CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Peru


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!| Background:
 * Ancient Peru was the seat of several prominent Andean civilizations, most notably that of the Incas whose empire was captured by the Spanish conquistadors in 1533. Peruvian independence was declared in 1821, and remaining Spanish forces defeated in 1824. After a dozen years of military rule, Peru returned to democratic leadership in 1980, but experienced economic problems and the growth of a violent insurgency. President Alberto FUJIMORI's election in 1990 ushered in a decade that saw a dramatic turnaround in the economy and significant progress in curtailing guerrilla activity. Nevertheless, the president's increasing reliance on authoritarian measures and an economic slump in the late 1990s generated mounting dissatisfaction with his regime. FUJIMORI won reelection to a third term in the spring of 2000, but international pressure and corruption scandals led to his ouster by Congress in November of that year. A caretaker government oversaw new elections in the spring of 2001, which ushered in Alejandro TOLEDO as the new head of government; his presidency has been hampered by allegations of corruption.
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!| Location: !| Geographic coordinates: !| Map references: !| Area: water: 5,220 sq km land: 1.28 million sq km !| Area - comparative: !| Land boundaries: border countries: Bolivia 900 km, Brazil 1,560 km, Chile 160 km, Colombia 1,496 km (est.), Ecuador 1,420 km !| Coastline: !| Maritime claims: continental shelf: 200 nm !| Climate: !| Terrain: !| Elevation extremes: highest point: Nevado Huascaran 6,768 m !| Natural resources: !| Land use: permanent crops: 0.4% other: 96.71% (2001) !| Irrigated land: !| Natural hazards: !| Environment - current issues: !| Environment - international agreements: signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements !| Geography - note:
 * Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Chile and Ecuador
 * 10 00 S, 76 00 W
 * South America
 * total: 1,285,220 sq km
 * slightly smaller than Alaska
 * total: 5,536 km
 * 2,414 km
 * territorial sea: 200 nm
 * varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes
 * western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)
 * lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
 * copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash, hydropower, natural gas
 * arable land: 2.89%
 * 11,950 sq km (1998 est.)
 * earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild volcanic activity
 * deforestation (some the result of illegal logging); overgrazing of the slopes of the costa and sierra leading to soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes
 * party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
 * shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with Bolivia; a remote slope of Nevado Mismi, a 5,316 m peak, is the ultimate source of the Amazon River
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!| Population: !| Age structure: 15-64 years: 62.8% (male 8,709,098; female 8,594,351) 65 years and over: 5.1% (male 660,734; female 743,396) (2004 est.) !| Median age: male: 24.4 years female: 24.9 years (2004 est.) !| Population growth rate: !| Birth rate: !| Death rate: !| Net migration rate: !| Sex ratio: under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2004 est.) !| Infant mortality rate: female: 30.21 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.) male: 35.57 deaths/1,000 live births !| Life expectancy at birth: male: 67.48 years female: 71.03 years (2004 est.) !| Total fertility rate: !| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: !| HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: !| HIV/AIDS - deaths: !| Nationality: adjective: Peruvian !| Ethnic groups: !| Religions: !| Languages: !| Literacy: total population: 90.9% male: 95.2% female: 86.8% (2003 est.)
 * 27,544,305 (July 2004 est.)
 * 0-14 years: 32.1% (male 4,496,146; female 4,340,580)
 * total: 24.6 years
 * 1.39% (2004 est.)
 * 21.27 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * 6.29 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * -1.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
 * total: 32.95 deaths/1,000 live births
 * total population: 69.22 years
 * 2.61 children born/woman (2004 est.)
 * 0.5% (2003 est.)
 * 82,000 (2003 est.)
 * 4,200 (2003 est.)
