CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Serbia and Montenegro


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!| Background:
 * The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was formed in 1918; its name was changed to Yugoslavia in 1929. Occupation by Nazi Germany in 1941 was resisted by various paramilitary bands that fought each other as well as the invaders. The group headed by Marshal TITO took full control upon German expulsion in 1945. Although Communist, his new government and its successors (he died in 1980) managed to steer their own path between the Warsaw Pact nations and the West for the next four and a half decades. In the early 1990s, post-TITO Yugoslavia began to unravel along ethnic lines: Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina were recognized as independent states in 1992. The remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro declared a new "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" (FRY) in April 1992 and, under President Slobodan MILOSEVIC, Serbia led various military intervention efforts to unite ethnic Serbs in neighboring republics into a "Greater Serbia." All of these efforts were ultimately unsuccessful and led to Yugoslavia being ousted from the UN in 1992. In 1998-99, massive expulsions by FRY forces and Serb paramilitaries of ethnic Albanians living in Kosovo provoked an international response, including the NATO bombing of Serbia and the stationing of a NATO-led force (KFOR), in Kosovo. Federal elections in the fall of 2000, brought about the ouster of MILOSEVIC and installed Vojislav KOSTUNICA as president. The arrest of MILOSEVIC in 2001 allowed for his subsequent transfer to the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in The Hague to be tried for crimes against humanity. In 2001, the country's suspension from the UN was lifted, and it was once more accepted into UN organizations under the name of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Kosovo has been governed by the UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) since June 1999, under the authority of UN Security Council Resolution 1244, pending a determination by the international community of its future status. In 2002, the Serbian and Montenegrin components of Yugoslavia began negotiations to forge a looser relationship. These talks became a reality in February 2003 when lawmakers restructured the country into a loose federation of two republics called Serbia and Montenegro. The Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro includes a provision that allows either republic to hold a referendum after three years that would allow for their independence from the state union.
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!| Location: !| Geographic coordinates: !| Map references: !| Area: water: 214 sq km land: 102,136 sq km !| Area - comparative: !| Land boundaries: border countries: Albania 287 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina 527 km, Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia (north) 241 km, Croatia (south) 25 km, Hungary 151 km, Macedonia 221 km, Romania 476 km !| Coastline: !| Maritime claims: !| Climate: !| Terrain: !| Elevation extremes: highest point: Daravica 2,656 m !| Natural resources: !| Land use: permanent crops: 3.2% other: 63.45% (2001) !| Irrigated land: !| Natural hazards: !| Environment - current issues: !| Environment - international agreements: signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements !| Geography - note:
 * Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * 44 00 N, 21 00 E
 * Europe
 * total: 102,350 sq km
 * slightly smaller than Kentucky
 * total: 2,246 km
 * 199 km
 * NA
 * in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well distributed rainfall); central portion, continental and Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland
 * extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountains and hills; to the southwest, extremely high shoreline with no islands off the coast
 * lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
 * oil, gas, coal, iron ore, bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, antimony, chromite, nickel, gold, silver, magnesium, pyrite, limestone, marble, salt, hydropower, arable land
 * arable land: 33.35%
 * 570 sq km
 * destructive earthquakes
 * pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor; air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows into the Danube
 * party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
 * controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the Near East; strategic location along the Adriatic coast
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!| Population: !| Age structure: 15-64 years: 66.8% (male 3,602,959; female 3,627,616) 65 years and over: 14.9% (male 693,929; female 917,236) (2004 est.) !| Median age: male: 35.1 years female: 38.1 years (2004 est.) !| Population growth rate: !| Birth rate: !| Death rate: !| Net migration rate: !| Sex ratio: under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2004 est.) !| Infant mortality rate: female: 11.68 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.) male: 15.04 deaths/1,000 live births !| Life expectancy at birth: male: 71.9 years female: 77.12 years (2004 est.) !| Total fertility rate: !| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: !| HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: !| HIV/AIDS - deaths: !| Nationality: adjective: Serbian; Montenegrin !| Ethnic groups: !| Religions: !| Languages: !| Literacy: total population: 93% male: 97.2% female: 88.9% (1991)
 * 10,825,900 (July 2004 est.)
 * 0-14 years: 18.3% (male 1,027,479; female 956,681)
 * total: 36.6 years
 * 0.03% (2004 est.)
 * 12.13 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * 10.53 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * -1.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female
 * total: 13.43 deaths/1,000 live births
 * total population: 74.4 years
 * 1.67 children born/woman (2004 est.)
