CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Uzbekistan


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!| Background:
 * Russia conquered Uzbekistan in the late 19th century. Stiff resistance to the Red Army after World War I was eventually suppressed and a socialist republic set up in 1924. During the Soviet era, intensive production of "white gold" (cotton) and grain led to overuse of agrochemicals and the depletion of water supplies, which have left the land poisoned and the Aral Sea and certain rivers half dry. Independent since 1991, the country seeks to gradually lessen its dependence on agriculture while developing its mineral and petroleum reserves. Current concerns include terrorism by Islamic militants, economic stagnation, and the curtailment of human rights and democratization.
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!| Location: !| Geographic coordinates: !| Map references: !| Area: water: 22,000 sq km land: 425,400 sq km !| Area - comparative: !| Land boundaries: border countries: Afghanistan 137 km, Kazakhstan 2,203 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,099 km, Tajikistan 1,161 km, Turkmenistan 1,621 km !| Coastline: !| Maritime claims: !| Climate: !| Terrain: !| Elevation extremes: highest point: Adelunga Toghi 4,301 m !| Natural resources: !| Land use: permanent crops: 0.83% other: 88.34% (2001) !| Irrigated land: !| Natural hazards: !| Environment - current issues: !| Environment - international agreements: signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements !| Geography - note:
 * Central Asia, north of Afghanistan
 * 41 00 N, 64 00 E
 * Asia
 * total: 447,400 sq km
 * slightly larger than California
 * total: 6,221 km
 * 0 km (doubly landlocked); note - Uzbekistan includes the southern portion of the Aral Sea with a 420 km shoreline
 * none (doubly landlocked)
 * mostly midlatitude desert, long, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid grassland in east
 * mostly flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; broad, flat intensely irrigated river valleys along course of Amu Darya, Syr Darya (Sirdaryo), and Zarafshon; Fergana Valley in east surrounded by mountainous Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan; shrinking Aral Sea in west
 * lowest point: Sariqarnish Kuli -12 m
 * natural gas, petroleum, coal, gold, uranium, silver, copper, lead and zinc, tungsten, molybdenum
 * arable land: 10.83%
 * 42,810 sq km (1998 est.)
 * NA
 * shrinkage of the Aral Sea is resulting in growing concentrations of chemical pesticides and natural salts; these substances are then blown from the increasingly exposed lake bed and contribute to desertification; water pollution from industrial wastes and the heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides is the cause of many human health disorders; increasing soil salination; soil contamination from buried nuclear processing and agricultural chemicals, including DDT
 * party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
 * along with Liechtenstein, one of the only two doubly landlocked countries in the world
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!| Population: !| Age structure: 15-64 years: 61.1% (male 7,990,233; female 8,157,136) 65 years and over: 4.8% (male 513,434; female 748,382) (2004 est.) !| Median age: male: 21.4 years female: 22.7 years (2004 est.) !| Population growth rate: !| Birth rate: !| Death rate: !| Net migration rate: !| Sex ratio: under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2004 est.) !| Infant mortality rate: female: 67.39 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.) male: 75.03 deaths/1,000 live births !| Life expectancy at birth: male: 60.67 years female: 67.69 years (2004 est.) !| Total fertility rate: !| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: !| HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: !| HIV/AIDS - deaths: !| Nationality: adjective: Uzbekistani !| Ethnic groups: !| Religions: !| Languages: !| Literacy: total population: 99.3% male: 99.6% female: 99% (2003 est.)
 * 26,410,416 (July 2004 est.)
 * 0-14 years: 34.1% (male 4,583,228; female 4,418,003)
 * total: 22.1 years
 * 1.65% (2004 est.)
 * 26.12 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * 7.95 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * -1.72 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
 * total: 71.3 deaths/1,000 live births
 * total population: 64.09 years
 * 2.97 children born/woman (2004 est.)
 * less than 0.1% (2001 est.)
 * 11,000 (2003 est.)
 * less than 500 (2003 est.)
 * noun: Uzbekistani
 * Uzbek 80%, Russian 5.5%, Tajik 5%, Kazakh 3%, Karakalpak 2.5%, Tatar 1.5%, other 2.5% (1996 est.)
