ship's side caused by a collision. [L. collidĕre, collisum—col, together, lædĕre, to strike.]

Collie, Colly, kol′i, n. a shepherd's dog. [Ety. dub.]

Collier, kol′yėr, n. one who works in a coal-mine: a ship that carries coal: a sailor in such a ship.—n. , a coal-mine.

Colligate, kol′i-gāt, v.t. to bind together. [L. colligāre, -ātum—col, together, ligāre, to bind.]

Collimation, kol-li-mā′shun, n. the adjustment of the line of sight of a telescope.—v.t. '.—n. ', a subsidiary telescope used to detect errors in collimation, when adjusting for transit observations. [L. collimāre for collineāre, to bring into line with—col, together, linea, a line.]

Collinear, ko-lin′e-ar, adj. in the same straight line.

Collieshangie, kol-i-shang′i, n. (Scot.) noisy wrangling or fighting. [Ety. dub.; but perh. from collie, a dog, and shangie, something attached to his tail.]

Collingual, ko-ling′gwal, adj. speaking the same tongue.

Colliquate, kol′i-kwāt, v.t. to melt.—adjs. ', ', melting, wasting; , profuse in flow. [L. com-, together, liquāre, -ātum, to make melt.]

Collocate, kol′ō-kāt, v.t. to place together: to set: to arrange.—n. , act of collocating: disposition in place: arrangement. [L. collocāre, -ātum, col, together, locāre, to place.]

Collocutor, Collocutory. See Colloquy.

Collodion, kol-ō′di-on, n. a gluey solution of gun-cotton in alcohol and ether, used in surgery and photography. [Gr. kollōdēs—kolla, glue, eidos, form, appearance.]

Collogue, ko-log′, v.i. to simulate belief: to conspire: to converse confidentially.—v.t. to coax; to flatter. [Prob. from L. colloqui, to speak together.]

Colloid, kol′oid, n. a name given by Graham, in contradistinction to crystalloids, to any soluble substance, which, when exposed to dialysis, does not pass through the porous membrane.—adj. . [Gr. kolla, glue, and eidos, form.]

Collop, kol′op, n. a slice of meat, fried or otherwise: (Shak.) a child.—Collop Monday, the day before Shrove Tuesday, when collops-and-eggs was eaten.—Minced collops (Scot.), minced meat.

Colloquy, kol′o-kwi, n. a speaking together: mutual discourse: conversation.—v.i. (rare) to converse.—n. '.—adj. '.—v.i. ', to hold colloquy.—adj. ', pertaining to or used in common conversation.—ns. ', a form of expression used in familiar talk; '.—adv. '.—v.i. ', to converse.—n. , a speaker in a colloquy. [L. colloquium, col, together, loqui, to speak.]

Collotype, kol′o-tīp, n. a photographic process much used for book illustrations and advertising purposes. [Gr. kolla, glue, and Type.]

Colluctation, kol-uk-tā′shun, n. strife: opposition. [L. colluctāri—col-, luctāri, to wrestle.]

Collude, kol-ūd′, v.i. to play into each other's hand: to act in concert, esp. in a fraud.—ns. '; ', act of colluding: a secret agreement to deceive: deceit.—adj. ', fraudulently concerted: deceitful.—adv. '. [L. colludĕre, collusum, from col, and ludĕre, to play.]

Colluvies, ko-lū′vi-ēs., n. filth: a rabble. [L. 'washings'—colluĕre, to wash thoroughly.]

Colly, kol′li, v.t. to begrime with coal-dust: (Shak.) to darken.—p.adj. . [See Coal.]

Collyrium, ko-lir′i-um, n. a term for various kinds of eye-salve or eye-wash. [L.,—Gr. kollyrion, eye-salve, dim. of kollyra, a roll of bread.]

Colocynth, kol′ō-sinth, n. the dried and powdered pulp of a kind of cucumber, much used as a purgative. [L.,—Gr. kolokynthis.]

Cologne-earth, ko-lōn′-ėrth, n. a brown earth prepared from lignite, found originally near Cologne, a German city on the Rhine.—Cologne water, or Eau de Cologne, a perfumed spirit first made at Cologne in 1709 by Jean Farina.