 * 0.2% (2001 est.)
 * 10,000 (2001 est.)
 * less than 100 (2003 est.)
 * noun: Serb(s); Montenegrin(s)
 * Serb 62.6%, Albanian 16.5%, Montenegrin 5%, Hungarian 3.3%, other 12.6% (1991)
 * Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, other 11%
 * Serbian 95%, Albanian 5%
 * definition: age 15 and over can read and write
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!| Country name: conventional short form: none local short form: none local long form: Srbija i Crna Gora former: Federal Republic of Yugoslavia abbreviation: SCG !| Government type: !| Capital: !| Administrative divisions: !| Independence: !| National holiday: !| Constitution: !| Legal system: !| Suffrage: !| Executive branch: election results: Svetozar MAROVIC elected president by the Parliament; vote was Svetozar MAROVIC 65, other 47 elections: president elected by the Parliament for a four-year term; election last held 7 March 2003 (next to be held 2007) cabinet: Federal Ministries act as Cabinet head of government: President Svetozar MAROVIC (since 7 March 2003); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government !| Legislative branch: elections: last held 25 February 2003 (next to be held 2005) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Serbian parties: SRS 30, DSS 20, DS 13, G17 Plus 12, SPO-NS 8, SPS 8; Montenegrin parties: DPS 15, SNP 9, SDP 4, DSS 3, NS 2, LSCG 2 !| Judicial branch: note: since the promulgation of the 2003 Constitution, the Federal Court has constitutional and administrative functions; it has an equal number of judges from each republic !| Political parties and leaders: note: the following political parties participate in elections and institutions only in Kosovo, which has been governed by the UN under UNSCR 1244 since 1999: Albanian Christian Democratic Party or PSHDK [Mark KRASNIQI]; Alliance for the Future of Kosovo or AAK [Ramush HARADINAJ]; Citizens' Initiative of Serbia or GIS [Slavisa PETKOVIC]; Democratic Ashkali Party of Kosovo or PDAK [Sabit RRAHMANI]; Democratic League of Kosovo or LDK [Ibrahim RUGOVA]; Democratic Party of Kosovo or PDK [Hashim THACI]; Justice Party of PD [Sylejman CERKEZI]; Kosovo Democratic Turkish Party of KDTP [Mahir YAGCILAR]; Liberal Party of Kosovo or PLK [Gjergj DEDAJ]; Ora [Veton SURROI]; New Democratic Initiative of Kosovo or IRDK [Bislim HOTI]; Party of Democratic Action or SDA [Numan BALIC]; Popular Movement of Kosovo or LPK [Emrush XHEMAJLI]; Prizren-Dragas Initiative or PDI [Ismajl KARADOLAMI]; Serb List for Kosovo and Metohija or SLKM [Oliver IVANOVIC]; United Roma Party of Kosovo or PREBK [Haxhi Zylfi MERXHA]; Vakat [leader NA] !| Political pressure groups and leaders: !| International organization participation: !| Diplomatic representation in the US: consulate(s) general: Chicago FAX: [1] (202) 332-3933 chancery: 2134 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 332-0333 !| Diplomatic representation from the US: embassy: Kneza Milosa 50, 11000 Belgrade mailing address: 5070 Belgrade Place, Washington, DC 20521-5070 telephone: [381] (11) 361-9344 FAX: [381] (11) 361-8230 consulate(s): Podgorica note: there is a branch office in Pristina at 30 Nazim Hikmet 38000 Pristina, Kosovo; telephone: [381](38)549-516; FAX: [381](38)549-890 !| Flag description:
 * conventional long form: Serbia and Montenegro
 * republic
 * Belgrade
 * 2 republics (republike, singular - republika); and 2 nominally autonomous provinces* (autonomn pokrajine, singular - autonomna pokrajina); Kosovo* (currently under UN administration pending resolution of its future status), Montenegro, Serbia, Vojvodina*
 * 27 April 1992 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia or FRY - now Serbia and Montenegro - formed as self-proclaimed successor to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia or SFRY)
 * National Day, 27 April
 * 4 February 2003
 * based on civil law system
 * 16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal
 * chief of state: President Svetozar MAROVIC (since 7 March 2003); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
 * unicameral Parliament (126 seats - 91 Serbian, 35 Montenegrin - filled by nominees of the two state parliaments for the first two years, after which the Constitutional Charter calls for direct elections
 * The Court of Serbia and Montenegro; judges are elected by the Serbia and Montenegro Parliament for six-year terms
