CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Tanzania


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!| Background:
 * Shortly after independence, Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged to form the nation of Tanzania in 1964. One-party rule came to an end in 1995 with the first democratic elections held in the country since the 1970s. Zanzibar's semi-autonomous status and popular opposition have led to two contentious elections since 1995, which the ruling party won despite international observers' claims of voting irregularities.
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!| Location: !| Geographic coordinates: !| Map references: !| Area: note: includes the islands of Mafia, Pemba, and Zanzibar water: 59,050 sq km land: 886,037 sq km !| Area - comparative: !| Land boundaries: border countries: Burundi 451 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 459 km, Kenya 769 km, Malawi 475 km, Mozambique 756 km, Rwanda 217 km, Uganda 396 km, Zambia 338 km !| Coastline: !| Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm !| Climate: !| Terrain: !| Elevation extremes: highest point: Kilimanjaro 5,895 m !| Natural resources: !| Land use: permanent crops: 1.08% other: 94.4% (2001) !| Irrigated land: !| Natural hazards: !| Environment - current issues: !| Environment - international agreements: signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements !| Geography - note:
 * Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Kenya and Mozambique
 * 6 00 S, 35 00 E
 * Africa
 * total: 945,087 sq km
 * slightly larger than twice the size of California
 * total: 3,861 km
 * 1,424 km
 * territorial sea: 12 nm
 * varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands
 * plains along coast; central plateau; highlands in north, south
 * lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
 * hydropower, tin, phosphates, iron ore, coal, diamonds, gemstones, gold, natural gas, nickel
 * arable land: 4.52%
 * 1,550 sq km (1998 est.)
 * flooding on the central plateau during the rainy season; drought
 * soil degradation; deforestation; desertification; destruction of coral reefs threatens marine habitats; recent droughts affected marginal agriculture; wildlife threatened by illegal hunting and trade, especially for ivory
 * party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
 * Kilimanjaro is highest point in Africa; bordered by three of the largest lakes on the continent: Lake Victoria (the world's second-largest freshwater lake) in the north, Lake Tanganyika (the world's second deepest) in the west, and Lake Nyasa in the southwest
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!| Population: note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2004 est.) !| Age structure: 15-64 years: 53.2% (male 9,646,342; female 9,834,925) 65 years and over: 2.6% (male 410,477; female 538,419) (2004 est.) !| Median age: male: 17.3 years female: 17.8 years (2004 est.) !| Population growth rate: !| Birth rate: !| Death rate: !| Net migration rate: !| Sex ratio: under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2004 est.) !| Infant mortality rate: female: 92.35 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.) male: 111.62 deaths/1,000 live births !| Life expectancy at birth: male: 43.2 years female: 45.61 years (2004 est.) !| Total fertility rate: !| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: !| HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: !| HIV/AIDS - deaths: !| Major infectious diseases: overall degree of risk: very high (2004) !| Nationality: adjective: Tanzanian !| Ethnic groups: !| Religions: !| Languages: note: Kiswahili (Swahili) is the mother tongue of the Bantu people living in Zanzibar and nearby coastal Tanzania; although Kiswahili is Bantu in structure and origin, its vocabulary draws on a variety of sources, including Arabic and English, and it has become the lingua franca of central and eastern Africa; the first language of most people is one of the local languages !| Literacy: total population: 78.2% male: 85.9% female: 70.7% (2003 est.)
 * 36,588,225
 * 0-14 years: 44.2% (male 8,102,692; female 8,055,370)
 * total: 17.6 years
 * 1.95% (2004 est.)
 * 39 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * 17.45 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * -2.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
 * total: 102.13 deaths/1,000 live births
 * total population: 44.39 years
 * 5.15 children born/woman (2004 est.)
 * 8.8% (2003 est.)
 * 1.6 million (2003 est.)
 * 160,000 (2003 est.)