Colon, kō′lon, n. the mark used to indicate a distinct member or clause of a sentence. [Gr. kōlon, a limb, member.]

Colon, kō′lon, n. that portion of the large intestine which extends from the cæcum to the rectum, which is the terminal portion of the intestinal canal.—n. , inflammation of the colon. [L.,—Gr. kolon, the large intestine.]

Colonel, kur′nėl, n. an officer who has command of a regiment;—ns. ', his office or rank; ', playing the colonel; , colonelcy: quality of a colonel. [Fr. and Sp. coronel; a corr. of It. colonello, the leader of a colonna, or column—L. columna.]

Colonnade, kol-on-ād′, n. a range of columns placed at regular intervals: a similar row, as of trees. [Fr.,—L. columna.]

Colony, kol′on-i, n. a name somewhat vaguely applied to the foreign dependencies of a state (a Roman colony was a military settlement planted in subject territory; a Greek colony consisted of a band of emigrants impelled to seek a new home, and connected with their mother-city by no stronger tie than that of sentiment): a body of persons who form a fixed settlement in another country: the settlement so formed: the place they inhabit.—adj. ', pertaining to a colony.—n. an inhabitant of a colony, a colonist.—ns. ', a trait of colonial life or speech; ', act or practice of colonising: state of being colonised.—v.t. ', to plant or establish a colony in: to form into a colony.—v.i. to settle.—n. , an inhabitant of a colony.—Colonial animals, organisms which cannot be fairly regarded as unities, but consist of numerous individuals united in a common life; Colonial system, the theory that the settlements abroad were to be treated as proprietary domains exploited for the benefit of the mother-country. [L. colonia—colonus, a husbandman—colĕre, to till.]

Colophon, kol′o-fon, n. in early printing, the inscription at the end of a book with name, date, &c. [L. colophon—Gr. kolophōn, the finish.]

Colophony, kol-of′o-ni, n. the dark-coloured resin got from the distillation of turpentine with water. [Gr., from Colophon, in Asia Minor.]

Coloquintida, kol-o-kwin′ti-da, n. the colocynth.

Colossus, kol-os′us, n. a gigantic statue, esp. that of Apollo astride the entrance of the harbour of Rhodes.—adjs. ', like a colossus: gigantic; ', astride (Shak.).—ns. ', ', Vespasian's amphitheatre at Rome, which was the largest in the world. [L.,—Gr. kolossos.]

Colostrum, ko-los′trum, n. the first milk of a mammal after parturition.—n. ', a disease of infants due to colostrum.—adjs. ', . [L.]

Colour, kul′ur, n. a property of light which causes bodies to have different appearances to the eye: the hue or appearance which bodies present to the eye: appearance of blood in the face: appearance: pretext: tint: paint: false show: kind: (pl.) a flag, ensign, or standard: paints.—v.t. to put colour on: to stain: to paint: to set in a fair light: to exaggerate: to misrepresent.—v.i. to show colour: to blush.—adjs. ', containing or producing colours; ', having a fair appearance: designed to conceal.—adv. '.—n. '.—adj. ', unable to distinguish between colours.—n. '.—adjs. ', having colour: (Spens.) having a specious appearance, deceitful: of the complexion, other than white.—ns. ', any substance used to give colour: manner of applying colours: specious appearance; ', one who colours or paints: one who excels in colouring.—adj. ', without colour: transparent: neutral.—ns. ', one who prepares and sells colours; ', the sergeant who guards the colours of a regiment.—adj. , having much colour.—Colour a pipe, to cause a tobacco-pipe, esp. a meerschaum, to take on a brown or black colour, by smoking.—A person of colour, a person of negro blood.—Change colour, to turn pale: to blush; Come off with flying colours, to do something with great éclat; Come out in one's true colours, to appear in one's real character; Desert one's colours, to abandon one's post or duty; Fast colour, a colour which does not fade when washed; Fight under false colours, to put forward a false pretence as a cover for one's actions; Give colour, to give plausibility: Hang out false colours, to put up another's flag, to pretend to belong to another party than one really does; High colour, pronounced redness of complexion; Lose colour, to lose one's good looks; Nail one's colours to the mast, to commit one's self to some party or plan of action; Off colour, faded: past one's best; Paint in bright colours, to embellish: to exaggerate; Primary colours, the three colours, red, green, and violet, from which the others, called Secondary colours, can be obtained; Show one's colours, to show what are one's inclinations, opinions, or character; Stick to one's colours, to adhere to one's party or opinions; Under colour of, under the pretext of; Without colour, without disguise: colourless: without individuality. [Fr.,—L. color; akin to celāre, to cover, to conceal.]