 * Muslim 88% (mostly Sunnis), Eastern Orthodox 9%, other 3%
 * Uzbek 74.3%, Russian 14.2%, Tajik 4.4%, other 7.1%
 * definition: age 15 and over can read and write
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!| Country name: conventional short form: Uzbekistan local short form: Ozbekiston former: Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic local long form: Ozbekiston Respublikasi !| Government type: !| Capital: !| Administrative divisions: note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses) !| Independence: !| National holiday: !| Constitution: !| Legal system: !| Suffrage: !| Executive branch: head of government: Prime Minister Shavkat MIRZIYAYEV (since 11 December 2003) cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president with approval of the Supreme Assembly election results: Islom KARIMOV reelected president; percent of vote - Islom KARIMOV 91.9%, Abdulkhafiz JALALOV 4.2% elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term (previously was a five-year term, extended by constitutional amendment in 2002); election last held 9 January 2000 (next to be held NA December 2007); prime minister and deputy ministers appointed by the president !| Legislative branch: election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA; Legislative Chamber - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - LDPU 41, NDP 32, Fidokorlar 17, MTP 11, Adolat 9, unaffiliated 10 note: all parties in the Supreme Assembly support President KARIMOV elections: last held 26 December 2004 and 9 January 2005 (next to be held December 2009) !| Judicial branch: !| Political parties and leaders: !| Political pressure groups and leaders: !| International organization participation: !| Diplomatic representation in the US: FAX: [1] (202) 293-6804 consulate(s) general: New York telephone: [1] (202) 293-6803 chancery: 1746 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 !| Diplomatic representation from the US: embassy: 82 Chilanzarskaya, Tashkent 700115 mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [998] (71) 120-5450 FAX: [998] (71) 120-6335 !| Flag description:
 * conventional long form: Republic of Uzbekistan
 * republic; authoritarian presidential rule, with little power outside the executive branch
 * Tashkent (Toshkent)
 * 12 provinces (viloyatlar, singular - viloyat), 1 autonomous republic* (respublika), and 1 city** (shahar); Andijon Viloyati, Buxoro Viloyati, Farg'ona Viloyati, Jizzax Viloyati, Namangan Viloyati, Navoiy Viloyati, Qashqadaryo Viloyati (Qarshi), Qaraqalpog'iston Respublikasi* (Nukus), Samarqand Viloyati, Sirdaryo Viloyati (Guliston), Surxondaryo Viloyati (Termiz), Toshkent Shahri**, Toshkent Viloyati, Xorazm Viloyati (Urganch)
 * 1 September 1991 (from Soviet Union)
 * Independence Day, 1 September (1991)
 * new constitution adopted 8 December 1992
 * evolution of Soviet civil law; still lacks independent judicial system
 * 18 years of age; universal
 * chief of state: President Islom KARIMOV (since 24 March 1990, when he was elected president by the then Supreme Soviet)
 * bicameral Supreme Assembly or Oliy Majlis consists of an Upper House or Senate (100 seats; 84 members are elected by regional governing councils to serve five-year terms and 16 are appointed by the president) and a Lower House or Legislative Chamber (120 seats; elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
 * Supreme Court (judges are nominated by the president and confirmed by the Supreme Assembly)
 * Adolat (Justice) Social Democratic Party [Dilorom TOSHMUHAMMADOVA, chairman]; Democratic National Rebirth Party (Milly Tiklanish) or MTP [Xurshid DOSTMUHAMMADOV, chief]; Liberal Democratic Party of Uzbekistan or LDPU [Adham SHODMONOV, chairman]; People's Democratic Party or NDP (formerly Communist Party) [Asliddin RUSTAMOV, first secretary]; Self-Sacrificers Party or Fidokorlar National Democratic Party [Ahtam TURSUNOV, chief]; note - Fatherland Progress Party merged with Self-Sacrificers Party
