CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Spain


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!| Background:
 * Spain's powerful world empire of the 16th and 17th centuries ultimately yielded command of the seas to England. Subsequent failure to embrace the mercantile and industrial revolutions caused the country to fall behind Britain, France, and Germany in economic and political power. Spain remained neutral in World Wars I and II, but suffered through a devastating civil war (1936-39). In the second half of the 20th century, Spain has played a catch-up role in the western international community; it joined the EU in 1986. Continuing challenges include Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) terrorism and further reductions in unemployment.
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!| Location: !| Geographic coordinates: !| Map references: !| Area: water: 5,240 sq km note: there are 19 autonomous communities including Balearic Islands and Canary Islands, and three small Spanish possessions off the coast of Morocco - Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera land: 499,542 sq km !| Area - comparative: !| Land boundaries: border countries: Andorra 63.7 km, France 623 km, Gibraltar 1.2 km, Portugal 1,214 km, Morocco (Ceuta) 6.3 km, Morocco (Melilla) 9.6 km !| Coastline: !| Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm (applies only to the Atlantic Ocean) !| Climate: !| Terrain: !| Elevation extremes: highest point: Pico de Teide (Tenerife) on Canary Islands 3,718 m !| Natural resources: !| Land use: permanent crops: 9.87% other: 64.06% (2001) !| Irrigated land: !| Natural hazards: !| Environment - current issues: !| Environment - international agreements: signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants !| Geography - note:
 * Southwestern Europe, bordering the Bay of Biscay, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, and Pyrenees Mountains, southwest of France
 * 40 00 N, 4 00 W
 * Europe
 * total: 504,782 sq km
 * slightly more than twice the size of Oregon
 * total: 1,917.8 km
 * 4,964 km
 * territorial sea: 12 nm
 * temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast
 * large, flat to dissected plateau surrounded by rugged hills; Pyrenees in north
 * lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
 * coal, lignite, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, uranium, tungsten, mercury, pyrites, magnesite, fluorspar, gypsum, sepiolite, kaolin, potash, hydropower, arable land
 * arable land: 26.07%
 * 36,400 sq km (1998 est.)
 * periodic droughts
 * pollution of the Mediterranean Sea from raw sewage and effluents from the offshore production of oil and gas; water quality and quantity nationwide; air pollution; deforestation; desertification
 * party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
 * strategic location along approaches to Strait of Gibraltar
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!| Population: !| Age structure: 15-64 years: 68% (male 13,748,998; female 13,652,852) 65 years and over: 17.6% (male 2,958,387; female 4,120,140) (2004 est.) !| Median age: male: 37.8 years female: 40.5 years (2004 est.) !| Population growth rate: !| Birth rate: !| Death rate: !| Net migration rate: !| Sex ratio: under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.72 male(s)/female total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2004 est.) !| Infant mortality rate: female: 4.06 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.) male: 4.88 deaths/1,000 live births !| Life expectancy at birth: male: 76.03 years female: 82.94 years (2004 est.) !| Total fertility rate: !| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: !| HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: !| HIV/AIDS - deaths: !| Nationality: adjective: Spanish !| Ethnic groups: !| Religions: !| Languages: note: Castilian is the official language nationwide; the other languages are official regionally !| Literacy: total population: 97.9% male: 98.7% female: 97.2% (2003 est.)
 * 40,280,780 (July 2004 est.)
 * 0-14 years: 14.4% (male 2,989,053; female 2,811,350)
 * total: 39.1 years
 * 0.16% (2004 est.)
 * 10.11 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * 9.55 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * 0.99 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
 * total: 4.48 deaths/1,000 live births
 * total population: 79.37 years
 * 1.27 children born/woman (2004 est.)
 * 0.5% (2001 est.)
 * 130,000 (2001 est.)
 * less than 1,000 (2003 est.)