Colporteur, kol′pōrt-ār, or kol′pōrt-ėr, n. a peddler, esp. one selling tracts and religious books.—n. , the distribution of books by colporteurs. [Fr. colporteur, from col—L. collum, the neck, and porter—L. portāre, to carry.]

Colt, kōlt, n. a young horse: an awkward fellow: an inexperienced youth: (B.) a young camel or ass: (naut.) a rope's end.—v.i. (Spens.) to frisk like a colt.—v.t. (Shak.) to cheat: to give the rope's end, to beat.—adj. ', like a colt: frisky: wanton.—ns. ', a composite plant with large soft leaves once used for asthma and coughing; , one of a horse's first set of teeth; (Shak.) love of youthful pleasures: wantonness. [A.S. colt; Sw. kult, a young boar, a stout boy.]

Colter, Coulter, kōltėr, n. the fore-iron of a plough. [A.S. culter—L. culter, a knife.]

Coluber, kol′ub-ėr, n. a genus of non-venomous snakes, of almost world-wide distribution.—n. ' (Cowper).—adj. '. [L. coluber, a snake.]

Columbian, kō-lum′bi-an, adj. pertaining to Columbia, a name of America.—ns. ', a salt or compound of columbic acid with a base; ', the native ore of columbium; , a metallic element now called niobium. [Columbia, America, from Columbus (1447-1506), its discoverer.]

Columbine, kol′um-bīn, adj. of or like a dove: dove-coloured.—n. a genus of plants (Aquilegia) having five coloured sepals, which soon fall off, and five petals, each terminating below in a horn-shaped spur or nectary: in pantomimes, the sweetheart of Harlequin (q.v.).—ns. ', a dovecot or pigeon-house: one of the niches or pigeon-holes in a particular kind of sepulchral chamber in which the urns containing the ashes of dead bodies burned were deposited; ', a pigeon-house or dovecot. [L. columba, a dove.]

Columel, Columella. See Column.

Column, kol′um, n. a long, round body, used to support or adorn a building: any upright body or mass like a column: a body of troops drawn up in deep files: a perpendicular row of lines in a book.—ns. ', a small column; ', the central axis of a spiral univalve; the auditory ossicle of the amphibian ear: the central axis of the spore-case of mosses: in the opening of fruits, what remains in the centre after the carpels have split away.—adjs. ', ', formed in columns.—n. '.—adjs. ', ', ', having columns.—n. . [L. columen, columna, akin to celsus, high; Gr. kolōnē, a hill.]

Colure, kō-lūr′, n. (astron.) one of two great circles supposed to intersect each other at right angles in the poles of the equator. [Gr. kolourus—kolos, docked, oura, tail.]

Colza, kol′za, n. a kind of cabbage whose seeds yield oil for lamps. [Dut. koolzaad, cabbage-seed.]

Coma, kō′ma, n. deep sleep: stupor.—adj. , affected with coma: drowsy. [Gr. kōma.]

Coma, kō′ma, n. (bot.) a tuft or bunch of hairy-like appendages as on some seeds: the leafy branches forming the head of a tree: (astron.) the nebulous envelope surrounding the nucleus of a comet. [L.—Gr. komē, hair of the head.]

Comarb, kō′märb, n. the head of one of the families composing an old Irish sept: the successor in an ecclesiastical office, abbot, vicar, &c.—Better . [Ir. comharba, successor.]

Comart, kō′märt, n. (Shak.) an agreement.

Comate, kō′māt, n. (Shak.) a mate or companion.