 * Agrarian and Entrepreneurs' Party [Marat ZAHIDOV]; Birlik (Unity) Movement [Abdurakhim POLAT, chairman]; Erk (Freedom) Democratic Party [Muhammad SOLIH, chairman] was banned 9 December 1992; Ezgulik Human Rights Society [Vasilia INOYATOVA]; Free Farmers' Party or Ozod Dehqonlar [Nigara KHIDOYATOVA]; Human Rights Society of Uzbekistan [Tolib YAKUBOV, chairman]; Independent Human Rights Society of Uzbekistan [Mikhail ARDZINOV, chairman]; Mazlum [leader NA]
 * AsDB, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, GUUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer)
 * chief of mission: Ambassador Abdulaziz KAMILOV
 * chief of mission: Ambassador Jon PURNELL
 * three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and green separated by red fimbriations with a white crescent moon and 12 white stars in the upper hoist-side quadrant
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!| Economy - overview: !| GDP: !| GDP - real growth rate: !| GDP - per capita: !| GDP - composition by sector: industry: 26.3% services: 35.7% (2003 est.) !| Population below poverty line: !| Household income or consumption by percentage share: highest 10%: 32.8% (1998) !| Distribution of family income - Gini index: !| Inflation rate (consumer prices): !| Labor force: !| Labor force - by occupation: !| Unemployment rate: !| Budget: expenditures: $2.207 billion, including capital expenditures of NA (2003 est.) !| Public debt: !| Agriculture - products: !| Industries: !| Industrial production growth rate: !| Electricity - production: !| Electricity - consumption: !| Electricity - exports: !| Electricity - imports: !| Oil - production: !| Oil - consumption: !| Oil - exports: !| Oil - imports: !| Oil - proved reserves: !| Natural gas - production: !| Natural gas - consumption: !| Natural gas - exports: !| Natural gas - imports: !| Natural gas - proved reserves: !| Current account balance: !| Exports: !| Exports - commodities: !| Exports - partners: !| Imports: !| Imports - commodities: !| Imports - partners: !| Reserves of foreign exchange & gold: !| Debt - external: !| Economic aid - recipient: !| Currency: !| Currency code: !| Exchange rates: !| Fiscal year:
 * Uzbekistan is a dry, landlocked country of which 11% consists of intensely cultivated, irrigated river valleys. More than 60% of its population lives in densely populated rural communities. Uzbekistan is now the world's second-largest cotton exporter, a large producer of gold and oil, and a regionally significant producer of chemicals and machinery. Following independence in December 1991, the government sought to prop up its Soviet-style command economy with subsidies and tight controls on production and prices. Uzbekistan responded to the negative external conditions generated by the Asian and Russian financial crises by emphasizing import substitute industrialization and by tightening export and currency controls within its already largely closed economy. The government, while aware of the need to improve the investment climate, sponsors measures that often increase, not decrease, the government's control over business decisions. A sharp increase in the inequality of income distribution has hurt the lower ranks of society since independence. In 2003, the government accepted the obligations of Article VIII under the International Monetary Fund (IMF), providing for full currency convertibility. However, strict currency controls and tightening of borders have lessened the effects of convertibility and have also lead to some shortages which have further stifled economic activity.
 * purchasing power parity - $43.99 billion (2003 est.)
 * 3.1% (2003 est.)
 * purchasing power parity - $1,700 (2003 est.)
 * agriculture: 38%
 * NA (2004 est.)
 * lowest 10%: 1.2%
 * 44.7 (1998)
 * 13.1% (2003 est.)
 * 14.2 million (2003 est.)
 * agriculture 44%, industry 20%, services 36% (1995)
 * 0.5% plus another 20% underemployed (2003)
 * revenues: $2.176 billion
 * 42.3% of GDP (2003)
 * cotton, vegetables, fruits, grain; livestock
 * textiles, food processing, machine building, metallurgy, natural gas, chemicals
 * 6.2% (2003 est.)
 * 44.49 billion kWh (2001)
 * 47.07 billion kWh (2001)
 * 3.998 billion kWh (2001)
 * 9.7 billion kWh (2001)
 * 142,700 bbl/day (2001 est.)
 * 142,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)
 * NA (2001)
 * NA (2001)
 * 297 million bbl (1 January 2002)
 * 63.1 billion cu m (2001 est.)
