CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Turkey


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!| Background:
 * Modern Turkey was founded in 1923 from the Anatolian remnants of the defeated Ottoman Empire by national hero Mustafa KEMAL, who was later honored with the title Ataturk, or "Father of the Turks." Under his authoritarian leadership, the country adopted wide-ranging social, legal, and political reforms. After a period of one-party rule, an experiment with multi-party politics led to the 1950 election victory of the opposition Democratic Party and the peaceful transfer of power. Since then, Turkish political parties have multiplied, but democracy has been fractured by periods of instability and intermittent military coups (1960, 1971, 1980), which in each case eventually resulted in a return of political power to civilians. In 1997, the military again helped engineer the ouster - popularly dubbed a "post-modern coup" - of the then Islamic-oriented government. Turkey intervened militarily on Cyprus in 1974 to prevent a Greek takeover of the island and has since acted as patron state to the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus," which only Turkey recognizes. A separatist insurgency begun in 1984 by the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) - now known as the People's Congress of Kurdistan or Kongra-Gel (KGK) - has dominated the Turkish military's attention and claimed more than 30,000 lives, but after the capture of the group's leader in 1999, the insurgents largely withdrew from Turkey, mainly to northern Iraq. In 2004, KGK announced an end to its ceasefire and attacks attributed to the KGK increased. Turkey joined the UN in 1945 and in 1952 it became a member of NATO. In 1964, Turkey became an associate member of the European Community; over the past decade, it has undertaken many reforms to strengthen its democracy and economy, enabling it to begin accession membership talks with the European Union.
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!| Location: !| Geographic coordinates: !| Map references: !| Area: water: 9,820 sq km land: 770,760 sq km !| Area - comparative: !| Land boundaries: border countries: Armenia 268 km, Azerbaijan 9 km, Bulgaria 240 km, Georgia 252 km, Greece 206 km, Iran 499 km, Iraq 352 km, Syria 822 km !| Coastline: !| Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: in Black Sea only: to the maritime boundary agreed upon with the former USSR !| Climate: !| Terrain: !| Elevation extremes: highest point: Mount Ararat 5,166 m !| Natural resources: !| Land use: permanent crops: 3.31% other: 65.76% (2001) !| Irrigated land: !| Natural hazards: !| Environment - current issues: !| Environment - international agreements: signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification !| Geography - note:
 * southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia (that portion of Turkey west of the Bosporus is geographically part of Europe), bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Georgia, and bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, between Greece and Syria
 * 39 00 N, 35 00 E
 * Middle East
 * total: 780,580 sq km
 * slightly larger than Texas
 * total: 2,648 km
 * 7,200 km
 * territorial sea: 6 nm in the Aegean Sea; 12 nm in Black Sea and in Mediterranean Sea
 * temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior
 * high central plateau (Anatolia); narrow coastal plain; several mountain ranges
 * lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
 * coal, iron ore, copper, chromium, antimony, mercury, gold, barite, borate, celestite (strontium), emery, feldspar, limestone, magnesite, marble, perlite, pumice, pyrites (sulfur), clay, arable land, hydropower
 * arable land: 30.93%
 * 42,000 sq km (1998 est.)
 * very severe earthquakes, especially in northern Turkey, along an arc extending from the Sea of Marmara to Lake Van
 * water pollution from dumping of chemicals and detergents; air pollution, particularly in urban areas; deforestation; concern for oil spills from increasing Bosporus ship traffic
 * party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
 * strategic location controlling the Turkish Straits (Bosporus, Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles) that link Black and Aegean Seas; Mount Ararat, the legendary landing place of Noah's Ark, is in the far eastern portion of the country
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!| Population: !| Age structure: 15-64 years: 66.8% (male 23,394,465; female 22,650,532) 65 years and over: 6.6% (male 2,078,881; female 2,451,190) (2004 est.) !| Median age: male: 27.1 years female: 27.5 years (2004 est.) !| Population growth rate: !| Birth rate: !| Death rate: !| Net migration rate: !| Sex ratio: under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2004 est.) !| Infant mortality rate: female: 38.76 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.) male: 46.3 deaths/1,000 live births !| Life expectancy at birth: male: 69.68 years female: 74.61 years (2004 est.) !| Total fertility rate: !| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: !| HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: !| HIV/AIDS - deaths: !| Nationality: adjective: Turkish !| Ethnic groups: !| Religions: !| Languages: !| Literacy: total population: 86.5% male: 94.3% female: 78.7% (2003 est.)
 * 68,893,918 (July 2004 est.)
 * 0-14 years: 26.6% (male 9,328,108; female 8,990,742)
 * total: 27.3 years
 * 1.13% (2004 est.)
