CIA World Fact Book, 2004/South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands


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!| Background:
 * The islands lie approximately 1,000 km east of the Falkland Islands and have been under British administration since 1908, except for a brief period in 1982 when Argentina occupied them. Grytviken, on South Georgia, was a 19th and early 20th century whaling station. Famed explorer Ernest SHACKLETON stopped there in 1914 en route to his ill-fated attempt to cross Antarctica on foot. He returned some 20 months later with a few companions in a small boat and arranged a successful rescue for the rest of his crew, stranded off the Antarctic Peninsula. He died in 1922 on a subsequent expedition and is buried in Grytviken. Today, the station houses scientists from the British Antarctic Survey. The islands have large bird and seal populations, and, recognizing the importance of preserving the marine stocks in adjacent waters, the UK, in 1993, extended the exclusive fishing zone from 12 nm to 200 nm around each island.
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!| Location: !| Geographic coordinates: !| Map references: !| Area: note: includes Shag Rocks, Black Rock, Clerke Rocks, South Georgia Island, Bird Island, and the South Sandwich Islands, which consist of some nine islands water: 0 sq km land: 3,903 sq km !| Area - comparative: !| Land boundaries: !| Coastline: !| Maritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm !| Climate: !| Terrain: !| Elevation extremes: highest point: Mount Paget (South Georgia) 2,934 m !| Natural resources: !| Land use: permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (largely covered by permanent ice and snow with some sparse vegetation consisting of grass, moss, and lichen) (2001) !| Irrigated land: !| Natural hazards: !| Environment - current issues: !| Geography - note:
 * Southern South America, islands in the South Atlantic Ocean, east of the tip of South America
 * 54 30 S, 37 00 W
 * Antarctic Region
 * total: 3,903 sq km
 * slightly larger than Rhode Island
 * 0 km
 * NA km
 * territorial sea: 12 nm
 * variable, with mostly westerly winds throughout the year interspersed with periods of calm; nearly all precipitation falls as snow
 * most of the islands, rising steeply from the sea, are rugged and mountainous; South Georgia is largely barren and has steep, glacier-covered mountains; the South Sandwich Islands are of volcanic origin with some active volcanoes
 * lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
 * fish
 * arable land: 0%
 * 0 sq km (1998 est.)
 * the South Sandwich Islands have prevailing weather conditions that generally make them difficult to approach by ship; they are also subject to active volcanism
 * NA
 * the north coast of South Georgia has several large bays, which provide good anchorage; reindeer, introduced early in the 20th century, live on South Georgia
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!| Population: note: the small military garrison on South Georgia withdrew in March 2001, to be replaced by a permanent group of scientists of the British Antarctic Survey, which also has a biological station on Bird Island; the South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited (July 2004 est.)
 * no indigenous inhabitants
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!| Country name: conventional short form: none !| Dependency status: !| National holiday: !| Constitution: !| Legal system: !| Diplomatic representation in the US: !| Diplomatic representation from the US: !| Flag description:
 * conventional long form: South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
 * overseas territory of the UK, also claimed by Argentina; administered from the Falkland Islands by a commissioner, who is concurrently governor of the Falkland Islands, representing Queen ELIZABETH II; Grytviken, formerly a whaling station on South Georgia, is a scientific base
 * Liberation Day, 14 June (1982)
 * adopted 3 October 1985
 * the laws of the UK, where applicable, apply; the senior magistrate from the Falkland Islands presides over the Magistrates Court
 * none (overseas territory of the UK, also claimed by Argentina)
 * none (overseas territory of the UK, also claimed by Argentina)
 * blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms features a shield with a golden lion centered; the shield is supported by a fur seal on the left and a penguin on the right; a reindeer appears above the shield, and below it on a scroll is the motto LEO TERRAM PROPRIAM PROTEGAT (Let the Lion Protect its Own Land)
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!| Economy - overview:
 * Some fishing takes place in adjacent waters. Fees from fishing licenses and related activities traditionally account for around 90% of South Georgia's revenue (about $5.6 million in 2004). There is a potential source of income from harvesting finfish and krill. The islands receive income from postage stamps produced in the UK, sale of fishing licenses, and harbor and landing fees from tourist vessels. Tourism from specialized cruise ships is increasing rapidly. Annual tourist volume hovers around 3,000 arrivals.
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!| Telephone system: domestic: NA international: coastal radiotelephone station at Grytviken !| Radio broadcast stations: !| Television broadcast stations: !| Internet country code:
 * general assessment: NA
 * 0 (2003)
 * 0 (2003)
 * .gs
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!| Ports and harbors: !| Airports:
 * Grytviken
 * none (2003 est.)
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!| Military - note:
 * defense is the responsibility of the UK
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