Comb, kōm, n. a toothed instrument for separating and cleaning hair, wool, flax, &c.: the crest of a cock: the top or crest of a wave or of a hill: an aggregation of cells for honey.—v.t. to separate, arrange, or clean by means of a comb: to dress with a comb: (Shak.) to beat.—v.i. to break with a white foam, as the top of a wave.—adj. Combed.—n. ', one who or that which combs wool, &c.—n.pl. ', hairs combed off.—adjs. ' (Shak.), without a comb; '; '.—n. ', a semicircular comb worn by girls.—Comb off, to remove. [A.S. camb.]

Comb, Combe. See Coomb.

Combat, kom′bat, or kum′bat, v.i. to contend or struggle.—v.t. to beat against: to contest: to oppose: to debate.—n. a struggle: a fight.—adjs. ', capable of being combated; ', disposed to combat.—n. one who combats; ', inclined to quarrel.—n. '.—Combatant officer, one who takes part in the action, as opposed to the medical officers, &c., who are Non-combatant. [Fr. combattre, to fight—com, with, and battre, to beat. See Beat.]

Comber, kom′bēr, n. a name applied to the gaper, a sea-perch, and to a species of wrasse.

Combine, kom-bīn′, v.t. to join two together: to unite intimately.—v.i. to come into close union: to co-operate: (chem.) to unite and form a new compound.—n. a trading syndicate, a trust.—adj. ', combined: betrothed.—ns. ', the act of combining: union of individual things: persons united for a purpose; ', the college-parlour at Cambridge, for the fellows of a college after dinner, a common-room.—n.pl. ', a women's and children's garment consisting of chemise and drawers combined.—adjs. '; '; '; '. [L. combināre, to join—com, together, and bini, two and two.]

Combrous (obs.) = Cum′brous.

Comburgess, kom-bur′jes, n. a fellow-burgess.

Combust, kom-bust′, adj. burned by the sun: in conjunction with the sun, or apparently very near it, so as to be obscured by its light, said of a planet when it is not more than 8½° from the sun.—n. that which is burned.—v.t. to burn up.—adj. ', liable to take fire and burn: excitable.—n. anything that will take fire and burn.—ns. ', ', quality of being combustible; ', a burning: the action of fire on combustible substances: confusion, turmoil: the scientific term for all kinds of consumption through the influence of heat.—adjs. ' (Shak.), combustible, inflammable: turbulent; ', disposed to take fire.—Spontaneous combustion, burning caused by heat generated in the substance itself. [L. comburĕre, combustum, to consume—com, inten., urĕre, to burn.]

Come, kum (Shak.), a shortening of Become.

Come, kum, v.i. to move toward this place (the opposite of go): to draw near: to arrive at a certain state or condition: to issue: to happen: (Shak.) to yield; to become: to turn out:—pr.p. pa.t. came; pa.p. come.—n. '.—adj. ', accessible; Come about, to happen; Come across, to meet; Come and go, to have freedom of action (n. passage to and fro); Come at, to reach; Come by, to come near: to pass: to obtain; Come down, to descend: to be reduced (n. a fall); Come down upon, to be severe with; Come down with, to pay down; Come high, or low, to cost much, or little; Come home, to return to one's house: to touch one's interest or feelings closely (with to): (naut.) to drag or slip through the ground—of an anchor; Come in, to enter: to give in, to yield: (fencing) to get within the opponent's guard (Shak.); Come in for, to have reason to expect or to have a share; Come it strong (coll.), to do or say too much; Come of, to descend from: become of; Come off, to come away: to turn out: to escape (n. a conclusion: an evasion of duty); Come out, to result: to be published: to become evident: to enter society; Come out with, to let be known: to tell; Come over (Shak.), surpass: to befall: (slang) to overreach; Come o' will, something that comes of its own accord: an illegitimate child; Come round, to come by a circuitous path: to happen in due course: to change: to recover from a faint; Come short, to fail; Come short of, to fail to accomplish; Come to, to obtain: to amount to: to recover consciousness or sanity; Come to grief, to meet with disaster or ill-fortune; Come to pass, to happen; Come true, to be found to have been true; Come under, to be included under; Come upon, to attack: to affect; to hold answerable: to meet; Come up with, to overtake: reach.—All comers, any one that likes. [A.S. cuman; Ger. kommen, to come.]

