CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Sudan


 * }

!| Background:
 * Military regimes favoring Islamic-oriented governments have dominated national politics since independence from the UK in 1956. Sudan has been embroiled in a civil war for all but 10 years of this period (1972-82). The wars are rooted in northern economic, political, and social domination of non-Muslim, non-Arab southern Sudanese. Since 1983, the war and war- and famine-related effects have led to more than 2 million deaths and over 4 million people displaced. The ruling regime is a mixture of military elite and an Islamist party that came to power in a 1989 coup. Some northern opposition parties have made common cause with the southern rebels and entered the war as a part of an anti-government alliance. Peace talks gained momentum in 2002-03 with the signing of several accords, including a cease-fire agreement.
 * }


 * }

!| Location: !| Geographic coordinates: !| Map references: !| Area: water: 129,810 sq km land: 2.376 million sq km !| Area - comparative: !| Land boundaries: border countries: Central African Republic 1,165 km, Chad 1,360 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 628 km, Egypt 1,273 km, Eritrea 605 km, Ethiopia 1,606 km, Kenya 232 km, Libya 383 km, Uganda 435 km !| Coastline: !| Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 18 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation !| Climate: !| Terrain: !| Elevation extremes: highest point: Kinyeti 3,187 m !| Natural resources: !| Land use: permanent crops: 0.18% other: 92.99% (2001) !| Irrigated land: !| Natural hazards: !| Environment - current issues: !| Environment - international agreements: signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements !| Geography - note:
 * Northern Africa, bordering the Red Sea, between Egypt and Eritrea
 * 15 00 N, 30 00 E
 * Africa
 * total: 2,505,810 sq km
 * slightly more than one-quarter the size of the US
 * total: 7,687 km
 * 853 km
 * territorial sea: 12 nm
 * tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season varies by region (April to November)
 * generally flat, featureless plain; mountains in far south, northeast and west; desert dominates the north
 * lowest point: Red Sea 0 m
 * petroleum; small reserves of iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, gold, hydropower
 * arable land: 6.83%
 * 19,500 sq km (1998 est.)
 * dust storms and periodic persistent droughts
 * inadequate supplies of potable water; wildlife populations threatened by excessive hunting; soil erosion; desertification; periodic drought
 * party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
 * largest country in Africa; dominated by the Nile and its tributaries
 * }


 * }

!| Population: !| Age structure: 15-64 years: 54.1% (male 10,588,634; female 10,571,199) 65 years and over: 2.3% (male 490,869; female 408,282) (2004 est.) !| Median age: male: 17.7 years female: 18.1 years (2004 est.) !| Population growth rate: !| Birth rate: !| Death rate: !| Net migration rate: !| Sex ratio: under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 1.2 male(s)/female total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2004 est.) !| Infant mortality rate: female: 63.26 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.) male: 64.8 deaths/1,000 live births !| Life expectancy at birth: male: 56.96 years female: 59.36 years (2004 est.) !| Total fertility rate: !| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: !| HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: !| HIV/AIDS - deaths: !| Major infectious diseases: overall degree of risk: very high (2004) !| Nationality: adjective: Sudanese !| Ethnic groups: !| Religions: !| Languages: note: program of "Arabization" in process !| Literacy: total population: 61.1% male: 71.8% female: 50.5% (2003 est.)
 * 39,148,162 (July 2004 est.)
 * 0-14 years: 43.7% (male 8,730,609; female 8,358,569)
 * total: 17.9 years
 * 2.64% (2004 est.)
 * 35.79 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * 9.37 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * -0.02 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
 * total: 64.05 deaths/1,000 live births
 * total population: 58.13 years
 * 4.97 children born/woman (2004 est.)
 * 2.6% (2001 est.)
 * 450,000 (2001 est.)
 * 23,000 (2001 est.)
 * typhoid fever, malaria, dengue fever, trypanosomiasis, schistosomiasis
 * noun: Sudanese (singular and plural)
 * black 52%, Arab 39%, Beja 6%, foreigners 2%, other 1%
 * Sunni Muslim 70% (in north), indigenous beliefs 25%, Christian 5% (mostly in south and Khartoum)
 * Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic languages, English
 * definition: age 15 and over can read and write
 * }