 * typhoid fever, malaria, Rift Valley fever, plague, schistosomiasis
 * noun: Tanzanian(s)
 * mainland - native African 99% (of which 95% are Bantu consisting of more than 130 tribes), other 1% (consisting of Asian, European, and Arab); Zanzibar - Arab, native African, mixed Arab and native African
 * mainland - Christian 30%, Muslim 35%, indigenous beliefs 35%; Zanzibar - more than 99% Muslim
 * Kiswahili or Swahili (official), Kiunguju (name for Swahili in Zanzibar), English (official, primary language of commerce, administration, and higher education), Arabic (widely spoken in Zanzibar), many local languages
 * definition: age 15 and over can read and write Kiswahili (Swahili), English, or Arabic
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!| Country name: conventional short form: Tanzania former: United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar !| Government type: !| Capital: !| Administrative divisions: !| Independence: !| National holiday: !| Constitution: !| Legal system: !| Suffrage: !| Executive branch: head of government: President Benjamin William MKAPA (since 23 November 1995); Vice President Dr. Ali Mohammed SHEIN (since 5 July 2001); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government note: Zanzibar elects a president who is head of government for matters internal to Zanzibar; Amani Abeid KARUME was elected to that office on 29 October 2000 cabinet: Cabinet ministers, including the prime minister, are appointed by the president from among the members of the National Assembly election results: Benjamin William MKAPA reelected president; percent of vote - Benjamin William MKAPA 71.7%, Ibrahim Haruna LIPUMBA 16.3%, Augustine Lyatonga MREME 7.8%, John Momose CHEYO 4.2% elections: president and vice president elected on the same ballot by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 29 October 2000 (next to be held NA October 2005); prime minister appointed by the president !| Legislative branch: election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - CCM 244, CUF 16, CHADEMA 4, TLP 3, UDP 2, Zanzibar representatives 5; Zanzibar House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - CCM 34, CUF 16 elections: last held 29 October 2000 (next to be held NA October 2005) !| Judicial branch: !| Political parties and leaders: !| Political pressure groups and leaders: !| International organization participation: !| Diplomatic representation in the US: chancery: 2139 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 FAX: [1] (202) 797-7408 telephone: [1] (202) 939-6125 !| Diplomatic representation from the US: embassy: 140 Msese Road, Kinondoni District, Dar es Salaam mailing address: P. O. Box 9123, Dar es Salaam telephone: [255] (22) 2666-010 through 2666-015 FAX: [255] (22) 2666-701, 2668-501 !| Flag description:
 * conventional long form: United Republic of Tanzania
 * republic
 * Dar es Salaam; note - legislative offices have been transferred to Dodoma, which is planned as the new national capital; the National Assembly now meets there on regular basis
 * 26 regions; Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Iringa, Kagera, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro, Lindi, Manyara, Mara, Mbeya, Morogoro, Mtwara, Mwanza, Pemba North, Pemba South, Pwani, Rukwa, Ruvuma, Shinyanga, Singida, Tabora, Tanga, Zanzibar Central/South, Zanzibar North, Zanzibar Urban/West
 * 26 April 1964; Tanganyika became independent 9 December 1961 (from UK-administered UN trusteeship); Zanzibar became independent 19 December 1963 (from UK); Tanganyika united with Zanzibar 26 April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; renamed United Republic of Tanzania 29 October 1964
 * Union Day (Tanganyika and Zanzibar), 26 April (1964)
 * 25 April 1977; major revisions October 1984
 * based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts limited to matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
 * 18 years of age; universal
 * chief of state: President Benjamin William MKAPA (since 23 November 1995); Vice President Dr. Ali Mohammed SHEIN (since 5 July 2001); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