Co-meddle, kō-med′l, v.t. to mix: (Shak.) to temper.

Comedo, kom′e-do, n. a small, black-tipped, worm-like mass which is found on the face of some persons. [L. comedĕre, to eat up.]

Comedy, kom′e-di, n. a dramatic piece of a pleasant or humorous character, originally accompanied with dancing and singing.—ns. ', one who acts or writes comedies: an actor:—fem. '; , a short comic piece. [L.,—Gr. kōmōdia, kōmos, revel, ōdē, song.]

Comely, kum′li, adj. pleasing: graceful: handsome.—adv. in a comely manner.—n. . [A.S. cymlic—cyme, suitable, líc, like.]

Comestibles, kom-est′i-blz, n.pl. eatables. [Fr.,—L. comedĕre, to eat up.]

Comet, kom′et, n. a heavenly body with an eccentric orbit, having a definite point or nucleus, a nebulous light surrounding the nucleus, and a luminous tail preceding or following the nucleus.—adjs. ', '.—ns. ', a telescope of low power used to search for comets; '; . [Gr. komētēs, long-haired—komē, the hair.]

Comfit, kum′fit, n. a sweetmeat made of fruit and sugar, &c. [A doublet of Confect; from Fr. confit, confiture—L. conficĕre, to make up.]

Comfort, kum′furt, v.t. to relieve from pain or distress: to soothe: to cheer, revive.—n. relief: encouragement: ease: quiet enjoyment: freedom from annoyance: whatever gives ease, enjoyment, &c.: a subject of satisfaction.—adj. ', imparting or enjoying comfort.—adv. '.—n. ', one who administers comfort: (B.) the Holy Spirit: a long, narrow woollen tippet.—adj. ', without comfort.—n. .—Job's comforter, one who, while pretending to comfort, only aggravates the distress. [O. Fr. conforter—L. con, and fortis, strong.]

Comfrey, kum′fri, n. a genus of Boraginaceæ, somewhat coarse perennial herbs. [O. Fr. confirie.]

Comic, kom′ik, adj. relating to comedy: raising mirth: droll.—n. (coll.) an amusing person: (coll.) a comic paper.—adj. ', funny: queer: ludicrous.—ns. ', '.—adv. '.—n. Comique a comic actor or singer. [See Comedy.]

Comitatus, kom-i-tā′tus, n. a prince's escort: a county or shire. [L.]

Comitia, ko-mish′i-a, n. the assemblies of the Romans for electing magistrates, passing laws, &c. [L.,—com, together, īre, ītum, to go.]

Comity, kom′i-ti, n. courteousness: civility.—Comity of nations (comitas gentium), the international courtesy by which effect is given to the laws of one state within the territory of another state. [L. comitas—comis, courteous.]

Comma, kom′a, n. (Shak.) a short part of a sentence: in punctuation, the point which marks the smallest division of a sentence: (fig.) a brief interval.—Inverted commas, marks of quotation ("..", '..'). [L.,—Gr. komma, a section of a sentence, from koptein, to cut off.]

Command, kom-mand′, v.t. to order: to bid: to exercise supreme authority over: (Shak.) to demand: to cause to act: (Shak.) to exact: to have within sight, influence, or control.—v.i. to have chief authority: to govern.—n. an order: authority: message: the ability to overlook or influence: the thing commanded.—ns. ', an officer who has the command of a place or of a body of troops, '.—v.t. ', to compel to military service.—ns. ', one who commands: an officer in the navy next in rank under a captain; ', the highest staff appointment in the British army: the officer in supreme command of an army, or of the entire forces of the state; '; ', the district under a commander, specially used in connection with the Templars, the Hospitallers, and other religious orders.—adj. ', fitted to impress or control.—adv. '.—n. ', a command: a precept.—Commander of the Faithful, a title of the caliphs.—At Command, available for use; On command, under orders.—Ten Commandments, the ten Mosaic laws: (slang) the ten finger-nails, used by women in fighting. [Fr. commander—L. commendāre—com, and mandāre, to entrust.]

Commeasure, kom-mezh′ūr, v.t. to equal in measure: to coincide with.—n. ' (same as ').