 * noun: Peruvian(s)
 * Amerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 37%, white 15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%
 * Roman Catholic 90%
 * Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara, and a large number of minor Amazonian languages
 * definition: age 15 and over can read and write
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!| Country name: conventional short form: Peru local long form: Republica del Peru local short form: Peru !| Government type: !| Capital: !| Administrative divisions: note: some reports indicate that the 24 departments and 1 constitutional province are now being referred to as regions; Peru is implementing a decentralization program whereby these 25 administrative divisions will begin to exercise greater governmental authority over their territories; in November 2002, voters chose their new regional presidents and other regional leaders; the authority that the regional government will exercise has not yet been clearly defined, but it will be devolved to the regions over the course of several years !| Independence: !| National holiday: !| Constitution: !| Legal system: !| Suffrage: !| Executive branch: head of government: President Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique (since 28 July 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government; additionally two vice presidents are provided for by the constitution, First Vice President (vacant) and Second Vice President David WAISMAN (since 28 July 2001) note: Prime Minister Carlos FERRERO Costa (since 15 December 2003) does not exercise executive power; this power is in the hands of the president elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; special presidential and congressional elections held 8 April 2001, with runoff election held 3 June 2001; next to be held 9 April 2006 election results: President Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique elected president in runoff election; percent of vote - Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique 53.1%, Alan GARCIA 46.9% cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president !| Legislative branch: election results: percent of vote by party - Peru Posible 26.3%, APRA 19.7%, Unidad Nacional 13.8%, FIM 11.0%, others 29.2%; seats by party - Peru Posible 47, APRA 28, Unidad Nacional 17, FIM 11, others 17 elections: last held 8 April 2001 (next to be held 9 April 2006) !| Judicial branch: !| Political parties and leaders: !| Political pressure groups and leaders: !| International organization participation: !| Diplomatic representation in the US: chancery: 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Denver, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New Jersey), San Francisco, Washington (DC) FAX: [1] (202) 659-8124 telephone: [1] (202) 833-9860 through 9869 !| Diplomatic representation from the US: embassy: Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17s/n, Surco, Lima 33 mailing address: P. O. Box 1995, Lima 1; American Embassy (Lima), APO AA 34031-5000 telephone: [51] (1) 434-3000 FAX: [51] (1) 434-3037 !| Flag description:
 * conventional long form: Republic of Peru
 * constitutional republic
 * Lima
 * 24 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 1 constitutional province* (provincia constitucional); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao*, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali
 * 28 July 1821 (from Spain)
 * Independence Day, 28 July (1821)
 * 31 December 1993
 * based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
 * 18 years of age; universal and compulsory until the age of 70; note - members of the military may not vote
 * chief of state: President Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique (since 28 July 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government; additionally two vice presidents are provided for by the constitution, First Vice President (vacant) and Second Vice President David WAISMAN (since 28 July 2001)
 * unicameral Congress of the Republic of Peru or Congreso de la Republica del Peru (120 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
 * Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (judges are appointed by the National Council of the Judiciary)
 * Peruvian Aprista Party or PAP (also referred to by its original name Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana or APRA) [Alan GARCIA]; Independent Moralizing Front or FIM [Fernando OLIVERA Vega]; National Unity (Unidad Nacional) or UN [Lourdes FLORES Nano]; Peru Posible or PP [David WAISMAN]; Popular Action or AP [Javier DIAZ Orihuela]; Solucion Popular [Carlos BOLANA]; Somos Peru or SP [Alberto ANDRADE]; Union for Peru or UPP [Roger GUERRA Garcia]