 * unicameral National Assembly or Bunge (274 seats - 232 elected by popular vote, 37 allocated to women nominated by the president, five to members of the Zanzibar House of Representatives; members serve five-year terms); note - in addition to enacting laws that apply to the entire United Republic of Tanzania, the Assembly enacts laws that apply only to the mainland; Zanzibar has its own House of Representatives to make laws especially for Zanzibar (the Zanzibar House of Representatives has 50 seats, directly elected by universal suffrage to serve five-year terms)
 * Permanent Commission of Enquiry (official ombudsman); Court of Appeal (consists of a chief justice and four judges); High Court (consists of a Jaji Kiongozi and 29 judges appointed by the president; holds regular sessions in all regions); District Courts; Primary Courts (limited jurisdiction and appeals can be made to the higher courts)
 * Chama Cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo (Party of Democracy and Development) or CHADEMA [Bob MAKANI]; Chama Cha Mapinduzi or CCM (Revolutionary Party) [Benjamin William MKAPA]; Civic United Front or CUF [Ibrahim LIPUMBA]; Democratic Party (unregistered) [Christopher MTIKLA]; Tanzania Labor Party or TLP [Augustine Lyatonga MREMA]; United Democratic Party or UDP [John CHEYO]
 * NA
 * ACP, AfDB, AU, C, EADB, FAO, G- 6, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, SADC, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO
 * chief of mission: Ambassador Andrew Mhando DARAJA
 * chief of mission: Ambassador Robert V. ROYALL
 * divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is blue
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!| Economy - overview: !| GDP: !| GDP - real growth rate: !| GDP - per capita: !| GDP - composition by sector: industry: 16.5% services: 40% (2003 est.) !| Investment (gross fixed): !| Population below poverty line: !| Household income or consumption by percentage share: highest 10%: 30.1% (1993) !| Distribution of family income - Gini index: !| Inflation rate (consumer prices): !| Labor force: !| Labor force - by occupation: !| Unemployment rate: !| Budget: expenditures: $1.873 billion, including capital expenditures of NA (2003 est.) !| Public debt: !| Agriculture - products: !| Industries: !| Industrial production growth rate: !| Electricity - production: !| Electricity - consumption: !| Electricity - exports: !| Electricity - imports: !| Oil - production: !| Oil - consumption: !| Oil - exports: !| Oil - imports: !| Oil - proved reserves: !| Natural gas - proved reserves: !| Current account balance: !| Exports: !| Exports - commodities: !| Exports - partners: !| Imports: !| Imports - commodities: !| Imports - partners: !| Reserves of foreign exchange & gold: !| Debt - external: !| Economic aid - recipient: !| Currency: !| Currency code: !| Exchange rates: !| Fiscal year:
 * Tanzania is one of the poorest countries in the world. The economy depends heavily on agriculture, which accounts for about half of GDP, provides 85% of exports, and employs 80% of the work force. Topography and climatic conditions, however, limit cultivated crops to only 4% of the land area. Industry traditionally featured the processing of agricultural products and light consumer goods. The World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and bilateral donors have provided funds to rehabilitate Tanzania's out-of-date economic infrastructure and to alleviate poverty. Growth in 1991-2002 featured a pickup in industrial production and a substantial increase in output of minerals, led by gold. Oil and gas exploration and development played an important role in this growth. Recent banking reforms have helped increase private sector growth and investment. Continued donor assistance and solid macroeconomic policies supported real GDP growth of more than 5.2% in 2004.
 * purchasing power parity - $21.58 billion (2003 est.)
 * 5.2% (2003 est.)
 * purchasing power parity - $600 (2003 est.)
 * agriculture: 43.6%
 * 17.2% of GDP (2003)
 * 36% (2002 est.)
 * lowest 10%: 2.8%
 * 38.2 (1993)
 * 4.4% (2003 est.)
 * 18.56 million (2003)
 * agriculture 80%, industry and services 20% (2002 est.)
 * NA
 * revenues: $1.879 billion
 * 6.1% of GDP (2003)
 * coffee, sisal, tea, cotton, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums), cashew nuts, tobacco, cloves, corn, wheat, cassava (tapioca), bananas, fruits, vegetables; cattle, sheep, goats
 * agricultural processing (sugar, beer, cigarettes, sisal twine), diamond and gold mining, oil refining, shoes, cement, textiles, wood products, fertilizer, salt
 * 8.4% (1999 est.)