 * }

!| Country name: conventional short form: Sudan local long form: Jumhuriyat as-Sudan former: Anglo-Egyptian Sudan local short form: As-Sudan !| Government type: !| Capital: !| Administrative divisions: !| Independence: !| National holiday: !| Constitution: !| Legal system: !| Suffrage: !| Executive branch: elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 13-23 December 2000 (next to be held NA) head of government: President Field Marshall Umar Hasan Ahmad al-BASHIR (since 16 October 1993); First Vice President Ali Uthman Muhammad TAHA (since 17 February 1998), Second Vice President Moses MACHAR (since 12 February 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president; note - the National Congress Party or NCP (formerly the National Islamic Front or NIF) dominates al-BASHIR's cabinet election results: Field Marshall Umar Hasan Ahmad al-BASHIR reelected president; percent of vote - Umar Hasan Ahmad al-BASHIR 86.5%, Ja'afar Muhammed NUMAYRI 9.6%, three other candidates received a combined vote of 3.9%; election widely viewed as rigged; all popular opposition parties boycotted elections because of a lack of guarantees for a free and fair election note: BASHIR assumed supreme executive power in 1989 and retained it through several transitional governments in the early and mid-1990s before being popularly elected for the first time in March 1996 !| Legislative branch: elections: last held 13-22 December 2000 (next to be held NA December 2004) election results: NCP 355, others 5 !| Judicial branch: !| Political parties and leaders: !| Political pressure groups and leaders: !| International organization participation: !| Diplomatic representation in the US: FAX: [1] (202) 667-2406 telephone: [1] (202) 338-8565 chancery: 2210 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 !| Diplomatic representation from the US: embassy: Sharia Abdul Latif Avenue, Khartoum mailing address: P. O. Box 699, Khartoum; APO AE 09829 telephone: [249] (11) 774611 or 774700 FAX: [249] (11) 774137 note: US Consul in Cairo is providing backup service for Khartoum (see http://usembassy.egnet.net/sudan.htm) !| Flag description:
 * conventional long form: Republic of the Sudan
 * authoritarian regime - ruling military junta took power in 1989; government is run by an alliance of the military and the National Congress Party (NCP), formerly the National Islamic Front (NIF), which espouses an Islamist platform
 * Khartoum
 * 26 states (wilayat, singular - wilayah); A'ali an Nil, Al Bahr al Ahmar, Al Buhayrat, Al Jazirah, Al Khartum, Al Qadarif, Al Wahdah, An Nil al Abyad, An Nil al Azraq, Ash Shamaliyah, Bahr al Jabal, Gharb al Istiwa'iyah, Gharb Bahr al Ghazal, Gharb Darfur, Gharb Kurdufan, Janub Darfur, Janub Kurdufan, Junqali, Kassala, Nahr an Nil, Shamal Bahr al Ghazal, Shamal Darfur, Shamal Kurdufan, Sharq al Istiwa'iyah, Sinnar, Warab
 * 1 January 1956 (from Egypt and UK)
 * Independence Day, 1 January (1956)
 * 12 April 1973, suspended following coup of 6 April 1985; interim constitution of 10 October 1985 suspended following coup of 30 June 1989; new constitution implemented on 30 June 1998 partially suspended 12 December 1999 by President BASHIR
 * based on English common law and Islamic law; as of 20 January 1991, the now defunct Revolutionary Command Council imposed Islamic law in the northern states; Islamic law applies to all residents of the northern states regardless of their religion; some separate religious courts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
 * 17 years of age; universal, but noncompulsory
 * chief of state: President Field Marshall Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR (since 16 October 1993); First Vice President Ali Uthman Muhammad TAHA (since 17 February 1998), Second Vice President Moses MACHAR (since 12 February 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
 * unicameral National Assembly (360 seats; 270 popularly elected, 90 elected by supra assembly of interest groups known as National Congress; members serve four-year terms)
 * Supreme Court; Special Revolutionary Courts
 * the government allows political "associations" under a 1998 law revised in 2000; to obtain government approval parties must accept the constitution and refrain from advocating or using violence against the regime; approved parties include the National Congress Party or NCP [Ibrahim Ahmed UMAR], Popular National Congress or PNC [Hassan al-TURABI], and over 20 minor, pro-government parties
 * Democratic Unionist Party [Muhammed Uthman AL-MIRGHANI]; National Congress Party [Ibrahim Ahmed UMAR]; National Democratic Alliance [Muhammed Uthman AL-MIRGHANI, chairman]; Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army [Dr. John GARANG]; Umma Party [Sadiq al-MAHDI]
 * ABEDA, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AU, CAEU, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer)
 * chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires, Ad Interim Khidir Haroun AHMED (since April 2001)
 * chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Gerard M. GALLUCCI
 * three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist side
 * }