 * leftist guerrilla groups include Shining Path [Abimael GUZMAN Reynoso (imprisoned), Gabriel MACARIO (top leader at-large)]; Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement or MRTA [Victor POLAY (imprisoned), Hugo AVALLENEDA Valdez (top leader at-large)]
 * APEC, CAN, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUC, NAM, OAS, ONUB, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO
 * chief of mission: Ambassador Eduardo FERRERO Costa
 * chief of mission: Ambassador J. Curtis STRUBLE
 * three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield bearing a vicuna, cinchona tree (the source of quinine), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out gold coins, all framed by a green wreath
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!| Economy - overview: !| GDP: !| GDP - real growth rate: !| GDP - per capita: !| GDP - composition by sector: industry: 27% services: 65% (2003 est.) !| Investment (gross fixed): !| Population below poverty line: !| Household income or consumption by percentage share: highest 10%: 35.4% (1996) !| Distribution of family income - Gini index: !| Inflation rate (consumer prices): !| Labor force: !| Labor force - by occupation: !| Unemployment rate: !| Budget: expenditures: $17.05 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.6 billion (2003 est.) !| Public debt: !| Agriculture - products: !| Industries: !| Industrial production growth rate: !| Electricity - production: !| Electricity - consumption: !| Electricity - exports: !| Electricity - imports: !| Oil - production: !| Oil - consumption: !| Oil - exports: !| Oil - imports: !| Oil - proved reserves: !| Natural gas - production: !| Natural gas - consumption: !| Natural gas - exports: !| Natural gas - imports: !| Natural gas - proved reserves: !| Current account balance: !| Exports: !| Exports - commodities: !| Exports - partners: !| Imports: !| Imports - commodities: !| Imports - partners: !| Reserves of foreign exchange & gold: !| Debt - external: !| Economic aid - recipient: !| Currency: !| Currency code: !| Exchange rates: !| Fiscal year:
 * Peru's economy reflects its varied geography - an arid coastal region, the Andes further inland, and tropical lands bordering Colombia and Brazil. Abundant mineral resources are found in the mountainous areas, and Peru's coastal waters provide excellent fishing grounds. However, overdependence on minerals and metals subjects the economy to fluctuations in world prices, and a lack of infrastructure deters trade and investment. After several years of inconsistent economic performance, the Peruvian economy was one of the fastest growing in Latin America in 2002 and 2003, growing by 5% and 4%, respectively, with the exchange rate stable and an annual inflation lower than 2%. Foreign direct investment also was strong, thanks to the ongoing Camisea natural gas pipeline project (scheduled to begin operations in 2004) and investments in gold mining. Risk premiums on Peruvian bonds on secondary markets reached historically low levels in late 2003, reflecting investor optimism and the government's fiscal restraint. Despite the strong macroeconomic performance, political intrigue and allegations of corruption continued to swirl in 2003, with the TOLEDO administration growing increasingly unpopular, and local and foreign concern rising that the political turmoil could place the country's hard-won fiscal and financial stability at risk. Moreover, as of late 2003, unemployment had yet to respond to the strong growth in economic activity, owing in part to rigid labor market regulations that act as an impediment to hiring.
 * purchasing power parity - $146 billion (2003 est.)
 * 4% (2003 est.)
 * purchasing power parity - $5,100 (2003 est.)
 * agriculture: 8%
 * 17.7% of GDP (2003)
 * 54% (2003 est.)
 * lowest 10%: 1.6%
 * 46.2 (1996)
 * 2.3% (2003 est.)
 * 8.63 million (2003 est.)
 * agriculture 5.9%, mining and quarrying 0.4%, manufacturing 12.6%, construction 5.3%, commerce 26.3%, household work 4.9%, other services 44.6% (2004)
 * 9.7%; widespread underemployment (2003 est.)
 * revenues: $15.86 billion
 * 49.2% of GDP (2003)
 * coffee, cotton, sugarcane, rice, wheat, potatoes, corn, plantains, coca; poultry, beef, dairy products, wool; fish
 * mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles, clothing, food processing, cement, auto assembly, steel, shipbuilding, metal fabrication
 * 2% (2003 est.)
 * 20.59 billion kWh (2001)
 * 19.15 billion kWh (2001)
 * 0 kWh (2001)
 * 0 kWh (2001)
 * 95,100 bbl/day (2001 est.)
 * 161,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)
 * NA (2001)
 * NA (2001)
 * 614.7 million bbl (1 January 2002)
 * 370 million cu m (2001 est.)