 * 2.906 billion kWh (2001)
 * 2.752 billion kWh (2001)
 * 0 kWh (2001)
 * 50 million kWh (2001)
 * 0 bbl/day (2001 est.)
 * 17,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)
 * NA (2001)
 * NA (2001)
 * 0 bbl (1 January 2002)
 * 11.33 billion cu m (1 January 2002)
 * $-617 million (2003)
 * $978 million f.o.b. (2003 est.)
 * gold, coffee, cashew nuts, manufactures, cotton
 * Japan 9.5%, India 8.6%, Netherlands 8.2%, Germany 5.3%, UK 5.3%, Kenya 4.8% (2003)
 * $1.674 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
 * consumer goods, machinery and transportation equipment, industrial raw materials, crude oil
 * South Africa 10.1%, China 9.3%, Zambia 6.4%, India 5.8%, UAE 5.4%, Kenya 5.1%, UK 4.5%, Germany 4% (2003)
 * $2.064 billion (2003)
 * $6.549 billion (2003 est.)
 * $1.2 billion (2001)
 * Tanzanian shilling (TZS)
 * TZS
 * Tanzanian shillings per US dollar - NA (2003), 966.583 (2002), 876.412 (2001), 800.409 (2000), 744.759 (1999)
 * 1 July - 30 June
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!| Telephones - main lines in use: !| Telephones - mobile cellular: !| Telephone system: domestic: trunk service provided by open-wire, microwave radio relay, tropospheric scatter, and fiber-optic cable; some links being made digital international: country code - 255; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean) !| Radio broadcast stations: !| Radios: !| Television broadcast stations: !| Televisions: !| Internet country code: !| Internet hosts: !| Internet Service Providers (ISPs): !| Internet users:
 * 149,100 (2003)
 * 891,200 (2003)
 * general assessment: fair system operating below capacity and being modernized for better service; VSAT (very small aperture terminal) system under construction
 * AM 12, FM 11, shortwave 2 (1998)
 * 8.8 million (1997)
 * 3 (1999)
 * 103,000 (1997)
 * .tz
 * 5,534 (2003)
 * 6 (2000)
 * 250,000 (2003)
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!| Railways: narrow gauge: 969 km 1.067-m gauge; 2,721 km 1.000-m gauge (2003) !| Highways: paved: 3,704 km unpaved: 84,496 km (1999 est.) !| Waterways: !| Pipelines: !| Ports and harbors: !| Merchant marine: registered in other countries: 5 (2004 est.) by type: cargo 3, passenger/cargo 2, petroleum tanker 3, roll on/roll off 1, short-sea/passenger 1 !| Airports: !| Airports - with paved runways: over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.) !| Airports - with unpaved runways: 1,524 to 2,437 m: 19 914 to 1,523 m: 60 under 914 m: 33 (2004 est.)
 * total: 3,690 km
 * total: 88,200 km
 * Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria, and Lake Nyasa principal avenues of commerce with neighboring countries; rivers not navigable (2004)
 * gas 29 km; oil 866 km (2004)
 * Bukoba, Dar es Salaam, Kigoma, Kilwa Masoko, Lindi, Mtwara, Mwanza, Pangani, Tanga, Wete, Zanzibar
 * total: 10 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 25,481 GRT/31,011 DWT
 * 123 (2003 est.)
 * total: 11
 * total: 112
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!| Military branches: !| Military manpower - military age and obligation: !| Military manpower - availability: !| Military manpower - fit for military service: !| Military expenditures - dollar figure: !| Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
 * Tanzanian People's Defense Force: Army, Naval Wing, and Air Defense Command; National Service
 * 15 years of age for voluntary military service; 18 years of age for compulsory military service upon graduation from secondary school; conscript service obligation - 2 years (2004)
 * males age 15-49: 8,687,477 (2004 est.)
 * males age 15-49: 5,031,621 (2004 est.)
 * $20.3 million (2003)
 * 0.2% (2003)
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