Carley Hamilton v. Snook Cottingham/Opinion of the Court

These are appeals under section 266 of the Judicial Code (28 USCA § 380), from final decrees of District Courts of three judges for the Northern District of California. Each, on motion to dismiss the complaint, dissolved a temporary injunction, dismissed the complaint, and upheld the constitutionality of section 77(b) and (c) of the Motor Vehicle Act of California, 1923 California Statutes, c. 266, as amended, 1927 California Statutes, c. 844. Section 36(a) requires every motor vehicle operated upon the public highways of the state to be registered. Under section 77(a) an annual fee of $3 is exacted for the registration of all motor vehicles. By subsections (b) and (c), printed in the margin so far as relevant, a graduated license or registration fee, payable in advance, is exacted for registration of motor vehicles used for transportation 'of passengers for hire or for transportation of property.' The duty of enforcing the act is committed to the respondent, the chief of the division of motor vehicles, who is required to deposit the fees collected in the state treasury to the credit of the 'motor vehicle fund.' After deductions for the support of the division of motor vehicles, the fund is required to be expended, one half by paying it over to the counties, to be used by them in the construction and maintenance of public roads, the other half for the maintenance of state roads.

Under sections 51, 153(c), operation of a motor vehicle for which the registration fees have not been paid is a misdemeanor, punishable by fine of not more than $500, or imprisonment for not more than six months, or both. By section 81, fees not paid for 30 days after they become due are doubled. Their payment is secured by a lien upon the vehicles required to be registered, enforceable by seizure and sale.

Incorporated cities in California may enact ordinances requiring license fees for the operation of motor vehicles used in transporting passengers for hire, and property, within city limits. Constitution of California, art. 11, §§ 11, 12; section 145, Motor Vehicle Act. It is conceded that all California cities have passed ordinances imposing such registration fees, varying from $5 to $42 per motor vehicle, in addition to those scheduled in section 77, and that 75 per cent. of the fees collected under these ordinances are applied to the maintenance of streets in cities.

The petitioners in both suits are owners of motor vehicles of various types, described in section 77(b) or (c), which petitioners in No. 86 operate exclusively over highways within the limits of incorporated cities, and which petitioners in No. 267 operate over highways principally within but partly without city limits. Both complaints assail the validity of the act under the Constitution of California and the Fourteenth Amendment of the Federal Constitution. The bill in No. 86 was filed December 29, 1928. Its allegations, admitted by the motion to dismiss, are that the petitioners will be required to pay license fees for the ensuing year on or before January 31, 1929, in order to use their motor vehicles upon streets of incorporated cities, and to avoid the destruction of their business and irreparable loss by the seizure and sale of their motor vehicles and the imposition of the penalties of the act, which respondent threatens to enforce. See Packard v. Banton, 264 U.S. 140, 44 S.C.t. 257, 68 L. Ed. 596.

Petitioners insist that the registration fees imposed by section 77(b) and (c) are in effect tolls for the use of the high ways maintained by the state, see Matter of Schuler, 167 Cal. 282, 290, 139 P. 685, Ann. Cas. 1915C, 706; Bacon Service Corp. v. Huss, 199 Cal. 21, 29, 248 P. 235, and as they pay the license tax imposed by the cities for the use of city streets, the exaction of the additional 'tolls' with respect to highways outside of cities, which petitioners in No. 86 do not use and which the petitioners in No. 267 use less than the city streets, is a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment.

This argument is based upon cases in this court arising, not under the Fourteenth Amendment, but the commerce clause of the Constitution, where the tax assailed was levied by a state on interstate carriers and purported to be exacted for their use of the state highways. In such cases this court must ascertain whether a forbidden burden is imposed on interstate commerce. For that purpose it may inquire whether the tax bears some reasonable relation to the use of the state facilities by the carrier. Sprout v. South Bend, 277 U.S. 163, 48 S.C.t. 502, 72 L. Ed. 833, 62 A. L. R. 45; Interstate Busses Corporation v. Blodgett, 276 U.S. 245, 246, 48 S.C.t. 230, 72 L. Ed. 551; Hendrick v. Maryland, 235 U.S. 619, 35 S.C.t. 140, 59 L. Ed. 385; Kane v. State of New Jersey, 242 U.S. 160, 37 S.C.t. 30, 61 L. Ed. 222; Clark v. Poor, 274 U.S. 554, 47 S.C.t. 702, 71 L. Ed. 1199.

But we are now concerned only with the use of motor cars in intrastate commerce, and in any case, not the precise name which may be given to the money payment demanded, but its effect upon the persons paying it, is of importance in determining whether the Constitution is infringed. Whatever other descriptive term may be applied to the present registration fees, they are exactions, made in the exercise of the state taxing power, for the privilege of operating specified classes of motor vehicles over public highways, and expended for state purposes. Such fees, if covered into the state treasury and used for public purposes, as are general taxes, obviously would not offend against the due process clause. Nor can we see that they do so the more because the state has designated the particular public purposes for which they may be used. There is nothing in the Federal Constitution which requires a state to apply such fees for the benefit of those who pay them. See Thomas v. Gay, 169 U.S. 264, 280, 18 S.C.t. 340, 42 L. Ed. 740.