Commemorate, kom-em′o-rāt, v.t. to call to remembrance by a solemn or public act: to celebrate: to preserve the memory of.—adj. '.—n. ', preserving the memory of some person or thing by a solemn ceremony: the specification of individual saints in the prayers for the dead: the great festival of the Oxford academic year, usually taking place on the third Wednesday after Trinity Sunday.—adjs. ', ', tending or serving to commemorate.—n. . [L. commemoratus, pa.p. of commemorāre, to remember—com, inten., and memor, mindful.]

Commence, kom-ens′, v.i. to begin: to originate: to take rise.—v.t. to begin: to originate: to enter upon: to take a university degree—e.g. 'to commence M.A.'—n. , the beginning: at certain universities the act of taking the degrees: the ceremony when these are conferred. [O. Fr. comencer—L. com, and initiāre, to begin—in, into, and īre, to go.]

Commend, kom-end′, v.t. to give into the charge of: to recommend as worthy: to praise: to adorn, set off.—n. (Shak.) praise.—adj. ', worthy of being commended or praised.—n. '.—adv. '.—ns. ', a manner of holding an ecclesiastical benefice till a proper pastor was provided for it—it was provisionally commended to the care of a clerk, and was said to be held in commendam; ', the act of commending: praise: declaration of esteem: esp. the act of commending the dying or dead to the favour and mercy of God; ', one who holds a benefice in commendam.—adj. , commending: containing praise or commendation: presenting to favourable notice or reception.—Commend me to, remember me kindly to: give me by preference. [L. commendāre—com, and mandāre, to trust.]

Commensal, ko-men′sal, adj. eating at the same table.—n. a messmate.—n. , the intimate but never parasitic association of two organisms, for the benefit of one, or very often of both. [L. com, together, mensa, a table.]

Commensurable, kom-en′sū-ra-bl, adj. having a common measure.—ns. ', '.—adv. '.—adj. ', of the same measure with: equal in measure or extent: in proportion with.—adv. '.—ns. ', . [L. com, with, and mensura, a measure—metīri, mensus, to measure.]

Comment, kom′ent, n. a note conveying an illustration or explanation: a remark, observation, criticism.—v.i. (or to make critical or explanatory notes: to annotate: (Shak.) to meditate.—ns. ', a comment: a remark: a book consisting of a regular series of comments or notes on another book; ', annotation; ', ' (or '), ' (or ').—adj. ', pertaining to the making of commentaries. [Fr.,—L. commentāri—com, and L. mens, the mind.]

Commerce, kom′ėrs, n. interchange of merchandise on a large scale between nations or individuals: extended trade or traffic: intercourse: fellowship.—v.i. ', to trade: to have communication with.—adj. ', pertaining to commerce: mercantile.—n. commercial traveller.—ns. '; '; '.—adv. '.—Commercial room, a room in a hotel set apart for commercial travellers; Commercial traveller, a person who transacts business as the accredited travelling representative of a trading house to other trading houses. [Fr.,—L. commercium—com, with, merx, mercis, merchandise.]

Commerge, ko-mėrj′, v.i. to coincide, agree.

Comminate, kom′in-āt, v.t. to threaten.—n. ', threatening, denunciation: a recital of God's threatenings made on Ash-Wednesday and at other times in the English Church.—adjs. ', , threatening punishment. [L.,—com, inten., and mināri, to threaten.]

Commingle, kom-ing′gl, v.t. to mingle or mix with.—adj. . [L. com, together, and Mingle.]

Comminute, kom′in-ūt, v.t. to reduce to minute particles: to pulverise.—n. .—Comminuted fracture, the breaking of a bone in several places: a compound fracture. [L. comminuĕre, -ūtum, to break into pieces—com, and minuĕre, to make small—root minus, less.]

Commiserate, kom-iz′ėr-āt, v.t. to feel for the miseries of another: to pity: to condole with.—adj. ', requiring commiseration: pitiable.—n. ', concern for the sufferings of others: pity.—adj. ', feeling or expressing sympathetic sorrow.—n. '. [L. com, with, miserāri, to deplore—miser, wretched.]