 * noun: Spaniard(s)
 * composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types
 * Roman Catholic 94%, other 6%
 * Castilian Spanish 74%, Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2%
 * definition: age 15 and over can read and write
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!| Country name: conventional short form: Spain local short form: Espana !| Government type: !| Capital: !| Administrative divisions: note: three small Spanish possessions of Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera, administered directly by the Spanish central government, are all located off the coast of Morocco and are collectively referred to as Places of Sovereignty (Plazas de Soberania) !| Independence: !| National holiday: !| Constitution: !| Legal system: !| Suffrage: !| Executive branch: head of government: President of the Government Jose Luis RODRIGUEZ ZAPATERO (since 17 April 2004); First Vice President (and Minister of the Presidency) Maria Teresa FERNANDEZ DE LA VEGA(since 18 April 2004) and Second Vice President (and Minister of Economy and Finance) Pedro SOLBES (since 18 April 2004) cabinet: Council of Ministers designated by the president note: there is also a Council of State that is the supreme consultative organ of the government, but its recommendations are non-binding election results: Jose Luis RODRIGUEZ ZAPATERO (PSOE) elected president; percent of National Assembly vote - 52.29% elections: the monarch is hereditary; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually proposed president by the monarch and elected by the National Assembly; election last held 14 March 2004 (next to be held NA March 2008); vice presidents appointed by the monarch on the proposal of the president !| Legislative branch: election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - PP 49%, PSOE 38.9%, Entesa Catalona de Progress 5.7%, CiU 1.99%, PNV 2.8%, CC 1.4%; seats by party - PP 102, PSOE 81, Entesa Catalona de Progress 12, CiU 4, PNV 6, CC 3; Congress of Deputies - percent of vote by party - PSOE 43.3%, PP 37.8%, CiU 3.2%, ERC 2.5%, PNV 1.6%, IU 3.2%, CC 0.9%; seats by party - PSOE 164, PP 148, CiU 10, ERC 8, PNV 7, IU 2, CC 3, other 8 elections: Senate - last held 14 March 2004 (next to be held March 2008); Congress of Deputies - last held 14 March 2004 (next to be held March 2008) !| Judicial branch: !| Political parties and leaders: !| Political pressure groups and leaders: !| International organization participation: !| Diplomatic representation in the US: chancery: 2375 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037 consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico) FAX: [1] (202) 833-5670 telephone: [1] (202) 452-0100, 728-2340 !| Diplomatic representation from the US: embassy: Serrano 75, 28006 Madrid mailing address: PSC 61, APO AE 09642 telephone: [34] (91) 587-2200 FAX: [34] (91) 587-2303 consulate(s) general: Barcelona !| Flag description:
 * conventional long form: Kingdom of Spain
 * parliamentary monarchy
 * Madrid
 * 17 autonomous communities (comunidades autonomas, singular - comunidad autonoma)and 2 autonomous cities* (ciudades autonomas, singular - ciudad autonoma); Andalucia, Aragon, Asturias, Baleares (Balearic Islands), Ceuta*, Canarias (Canary Islands), Cantabria, Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla y Leon, Cataluna, Comunidad Valenciana, Extremadura, Galicia, La Rioja, Madrid, Melilla*, Murcia, Navarra, Pais Vasco (Basque Country)
 * the Iberian peninsula was characterized by a variety of independent kingdoms prior to the Moslem occupation that began in the early 8th century A. D. and lasted nearly seven centuries; the small Christian redoubts of the north began the reconquest almost immediately, culminating in the seizure of Granada in 1492; this event completed the unification of several kingdoms and is traditionally considered the forging of present-day Spain
 * National Day, 12 October
 * 6 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978
 * civil law system, with regional applications; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
 * 18 years of age; universal
 * chief of state: King JUAN CARLOS I (since 22 November 1975); Heir Apparent Prince FELIPE, son of the monarch, born 30 January 1968
 * bicameral; General Courts or National Assembly or Las Cortes Generales consists of the Senate or Senado (259 seats - 208 members directly elected by popular vote and the other 51 appointed by the regional legislatures to serve four-year terms) and the Congress of Deputies or Congreso de los Diputados (350 seats; members are elected by popular vote on block lists by proportional representation to serve four-year terms)
 * Supreme Court or Tribunal Supremo
 * Basque Nationalist Party or PNV [Josu Jon IMAZ]; Canarian Coalition or CC (a coalition of five parties) [Paulino RIVERO Baute]; Convergence and Union or CiU [Artur MAS i Gavarro] (a coalition of the Democratic Convergence of Catalonia or CDC [Artur MAS i Gavarro] and the Democratic Union of Catalonia or UDC [Josep Antoni DURAN y LLEIDA]); Entesa Catalonia de Progress (a Senate coalition grouping four Catalan parties - PSC, ERC, ICV, EUA) [leader NA]; Galician Nationalist Bloc or BNG [Anxo Manuel QUINTANA]; Party of Independents from Lanzarote or PIL [Dimas MARTIN Martin]; Popular Party or PP [Mariano RAJOY]; Republican Left of Catalonia or ERC [Josep-Lluis CAROD-ROVIRA]; Spanish Socialist Workers Party or PSOE [Jose Luis RODRIGUEZ ZAPATERO]; United Left or IU (a coalition of parties including the PCE and other small parties) [Gaspar LLAMAZARES]