 * Democratic Party or DS [Boris TADIC]; Democratic Party of Serbia or DSS [Vojislav KOSTUNICA]; Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC]; Democratic Serbian Party of Montenegro or DSS [Bozidar BOJOVIC]; G17 Plus [Miroljub LABUS]; New Serbia or NS [Velimir ILIC]; Liberal Party of Montenegro or LSCG [Miodrag ZIVKOVIC]; People's Party of Montenegro or NS [Dragan SOC]; Power of Serbia Movement or PSS [Bogoljub KARIC]; Serbian Radical Party or SRS [Tomislav NIKOLIC]; Serbian Renewal Movement or SPO [Vuk DRASKOVIC]; Serbian Socialist Party or SPS (former Communist Party and party of Slobodan MILOSEVIC) [Ivica DACIC, president of Main Board]; Social Democratic Party of Montenegro or SDP [Ranko KRIVOKAPIC]; Socialist People's Party of Montenegro or SNP [Predrag BULATOVIC]
 * Political Council for Presevo, Medvedja and Bujanovac or PCPMB [leader NA]; Group for Changes of Montenegro or GZP [Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC]
 * BSEC, CE, CEI, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OAS (observer), ONUB, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer)
 * chief of mission: Ambassador Ivan VUJACIC
 * chief of mission: Ambassador Michael C. POLT
 * three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and red
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!| Economy - overview: !| GDP: !| GDP - real growth rate: !| GDP - per capita: !| GDP - composition by sector: industry: 28.2% services: 56.5% (2003 est.) !| Investment (gross fixed): !| Population below poverty line: !| Household income or consumption by percentage share: highest 10%: NA !| Inflation rate (consumer prices): !| Labor force: !| Labor force - by occupation: !| Unemployment rate: !| Budget: expenditures: $9.633 billion, including capital expenditures of NA (2003 est.) !| Public debt: !| Agriculture - products: !| Industries: !| Industrial production growth rate: !| Electricity - production: !| Electricity - consumption: !| Electricity - exports: !| Electricity - imports: !| Oil - production: !| Oil - consumption: !| Oil - exports: !| Oil - imports: !| Oil - proved reserves: !| Natural gas - production: !| Natural gas - consumption: !| Natural gas - exports: !| Natural gas - imports: !| Natural gas - proved reserves: !| Current account balance: !| Exports: !| Exports - commodities: !| Exports - partners: !| Imports: !| Imports - commodities: !| Imports - partners: !| Reserves of foreign exchange & gold: !| Debt - external: !| Economic aid - recipient: !| Currency: !| Currency code: !| Exchange rates: !| Fiscal year:
 * MILOSEVIC-era mismanagement of the economy, an extended period of economic sanctions, and the damage to Yugoslavia's infrastructure and industry during the NATO airstrikes in 1999 have left the economy only half the size it was in 1990. After the ousting of former Federal Yugoslav President MILOSEVIC in October 2000, the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS) coalition government implemented stabilization measures and embarked on an aggressive market reform program. After renewing its membership in the IMF in December 2000, Yugoslavia continued to reintegrate into the international community by rejoining the World Bank (IBRD) and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). A World Bank-European Commission sponsored Donors' Conference held in June 2001 raised $1.3 billion for economic restructuring. An agreement rescheduling the country's $4.5 billion Paris Club government debts was concluded in November 2001; it wrote off 66% of the debt. The smaller republic of Montenegro severed its economy from federal control and from Serbia during the MILOSEVIC era and continues to maintain its own central bank, uses the euro instead of the Yugoslav dinar as official currency, collects customs tariffs, and manages its own budget. Kosovo, while technically still part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (now Serbia and Montenegro) according to United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244, is largely autonomous under United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) and is greatly dependent on the international community and the diaspora for financial and technical assistance. The euro and the Yugoslav dinar are official currencies, and UNMIK collects taxes and manages the budget. The complexity of Serbia and Montenegro political relationships, slow progress in privatization, legal uncertainty over property rights, and scarcity of foreign-investment are holding back Serbia and Montenegro's economy. Arrangements with the IMF, especially requirements for fiscal discipline, are an important element in policy formation. Severe unemployment remains a key political economic problem.
 * purchasing power parity - $23.89 billion (2003 est.)
 * 1.5% (2003 est.)
 * purchasing power parity - $2,200 (2003 est.)