 * 17.22 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * 5.95 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
 * total: 42.62 deaths/1,000 live births
 * total population: 72.08 years
 * 1.98 children born/woman (2004 est.)
 * less than 0.1% - note: no country specific models provided (2001 est.)
 * NA
 * NA
 * noun: Turk(s)
 * Turkish 80%, Kurdish 20% (estimated)
 * Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (mostly Christians and Jews)
 * Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic, Armenian, Greek
 * definition: age 15 and over can read and write
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!| Country name: conventional short form: Turkey local long form: Turkiye Cumhuriyeti local short form: Turkiye !| Government type: !| Capital: !| Administrative divisions: !| Independence: !| National holiday: !| Constitution: !| Legal system: !| Suffrage: !| Executive branch: election results: Ahmed Necdet SEZER elected president on the third ballot; percent of National Assembly vote - 60% elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a seven-year term; election last held 5 May 2000 (next to be held NA May 2007); prime minister appointed by the president from among members of parliament cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the nomination of the prime minister head of government: Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (14 March 2003) note: president must have a two-thirds majority of the National Assembly on the first two ballots and a simple majority on the third ballot !| Legislative branch: elections: last held 3 November 2002 (next to be held NA 2007); note - a special rerun of the General Election in the province of Siirt on 9 March 2003 resulted in the election of Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN to a seat in parliament, a prerequisite for becoming prime minister on 14 March 2003 election results: percent of vote by party - AKP 34.3%, CHP 19.4%, DYP 9.6%, MHP 8.3%, ANAP 5.1%, DSP 1.1%, and others; seats by party - AKP 363, CHP 178, independents 9; note - parties surpassing the 10% threshold are entitled to parliamentary seats; seats by party as of 1 December 2004 - AKP 368, CHP 171, DYP 4, LDP 1, independents 5, vacant 1 !| Judicial branch: !| Political parties and leaders: note: the parties listed above are some of the more significant of the 49 parties that Turkey had on 1 December 2004 !| Political pressure groups and leaders: !| International organization participation: !| Diplomatic representation in the US: chancery: 2525 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 FAX: [1] (202) 612-6744 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, and New York telephone: [1] (202) 612-6700 !| Diplomatic representation from the US: embassy: 110 Ataturk Boulevard, Kavaklidere, 06100 Ankara mailing address: PSC 93, Box 5000, APO AE 09823 telephone: [90] (312) 455-5555 FAX: [90] (312) 467-0019 consulate(s) general: Istanbul consulate(s): Adana; note - there is a Consular Agent in Izmir !| Flag description:
 * conventional long form: Republic of Turkey
 * republican parliamentary democracy
 * Ankara
 * 81 provinces (iller, singular - il); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyonkarahisar, Agri, Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Ardahan, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Bartin, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik, Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli, Diyarbakir, Duzce, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep, Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Igdir, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir, Kahramanmaras, Karabuk, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kilis, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mersin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir, Nigde, Ordu, Osmaniye, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Sanliurfa, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon, Tunceli, Usak, Van, Yalova, Yozgat, Zonguldak
 * 29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman Empire)
 * Republic Day, 29 October (1923)
 * 7 November 1982
 * civil law system derived from various European continental legal systems; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations; note - member of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), although Turkey claims limited derogations on the ratified European Convention on Human Rights
 * 18 years of age; universal
 * chief of state: President Ahmet Necdet SEZER (since 16 May 2000)
 * unicameral Grand National Assembly of Turkey or Turkiye Buyuk Millet Meclisi (550 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
 * Constitutional Court; High Court of Appeals (Yargitay); Council of State (Danistay); Court of Accounts (Sayistay); Military High Court of Appeals; Military High Administrative Court
 * Democratic Left Party or DSP [Mehmet Zeki SEZER]; Democratic People's Party or DEHAP [Tuncer BAKIRHAN]; Justice and Development Party or AKP [Recep Tayip ERDOGAN]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Emin SIRIN]; Motherland Party or ANAP [leader NA]; Nationalist Action Party or MHP [Devlet BAHCELI]; Republican People's Party or CHP (includes the New Turkey Party) [Deniz BAYKAL]; Felicity Party (sometimes translated as Contentment Party) or SP [Necmettin ERBEKAN]; Social Democratic People's Party or SHP [Murat KARAYALCIN]; True Path Party (sometimes translated as Correct Way Party) or DYP [Mehmet AGAR]