A corollary of this contention is that although the fees are not per se disproportionate to the privilege of operating over all the highways of the state, petitioners are nevertheless entitled to receive licenses limiting the operation of their motorcars to the few highways which they wish to use, upon payment of correspondingly reduced fees. But no constitutional principle is suggested, and we know of none, which would enable a licensee thus to regulate the extent of the privilege granted or to assail an otherwise valid tax upon it merely because a reduction of the privilege and the tax would better suit his convenience or his pocketbook.

The objection that the petitioners should not be required to pay the challenged fees because they are already paying the city license tax is but the familiar one, often rejected, that a state may not, by different statutes, impose two taxes upon the same subject-matter, although, concededly, the total tax, if imposed by a single taxing statute, would not transgress the due process clause. See Swiss Corporation v. Shanks, 273 U.S. 407, 413, 47 S.C.t. 393, 71 L. Ed. 709; St. Louis, Southwestern Ry. v. Arkansas, 235 U.S. 350, 367, 368, 35 S.C.t. 99, 59 L. Ed. 265; Shaffer v. Carter, 252 U.S. 37, 58, 40 S.C.t. 221, 64 L. Ed. 445; Ft. Smith Lumber Co. v. Arkansas, 251 U.S. 532, 533, 40 S.C.t. 304, 64 L. Ed. 396.

Only a word need be said of petitioner's contention that the exemption of all vehicles weighing less than 3,000 pounds, although their loaded weight may be much more than vehicles not exempt, infringes the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and the similar section 21 of article 1 of the State Constitution. That the Legislature may graduate the fees according to the propensities of the vehicles to injure or to destroy the public highways, and may exempt those with respect to which this tendency is slight or nonexistent, cannot be doubted. We may not assume that vehicles weighing less than 3,000 pounds, with loads which they usually carry, are not of this class, or that vehicles weighing more than 3,000 pounds with their accustomed burden added do not have this tendency. It is for the Legislature to draw the line between the two classes. Magoun v. Illinois Trust & Savings Bank, 170 U.S. 283, 300, 301, 18 S.C.t. 594, 42 L. Ed. 1037; Clark v. Titusville, 184 U.S. 329, 331, 22 S.C.t. 382, 46 L. Ed. 569; Quong Wing v. Kirkendall, 223 U.S. 59, 62, 32 S.C.t. 192, 56 L. Ed. 350; Citizens' Telephone Co. v. Fuller, 229 U.S. 322, 33 S.C.t. 837, 57 L. Ed. 1215; Watson v. State Comptroller, 254 U.S. 122, 125, 41 S.C.t. 43, 65 L. Ed. 170; Franchise Motor Freight Ass'n v. Seavey, 196 Cal. 77, 81, 235 P. 1000; In re Schmolke, 199 Cal. 42, 48, 248 P. 244. Cf. Fifth Avenue Coach Co. v. New York, 221 U.S. 467, 484, 31 S.C.t. 709, 55 L. Ed. 815; Packard v. Banton, supra; Silver v. Silver, 280 U.S. 117, 123, 50 S.C.t. 57, 74 L. Ed. 221.

These conclusions are decisive of the like questions raised in No. 267. An additional objection raised in that suit is that the registration fees under section 77 are 'tolls' prohibited by the Federal Highway Act, 42 Stat. 212 (23 USCA §§ 1-25), under which the state has received grants of federal aid for the construction and reconstruction of highways. Section 9 of the Federal Highway Act (23 USCA § 9) provides 'that all highways constructed or reconstructed under the provisions of this Act shall be free from tolls of all kinds.'

The present registration fees cannot be said to be tolls in the commonly accepted sense of a proprietor's charge for the passage over a highway or bridge, exacted when and as the privilege of passage is exercised. See Huse v. Glover, 119 U.S. 543, 548, 7 S.C.t. 313, 30 L. Ed. 487; Sands v. Manistee River Imp. Co., 123 U.S. 288, 293, 8 S.C.t. 113, 31 L. Ed. 149; St. Louis v. Western Union Telegraph Co., 148 U.S. 92, 97, 13 S.C.t. 485, 37 L. Ed. 380. The fact that registration fees are imposed generally upon all residents who use motor vehicles within the state, without reference to any particular highways or to the extent or frequency of the use, and that, as in California, they are not exacted of nonresident automobilists passing through the state (1923 California Statutes, c. 266, § 47), marks them as demands of sovereignty, not of proprietorship, and likens them to taxes rather than tolls. The fact that they may have been held justified, in other connections, because of their similarity to 'tolls for the use of highways,' affords no basis for saying that the present fees are prohibited tolls within the meaning of the Federal Highway Act.

Such fees were a common form of state license tax before the Federal Highway Act was adopted in 1921. That act contemplated the continued maintenance by the states of state highways, constructed with federal aid, the expense of which must necessarily be defrayed from revenues derived from state taxation. It cannot be supposed that Congress intended to procure the abandonment by the states of this well-recognized type of taxation without more explicit language than that prohibiting tolls found in section 9 (23 USCA § 9). Judgments in both cases.

Affirmed.