 * }

!| Economy - overview: !| GDP: !| GDP - real growth rate: !| GDP - per capita: !| GDP - composition by sector: industry: 20.3% services: 41% (2003 est.) !| Investment (gross fixed): !| Population below poverty line: !| Household income or consumption by percentage share: highest 10%: NA !| Inflation rate (consumer prices): !| Labor force: !| Labor force - by occupation: !| Unemployment rate: !| Budget: expenditures: $2.546 billion, including capital expenditures of $304 million (2003 est.) !| Public debt: !| Agriculture - products: !| Industries: !| Industrial production growth rate: !| Electricity - production: !| Electricity - consumption: !| Electricity - exports: !| Electricity - imports: !| Oil - production: !| Oil - consumption: !| Oil - exports: !| Oil - imports: !| Oil - proved reserves: !| Natural gas - proved reserves: !| Current account balance: !| Exports: !| Exports - commodities: !| Exports - partners: !| Imports: !| Imports - commodities: !| Imports - partners: !| Reserves of foreign exchange & gold: !| Debt - external: !| Economic aid - recipient: !| Currency: !| Currency code: !| Exchange rates: !| Fiscal year:
 * Sudan has turned around a struggling economy with sound economic policies and infrastructure investments, yet it still faces formidable economic problems, starting from its low level of per capita output and extending to its devastating civil stife. From 1997 to date, Sudan has been implementing IMF macroeconomic reforms. In 1999, Sudan began exporting crude oil and in the last quarter of 1999 recorded its first trade surplus, which, along with monetary policy, has stabilized the exchange rate. Increased oil production, revived light industry, and expanded export processing zones helped sustain GDP growth at 6.1% in 2003 and 7% in 2004. Agriculture production remains Sudan's most important sector, employing 80% of the work force and contributing 39% of GDP, but most farms remain rain-fed and susceptible to drought. Chronic instability - including the long-standing civil war between the Muslim north and the Christian/pagan south, the ethnic purges in Darfur, adverse weather, and weak world agricultural prices - ensure that much of the population will remain at or below the poverty line for years.
 * purchasing power parity - $70.95 billion (2003 est.)
 * 5.9% (2003 est.)
 * purchasing power parity - $1,900 (2003 est.)
 * agriculture: 38.7%
 * 14.8% of GDP (2003)
 * NA (2004 est.)
 * lowest 10%: NA
 * 8.8% (2003 est.)
 * 11 million (1996 est.)
 * agriculture 80%, industry and commerce 7%, government 13% (1998 est.)
 * 18.7% (2002 est.)
 * revenues: $2.402 billion
 * 87% of GDP (2003)
 * cotton, groundnuts (peanuts), sorghum, millet, wheat, gum arabic, sugarcane, cassava (tapioca), mangos, papaya, bananas, sweet potatoes, sesame; sheep, livestock
 * oil, cotton ginning, textiles, cement, edible oils, sugar, soap distilling, shoes, petroleum refining, pharmaceuticals, armaments, automobile/light truck assembly
 * 8.5% (1999 est.)
 * 2.389 billion kWh (2001)
 * 2.222 billion kWh (2001)
 * 0 kWh (2001)
 * 0 kWh (2001)
 * 209,100 bbl/day (2001 est.)
 * 50,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)
 * NA (2001)
 * NA (2001)
 * 631.5 million bbl (1 January 2002)
 * 99.11 billion cu m (1 January 2002)
 * $-718 million (2003)
 * $2.45 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
 * oil and petroleum products; cotton, sesame, livestock, groundnuts, gum arabic, sugar
 * China 40.9%, Saudi Arabia 17.2%, UAE 5.4% (2003)
 * $2.383 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
 * foodstuffs, manufactured goods, refinery and transport equipment, medicines and chemicals, textiles, wheat
 * Saudi Arabia 16.3%, China 14.2%, UK 5%, Germany 4.9%, India 4.8%, France 4.1% (2003)
 * $847.2 million (2003)
 * $16.09 billion (2003 est.)
 * $172 million (2001)
 * Sudanese dinar (SDD)
 * SDD
 * Sudanese dinars per US dollar - 260.983 (2003), 263.306 (2002), 258.702 (2001), 257.122 (2000), 252.55 (1999)
 * calendar year
 * }