 * Confederation of Public Sector Unions or KESK [Sami EVREN]; Confederation of Revolutionary Workers Unions or DISK [Suleyman CELEBI]; Independent Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association or MUSIAD [Omer BOLAT]; Moral Rights Workers Union or Hak-Is [Salim USLU]; Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association or TUSIAD [Omer SABANCI]; Turkish Confederation of Employers' Unions or TISK [Refik BAYDUR]; Turkish Confederation of Labor or Turk-Is [Salih KILIC]; Turkish Confederation of Tradesmen and Craftsmen or TESK [Dervis GUNDAY]; Turkish Union of Chambers of Commerce and Commodity Exchanges or TOBB [M. Rifat HISARCIKLIOGLU]
 * AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CE, CERN (observer), EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EU (applicant), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIK, UNOMIG, UNRWA, UPU, WCO, WEU (associate), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC
 * chief of mission: Ambassador Dr. Osman Faruk LOGOGLU
 * chief of mission: Ambassador Eric S. EDELMAN
 * red with a vertical white crescent (the closed portion is toward the hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening
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!| Economy - overview: !| GDP: !| GDP - real growth rate: !| GDP - per capita: !| GDP - composition by sector: industry: 29.8% services: 58.5% (2003 est.) !| Investment (gross fixed): !| Population below poverty line: !| Household income or consumption by percentage share: highest 10%: 32.3% (1994) !| Distribution of family income - Gini index: !| Inflation rate (consumer prices): !| Labor force: note: about 1.2 million Turks work abroad (2003) !| Labor force - by occupation: !| Unemployment rate: !| Budget: expenditures: $93.31 billion, including capital expenditures of NA (2003) !| Public debt: !| Agriculture - products: !| Industries: !| Industrial production growth rate: !| Electricity - production: !| Electricity - consumption: !| Electricity - exports: !| Electricity - imports: !| Oil - production: !| Oil - consumption: !| Oil - exports: !| Oil - imports: !| Oil - proved reserves: !| Natural gas - production: !| Natural gas - consumption: !| Natural gas - exports: !| Natural gas - imports: !| Natural gas - proved reserves: !| Current account balance: !| Exports: !| Exports - commodities: !| Exports - partners: !| Imports: !| Imports - commodities: !| Imports - partners: !| Reserves of foreign exchange & gold: !| Debt - external: !| Economic aid - recipient: !| Currency: !| Currency code: !| Exchange rates: !| Fiscal year:
 * Turkey's dynamic economy is a complex mix of modern industry and commerce along with a traditional agriculture sector that in 2001 still accounted for 40% of employment. It has a strong and rapidly growing private sector, yet the state still plays a major role in basic industry, banking, transport, and communication. The largest industrial sector is textiles and clothing, which accounts for one-third of industrial employment; it faces stiff competition in international markets with the end of the global quota system. However, other sectors, notably the automotive and electonics industries, are rising in importance within Turkey's export mix. In recent years the economic situation has been marked by erratic economic growth and serious imbalances. Real GNP growth has exceeded 6% in many years, but this strong expansion has been interrupted by sharp declines in output in 1994, 1999, and 2001. Meanwhile, the public sector fiscal deficit has regularly exceeded 10% of GDP - due in large part to the huge burden of interest payments, which accounted for more than 40% of central government spending in 2003. Inflation, in recent years in the high double-digit range, fell to 11.3% in 2004. Perhaps because of these problems, foreign direct investment in Turkey remains low - less than $1 billion annually. Results in 2002-04 improved, because of strong financial support from the IMF and tighter fiscal policy. A major political and economic issue over the next decade is whether or not Turkey will become a member of the EU.
 * purchasing power parity - $458.2 billion (2003 est.)
 * 5.8% (2003 est.)
 * purchasing power parity - $6,700 (2003 est.)
 * agriculture: 11.7%
 * 15.5% of GDP (2003)
 * 18% (2001)
 * lowest 10%: 2.3%
 * 44 (2002)
 * 25.3% (2003 est.)
 * 23.79 million
 * agriculture 39.7%, industry 22.4%, services 37.9% (3rd quarter, 2001)
 * 10.5% (plus underemployment of 6.1%) (2003 est.)
 * revenues: $66.79 billion
 * 78.7% of GDP (2003)
 * tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, pulse, citrus; livestock
 * textiles, food processing, autos, mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper
 * 8.5% (2003 est.)
 * 116.6 billion kWh (2001)
 * 112.6 billion kWh (2001)
 * 433 million kWh (2001)
 * 4.579 billion kWh (2001)
 * 48,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)
 * 619,500 bbl/day (2001 est.)
 * 46,110 bbl/day (2001)
 * 616,500 bbl/day (2001)
 * 288.4 million bbl (1 January 2002)
 * 312 million cu m (2001 est.)