 * agriculture: 15.2%
 * 14.3% of GDP (2003)
 * 30% (1999 est.)
 * lowest 10%: NA
 * 11.2% (2003 est.)
 * 2.93 million (2003 est.)
 * agriculture NA, industry NA, services NA
 * 34.5% (2003 est.)
 * revenues: $8.668 billion
 * 123.2% of GDP (2003)
 * cereals, fruits, vegetables, tobacco, olives; cattle, sheep, goats
 * machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; tanks and weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural machinery); metallurgy (steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium); mining (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone); consumer goods (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs, appliances); electronics, petroleum products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals
 * 1.7% (2002 est.)
 * 31.71 billion kWh (2001)
 * 32.37 billion kWh (2001)
 * 446 million kWh (2001)
 * 3.33 billion kWh (2001)
 * 15,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)
 * 64,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)
 * NA (2001)
 * NA (2001)
 * 38.75 million bbl (1 January 2002)
 * 602 million cu m (2001 est.)
 * 602 million cu m (2001 est.)
 * 0 cu m (2001 est.)
 * 0 cu m (2001 est.)
 * 24.07 billion cu m (1 January 2002)
 * $-2.416 billion (2003)
 * $2.667 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
 * manufactured goods, food and live animals, raw materials
 * Italy 31.6%, Germany 17.5%, Austria 6.2%, France 6%, Greece 5.4%, Slovenia 4.1%, Hungary 4% (2003)
 * $7.144 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
 * machinery and transport equipment, fuels and lubricants, manufactured goods, chemicals, food and live animals, raw materials
 * Germany 18.8%, Italy 16.3%, Austria 8.1%, Slovenia 6.6%, Hungary 5.8%, France 4.8%, Bulgaria 4.6%, Greece 4.4% (2003)
 * $3.7 billion (2003)
 * $14.01 billion (2003 est.)
 * $2 billion pledged in 2001 (disbursements to follow for several years)
 * in Serbia the Serbian dinar (CSD) is legal tender, but the euro (EUR) is the de facto currency; in Montenegro and Kosovo the euro is legal tender. (2004)
 * CSD, EUR
 * new Yugoslav dinars per US dollar - official rate: 65 (2002)
 * calendar year
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!| Telephones - main lines in use: !| Telephones - mobile cellular: !| Telephone system: domestic: NA international: country code - 381; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) !| Radio broadcast stations: !| Radios: !| Television broadcast stations: !| Televisions: !| Internet country code: !| Internet hosts: !| Internet Service Providers (ISPs): !| Internet users:
 * 2,611,700 (2003)
 * 3,634,600 (2003)
 * general assessment: NA
 * AM 113, FM 194, shortwave 2 (1998)
 * 3.15 million (1997)
 * more than 771 (including 86 strong stations and 685 low-power stations, plus 20 repeaters in the principal networks; also numerous local or private stations in Serbia and Vojvodina) (1997)
 * 2.75 million (1997)
 * .yu
 * 20,207 (2004)
 * 9 (2000)
 * 847,000 (2003)
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!| Railways: standard gauge: 4,380 km 1.435-m gauge (1,445 km electrified) (2003) !| Highways: paved: 31,029 km (including 560 km of expressways) unpaved: 18,776 km (2000) !| Waterways: note: Danube River traffic delayed by pontoon bridge at Novi Sad; plan to replace by summer of 2005 (2004) !| Pipelines: !| Ports and harbors: !| Airports: !| Airports - with paved runways: over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 4 (2004 est.) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6 !| Airports - with unpaved runways: 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 10 under 914 m: 13 (2004 est.) !| Heliports:
 * total: 4,380 km
 * total: 49,805 km
 * 587 km
 * gas 3,177 km; oil 393 km (2004)
 * Bar, Belgrade, Kotor, Novi Sad, Pancevo, Tivat, Zelenika
 * 45 (2003 est.)
 * total: 19
 * total: 25
 * 4 (2003 est.)
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!| Military branches: !| Military manpower - military age and obligation: !| Military manpower - availability: !| Military manpower - fit for military service: !| Military manpower - reaching military age annually: !| Military expenditures - dollar figure: !| Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
 * Army (VJ) (including ground forces with border troops, naval forces, air and air defense forces)
 * 19 years of age (nine months compulsory service) (2004)
 * males age 15-49: 2,718,234 (2004 est.)
 * males age 15-49: 2,184,937 (2004 est.)
 * males: 81,245 (2004 est.)
 * $654 million (2002)
 * NA
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