 * 45.2 billion cu m (2001 est.)
 * 17.9 billion cu m (2001 est.)
 * 0 cu m (2001 est.)
 * 937.3 billion cu m (1 January 2002)
 * $462 million (2003)
 * $2.83 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
 * cotton 41.5%, gold 9.6%, energy products 9.6%, mineral fertilizers, ferrous metals, textiles, food products, automobiles (1998 est.)
 * Russia 22.4%, China 9.3%, Ukraine 7.5%, Tajikistan 6.2%, Bangladesh 4.7%, Turkey 4.6%, Japan 4.3%, Kazakhstan 4.2%, US 4.1% (2003)
 * $2.31 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
 * machinery and equipment 49.8%, foodstuffs 16.4%, chemicals, metals (1998 est.)
 * Russia 22.3%, US 11.4%, South Korea 11%, Germany 9.5%, China 6.5%, Kazakhstan 6.1%, Turkey 6.1% (2003)
 * $1.286 billion (2003)
 * $4.384 billion (2003 est.)
 * $87.4 million from the US (2003)
 * Uzbekistani sum (UZS)
 * UZS
 * Uzbekistani sums per US dollar - 115.9 (2003), 125.3 (2002), NA (2001), 236.608 (2000), 124.625 (1999)
 * calendar year
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!| Telephones - main lines in use: !| Telephones - mobile cellular: !| Telephone system: domestic: the domestic telephone system is being expanded and technologically improved, particularly in Tashkent (Toshkent) and Samarqand, under contracts with prominent companies in industrialized countries; moreover, by 1998, six cellular networks had been placed in operation - four of the GSM type (Global System for Mobile Communication), one D-AMPS type (Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System), and one AMPS type (Advanced Mobile Phone System) international: country code - 998; linked by landline or microwave radio relay with CIS member states and to other countries by leased connection via the Moscow international gateway switch; after the completion of the Uzbek link to the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic cable, Uzbekistan will be independent of Russian facilities for international communications; Inmarsat also provides an international connection, albeit an expensive one; satellite earth stations - NA (1998) !| Radio broadcast stations: !| Radios: !| Television broadcast stations: !| Televisions: !| Internet country code: !| Internet hosts: !| Internet Service Providers (ISPs): !| Internet users:
 * 1,717,100 (2003)
 * 320,800 (2003)
 * general assessment: antiquated and inadequate; in serious need of modernization
 * AM 20, FM 7, shortwave 10 (1998)
 * 10.8 million (1997)
 * 4 (plus two repeaters that relay Russian programs), 1 cable rebroadcaster in Tashkent; approximately 20 stations in regional capitals (2003)
 * 6.4 million (1997)
 * .uz
 * 1,040 (2003)
 * 42 (2000)
 * 492,000 (2003)
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!| Railways: broad gauge: 3,950 km 1.520-m gauge (620 km electrified) (2003) !| Highways: paved: 71,237 km unpaved: 10,363 km (1999 est.) !| Waterways: !| Pipelines: !| Ports and harbors: !| Airports: !| Airports - with paved runways: over 3,047 m: 5 2,438 to 3,047 m: 14 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 5 under 914 m: 4 (2003 est.) !| Airports - with unpaved runways: 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 9 under 914 m: 200 (2003 est.)
 * total: 3,950 km
 * total: 81,600 km
 * 1,100 km (2004)
 * gas 9,149 km; oil 869 km; refined products 33 km (2004)
 * Termiz (Amu Darya)
 * 247 (2003 est.)
 * total: 33
 * total: 214
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!| Military branches: !| Military manpower - military age and obligation: !| Military manpower - availability: !| Military manpower - fit for military service: !| Military manpower - reaching military age annually: !| Military expenditures - dollar figure: !| Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
 * Army, Air and Air Defense Forces, National Guard
 * 18 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation - 12 months (2004)
 * males age 15-49: 7,126,325 (2004 est.)
 * males age 15-49: 5,783,740 (2004 est.)
 * males: 321,886 (2004 est.)
 * $200 million (FY97)
 * 2% (FY97)
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