 * 370 million cu m (2001 est.)
 * 0 cu m (2001 est.)
 * 0 cu m (2001 est.)
 * 245.1 billion cu m (1 January 2002)
 * $-1.116 billion (2003)
 * $8.954 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
 * fish and fish products, gold, copper, zinc, crude petroleum and byproducts, lead, coffee, sugar, cotton
 * US 27.1%, UK 12.4%, China 7.7%, Switzerland 7.6%, Chile 4.7%, Japan 4.4% (2003)
 * $8.244 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
 * machinery, transport equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum, iron and steel, chemicals, pharmaceuticals
 * US 28.6%, Spain 10%, Chile 7.5%, Brazil 5.1%, Colombia 4.5% (2003)
 * $10.24 billion (2003)
 * $29.95 billion (2003 est.)
 * $895.1 million (1995)
 * nuevo sol (PEN)
 * PEN
 * nuevo sol per US dollar - 3.4785 (2003), 3.5165 (2002), 3.5068 (2001), 3.49 (2000), 3.3833 (1999)
 * calendar year
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!| Telephones - main lines in use: !| Telephones - mobile cellular: !| Telephone system: domestic: nationwide microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations international: country code - 51; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); Pan American submarine cable !| Radio broadcast stations: !| Radios: !| Television broadcast stations: !| Televisions: !| Internet country code: !| Internet hosts: !| Internet Service Providers (ISPs): !| Internet users:
 * 1,839,200 (2003)
 * 2,908,800 (2003)
 * general assessment: adequate for most requirements
 * AM 472, FM 198, shortwave 189 (1999)
 * 6.65 million (1997)
 * 13 (plus 112 repeaters) (1997)
 * 3.06 million (1997)
 * .pe
 * 65,868 (2003)
 * 10 (2000)
 * 2.85 million (2003)
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!| Railways: standard gauge: 2,962 km 1.435-m gauge narrow gauge: 500 km 0.914-m gauge (2003) !| Highways: paved: 9,331 km unpaved: 63,569 km (1999 est.) !| Waterways: note: 8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon system and 208 km of Lago Titicaca (2004) !| Pipelines: !| Ports and harbors: note: Iquitos, Pucallpa, and Yurimaguas are all on the upper reaches of the Amazon and its tributaries !| Merchant marine: foreign-owned: United States 1 registered in other countries: 19 (2004 est.) by type: cargo 2, petroleum tanker 1 !| Airports: !| Airports - with paved runways: over 3,047 m: 5 2,438 to 3,047 m: 20 914 to 1,523 m: 9 under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 16 !| Airports - with unpaved runways: 1,524 to 2,437 m: 21 914 to 1,523 m: 62 under 914 m: 99 (2004 est.) !| Heliports:
 * total: 3,462 km
 * total: 72,900 km
 * 8,808 km
 * gas 388 km; oil 1,557 km; refined products 13 km (2004)
 * Callao, Chimbote, Ilo, Matarani, Paita, Puerto Maldonado, Salaverry, San Martin, Talara, Iquitos, Pucallpa, Yurimaguas
 * total: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 13,666 GRT/17,611 DWT
 * 233 (2003 est.)
 * total: 52
 * total: 182
 * 1 (2003 est.)
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!| Military branches: !| Military manpower - military age and obligation: !| Military manpower - availability: !| Military manpower - fit for military service: !| Military manpower - reaching military age annually: !| Military expenditures - dollar figure: !| Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
 * Army (Ejercito Peruano), Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru; includes Naval Air, Naval Infantry, and Coast Guard), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea del Peru; FAP)
 * 18 years of age for compulsory military service (1999)
 * males age 15-49: 7,374,187 (2004 est.)
 * males age 15-49: 4,938,512 (2004 est.)
 * males: 277,931 (2004 est.)
 * $829.4 million (2003)
 * 1.3% (2003)
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