 * business and landowning interests; Catholic Church; free labor unions (authorized in April 1977); Socialist General Union of Workers or UGT and the smaller independent Workers Syndical Union or USO; university students; Workers Confederation or CC.OO; Nunca Mas (Galician for "Never Again"; formed in response to the oil tanker Prestige oil spill)
 * AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BCIE, BIS, CE, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUC, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, ONUB, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIK, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC
 * chief of mission: Ambassador Carlos WESTENDORP
 * chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires J. Robert MANZANARES
 * three horizontal bands of red (top), yellow (double width), and red with the national coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band; the coat of arms includes the royal seal framed by the Pillars of Hercules, which are the two promontories (Gibraltar and Ceuta) on either side of the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar
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!| Economy - overview: !| GDP: !| GDP - real growth rate: !| GDP - per capita: !| GDP - composition by sector: industry: 28.6% services: 67.8% (2003 est.) !| Investment (gross fixed): !| Population below poverty line: !| Household income or consumption by percentage share: highest 10%: 25.2% (1990) !| Distribution of family income - Gini index: !| Inflation rate (consumer prices): !| Labor force: !| Labor force - by occupation: !| Unemployment rate: !| Budget: expenditures: $335.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $12.8 billion (2003 est.) !| Public debt: !| Agriculture - products: !| Industries: !| Industrial production growth rate: !| Electricity - production: !| Electricity - consumption: !| Electricity - exports: !| Electricity - imports: !| Oil - production: !| Oil - consumption: !| Oil - exports: !| Oil - imports: !| Oil - proved reserves: !| Natural gas - production: !| Natural gas - consumption: !| Natural gas - exports: !| Natural gas - imports: !| Natural gas - proved reserves: !| Current account balance: !| Exports: !| Exports - commodities: !| Exports - partners: !| Imports: !| Imports - commodities: !| Imports - partners: !| Reserves of foreign exchange & gold: !| Debt - external: !| Economic aid - donor: !| Currency: note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by the financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions with the member countries !| Currency code: !| Exchange rates: !| Fiscal year:
 * Spain's mixed capitalist economy supports a GDP that on a per capita basis is 80% that of the four leading West European economies. The center-right government of former President AZNAR successfully worked to gain admission to the first group of countries launching the European single currency (the euro) on 1 January 1999. The AZNAR administration continued to advocate liberalization, privatization, and deregulation of the economy and introduced some tax reforms to that end. Unemployment fell steadily under the AZNAR administration but remains high at 11.7%. Growth of 2.4% in 2003 was satisfactory given the background of a faltering European economy. Incoming President RODRIGUEZ ZAPATERO, whose party won the election three days after the Madrid train bombings in March, plans to reduce government intervention in business, combat tax fraud, and support innovation, research and development, but also intends to reintroduce labor market regulations that had been scrapped by the AZNAR government. Adjusting to the monetary and other economic policies of an integrated Europe - and reducing unemployment - will pose challenges to Spain over the next few years.
 * purchasing power parity - $885.5 billion (2003 est.)
 * 2.4% (2003 est.)
 * purchasing power parity - $22,000 (2003 est.)
 * agriculture: 3.6%
 * 25.6% of GDP (2003)
 * NA
 * lowest 10%: 2.8%
 * 32.5 (1990)
 * 3% (2003 est.)
 * 18.82 million (2003)
 * agriculture 7%, manufacturing, mining, and construction 29%, services 64% (2001 est.)
 * 11.3% (2003 est.)
 * revenues: $330.7 billion
 * 62.7% of GDP (2003)
 * grain, vegetables, olives, wine grapes, sugar beets, citrus; beef, pork, poultry, dairy products; fish
 * textiles and apparel (including footwear), food and beverages, metals and metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles, machine tools, tourism
 * 1.6% (2003 est.)
 * 222.5 billion kWh (2001)
 * 210.4 billion kWh (2001)
 * 4.138 billion kWh (2001)
 * 7.588 billion kWh (2001)
 * 7,099 bbl/day (2001 est.)
 * 1.497 million bbl/day (2001 est.)
 * 135,100 bbl/day (2001)
 * 1.582 million bbl/day (2001)
 * 10.5 million bbl (1 January 2002)
 * 516 million cu m (2001 est.)