 * 15.94 billion cu m (2001 est.)
 * 0 cu m (2001 est.)
 * 15.75 billion cu m (2001 est.)
 * 8.685 billion cu m (1 January 2002)
 * $-6.806 billion (2003)
 * $49.12 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
 * apparel, foodstuffs, textiles, metal manufactures, transport equipment
 * Germany 15.8%, US 8%, UK 7.8%, Italy 6.8%, France 6% (2003)
 * $62.43 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
 * machinery, chemicals, semi-finished goods, fuels, transport equipment
 * Germany 13.6%, Italy 7.9%, Russia 7.8%, France 6%, UK 5%, US 5%, Switzerland 4.3% (2003)
 * $35.55 billion (2003)
 * $147.3 billion (2003)
 * ODA, $300 million (2000)
 * Turkish lira (TRL)
 * TRL
 * Turkish liras per US dollar - NA (2003), 1,507,230 (2002), 1,225,590 (2001), 625,218 (2000), 418,783 (1999), 151,865 (1997)
 * calendar year
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!| Telephones - main lines in use: !| Telephones - mobile cellular: !| Telephone system: domestic: additional digital exchanges are permitting a rapid increase in subscribers; the construction of a network of technologically advanced intercity trunk lines, using both fiber-optic cable and digital microwave radio relay is facilitating communication between urban centers; remote areas are reached by a domestic satellite system; the number of subscribers to mobile cellular telephone service is growing rapidly international: country code - 90; international service is provided by three submarine fiber-optic cables in the Mediterranean and Black Seas, linking Turkey with Italy, Greece, Israel, Bulgaria, Romania, and Russia; also by 12 Intelsat earth stations, and by 328 mobile satellite terminals in the Inmarsat and Eutelsat systems (2002) !| Radio broadcast stations: !| Radios: !| Television broadcast stations: !| Televisions: !| Internet country code: !| Internet hosts: !| Internet Service Providers (ISPs): !| Internet users:
 * 18,916,700 (2003)
 * 27,887,500 (2003)
 * general assessment: undergoing rapid modernization and expansion, especially with cellular telephones
 * AM 16, FM 107, shortwave 6 (2001)
 * 11.3 million (1997)
 * 635 (plus 2,934 repeaters) (1995)
 * 20.9 million (1997)
 * .tr
 * 355,215 (2004)
 * 50 (2001)
 * 5.5 million (2003)
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!| Railways: standard gauge: 8,671 km 1.435-m gauge (2,122 km electrified) (2003) !| Highways: paved: 131,226 km (including 1,749 km of expressways) unpaved: 254,734 km (1999) !| Waterways: !| Pipelines: !| Ports and harbors: !| Merchant marine: by type: bulk 111, cargo 229, chemical tanker 46, combination bulk 1, combination ore/oil 2, container 34, liquefied gas 6, passenger 1, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 36, refrigerated cargo 4, roll on/roll off 26, short-sea/passenger 8, specialized tanker 3 foreign-owned: Belize 1, Cambodia 1, China 1, Cyprus 4, Greece 1, Italy 3, Liberia 1, Monaco 1, Switzerland 1, Thailand 1, United Kingdom 9 registered in other countries: 243 (2004 est.) !| Airports: !| Airports - with paved runways: over 3,047 m: 16 2,438 to 3,047 m: 30 914 to 1,523 m: 17 under 914 m: 4 (2004 est.) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 20 !| Airports - with unpaved runways: under 914 m: 20 (2004 est.) over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 8 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 !| Heliports:
 * total: 8,671 km
 * total: 385,960 km
 * 1,200 km (2003)
 * gas 3,177 km; oil 3,562 km (2004)
 * Gemlik, Hopa, Iskenderun, Istanbul, Izmir, Kocaeli (Izmit), Icel (Mersin), Samsun, Trabzon
 * total: 508 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 4,666,895 GRT/7,311,504 DWT
 * 120 (2003 est.)
 * total: 87
 * total: 32
 * 14 (2003 est.)
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!| Military branches: !| Military manpower - military age and obligation: !| Military manpower - availability: !| Military manpower - fit for military service: !| Military manpower - reaching military age annually: !| Military expenditures - dollar figure: !| Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
 * Turkish Armed Forces (TSK): Land Forces, Naval Forces Command (includes Naval Air and Naval Infantry), Air Force, Coast Guard Command, Gendarmerie (Jandarma)
 * 20 years of age (2004 est.)
 * males age 15-49: 19,828,702 (2004 est.)
 * males age 15-49: 11,965,262 (2004 est.)
 * males: 680,673 (2004 est.)
 * $12.155 billion (2003)
 * 5.3% (2003)
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