 * }

!| Telephones - main lines in use: !| Telephones - mobile cellular: !| Telephone system: domestic: consists of microwave radio relay, cable, radiotelephone communications, tropospheric scatter, and a domestic satellite system with 14 earth stations international: country code - 249; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat (2000) !| Radio broadcast stations: !| Radios: !| Television broadcast stations: !| Televisions: !| Internet country code: !| Internet hosts: !| Internet Service Providers (ISPs): !| Internet users:
 * 900,000 (2003)
 * 650,000 (2003)
 * general assessment: large, well-equipped system by regional standards and being upgraded; cellular communications started in 1996 and have expanded substantially
 * AM 12, FM 1, shortwave 1 (1998)
 * 7.55 million (1997)
 * 3 (1997)
 * 2.38 million (1997)
 * .sd
 * NA
 * 2 (2002)
 * 300,000 (2003)
 * }


 * }

!| Railways: narrow gauge: 4,595 km 1.067-m gauge; 1,400 km .600-m gauge for cotton plantations (2003) !| Highways: paved: 4,320 km unpaved: 7,580 km (1999 est.) !| Waterways: !| Pipelines: !| Ports and harbors: !| Merchant marine: by type: livestock carrier 1, roll on/roll off 2 registered in other countries: 4 (2004 est.) !| Airports: !| Airports - with paved runways: over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 8 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 (2004 est.) !| Airports - with unpaved runways: 914 to 1,523 m: 33 under 914 m: 11 (2004 est.) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 17 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 !| Heliports:
 * total: 5,978 km
 * total: 11,900 km
 * 4,068 km (1,723 km open year round on White and Blue Nile rivers) (2004)
 * gas 156 km; oil 2,365 km; refined products 810 km (2004)
 * Juba, Khartoum, Kusti, Malakal, Nimule, Port Sudan, Sawakin
 * total: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 20,466 GRT/26,973 DWT
 * 63 (2003 est.)
 * total: 12
 * total: 63
 * 2 (2003 est.)
 * }


 * }

!| Military branches: !| Military manpower - military age and obligation: !| Military manpower - availability: !| Military manpower - fit for military service: !| Military manpower - reaching military age annually: !| Military expenditures - dollar figure: !| Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
 * Sudanese People's Armed Forces (SPAF), Navy, Air Force, Popular Defense Forces
 * 18-30 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation - 3 years (August 2004)
 * males age 15-49: 9,339,775 (2004 est.)
 * males age 15-49: 5,743,783 (2004 est.)
 * males: 442,242 (2004 est.)
 * $581 million (2001 est.)
 * 2.5% (1999)
 * }