 * 17.96 billion cu m (2001 est.)
 * 0 cu m (2001 est.)
 * 17.26 billion cu m (2001 est.)
 * 254.9 million cu m (1 January 2002)
 * $-23.77 billion (2003)
 * $159.4 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
 * machinery, motor vehicles; foodstuffs, other consumer goods
 * France 19.2%, Germany 11.9%, Italy 9.7%, UK 9.4%, Portugal 9.3%, US 4.2% (2003)
 * $197.1 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
 * machinery and equipment, fuels, chemicals, semifinished goods; foodstuffs, consumer goods
 * France 16.8%, Germany 16.6%, Italy 8.8%, UK 6.5%, Netherlands 4.9% (2003)
 * $26.81 billion (2003)
 * $718.4 billion (2003 est.)
 * ODA, $1.33 billion (1999)
 * euro (EUR)
 * EUR
 * euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999)
 * calendar year
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!| Telephones - main lines in use: !| Telephones - mobile cellular: !| Telephone system: domestic: NA international: country code - 34; 22 coaxial submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), NA Eutelsat; tropospheric scatter to adjacent countries !| Radio broadcast stations: !| Radios: !| Television broadcast stations: note: these figures include 11 television broadcast stations and 88 repeaters in the Canary Islands (1995) !| Televisions: !| Internet country code: !| Internet hosts: !| Internet Service Providers (ISPs): !| Internet users:
 * 17,567,500 (2003)
 * 37,506,700 (2003)
 * general assessment: generally adequate, modern facilities; teledensity is 44 main lines for each 100 persons
 * AM 208, FM 715, shortwave 1 (1998)
 * 13.1 million (1997)
 * 224 (plus 2,105 repeaters)
 * 16.2 million (1997)
 * .es
 * 1,056,950 (2004)
 * 56 (2000)
 * 9.789 million (2003)
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!| Railways: broad gauge: 11,804 km 1.668-m gauge (6,409 km electrified) standard gauge: 526 km 1.435-m gauge (526 km electrified) narrow gauge: 1,910 km 1.000-m gauge (755 km electrified); 28 km 0.914-m gauge (28 km electrified) (2003) !| Highways: paved: 657,157 km (including 10,317 km of expressways) unpaved: 6,638 km (1999) !| Waterways: !| Pipelines: !| Ports and harbors: !| Merchant marine: by type: bulk 9, cargo 29, chemical tanker 13, container 17, liquefied gas 6, livestock carrier 1, passenger 1, petroleum tanker 21, refrigerated cargo 5, roll on/roll off 32, short-sea/passenger 7, specialized tanker 1, vehicle carrier 7 registered in other countries: 115 (2004 est.) foreign-owned: Chile 1, Cuba 1, Denmark 1, Germany 9, Italy 2, Netherlands 1, Norway 6, Sweden 1, Uruguay 1 !| Airports: !| Airports - with paved runways: over 3,047 m: 15 2,438 to 3,047 m: 10 914 to 1,523 m: 23 under 914 m: 28 (2004 est.) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 19 !| Airports - with unpaved runways: 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 15 under 914 m: 44 (2004 est.) !| Heliports:
 * total: 14,268 km (7,718 km electrified)
 * total: 663,795 km
 * 1,045 km (2003)
 * gas 7,306 km; oil 730 km; refined products 3,512 km (2004)
 * Aviles, Barcelona, Bilbao, Cadiz, Cartagena, Castellon de la Plana, Ceuta, Huelva, A Coruna, Las Palmas (Canary Islands), Malaga, Melilla, Pasajes, Gijon, Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Canary Islands), Santander, Tarragona, Valencia, Vigo
 * total: 149 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,740,974 GRT/2,157,551 DWT
 * 156 (2003 est.)
 * total: 95
 * total: 61
 * 8 (2003 est.)
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!| Military branches: !| Military manpower - military age and obligation: !| Military manpower - availability: !| Military manpower - fit for military service: !| Military manpower - reaching military age annually: !| Military expenditures - dollar figure: !| Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
 * Army, Navy, Air Force (Ejercito del Aire, EdA), Marines
 * 20 years of age (2004 est.)
 * males age 15-49: 10,482,753 (2004 est.)
 * males age 15-49: 8,336,273 (2004 est.)
 * males: 245,007 (2004 est.)
 * $9,906.5 million (2003)
 * 1.2% (2003)
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