CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Mozambique


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!| Background:
 * Almost five centuries as a Portuguese colony came to a close with independence in 1975. Large-scale emigration by whites, economic dependence on South Africa, a severe drought, and a prolonged civil war hindered the country's development. The ruling Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO) party formally abandoned Marxism in 1989, and a new constitution the following year provided for multiparty elections and a free market economy. A UN-negotiated peace agreement between FRELIMO and rebel Mozambique National Resistance (RENAMO) forces ended the fighting in 1992. In December 2004, Mozambique underwent a delicate transition as Joaquim CHISSANO steped down after 18 years in office. His newly elected successor, Armando Emilio GUEBUZA, has promised to continue the sound economic policies that have encouraged foreign investment.
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!| Location: !| Geographic coordinates: !| Map references: !| Area: water: 17,500 sq km land: 784,090 sq km !| Area - comparative: !| Land boundaries: border countries: Malawi 1,569 km, South Africa 491 km, Swaziland 105 km, Tanzania 756 km, Zambia 419 km, Zimbabwe 1,231 km !| Coastline: !| Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm !| Climate: !| Terrain: !| Elevation extremes: highest point: Monte Binga 2,436 m !| Natural resources: !| Land use: permanent crops: 0.3% other: 94.6% (2001) !| Irrigated land: !| Natural hazards: !| Environment - current issues: !| Environment - international agreements: signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements !| Geography - note:
 * South-eastern Africa, bordering the Mozambique Channel, between South Africa and Tanzania
 * 18 15 S, 35 00 E
 * Africa
 * total: 801,590 sq km
 * slightly less than twice the size of California
 * total: 4,571 km
 * 2,470 km
 * territorial sea: 12 nm
 * tropical to subtropical
 * mostly coastal lowlands, uplands in center, high plateaus in northwest, mountains in west
 * lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
 * coal, titanium, natural gas, hydropower, tantalum, graphite
 * arable land: 5.1%
 * 1,070 sq km (1998 est.)
 * severe droughts; devastating cyclones and floods occur in central and southern provinces
 * a long civil war and recurrent drought in the hinterlands have resulted in increased migration of the population to urban and coastal areas with adverse environmental consequences; desertification; pollution of surface and coastal waters; elephant poaching for ivory is a problem
 * party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
 * the Zambezi flows through the north-central and most fertile part of the country
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!| Population: note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected; the 1997 Mozambican census reported a population of 16,099,246 (July 2004 est.) !| Age structure: 15-64 years: 53.6% (male 4,944,416; female 5,145,167) 65 years and over: 2.8% (male 215,418; female 305,793) (2004 est.) !| Median age: male: 17.8 years female: 18.6 years (2004 est.) !| Population growth rate: !| Birth rate: !| Death rate: !| Net migration rate: !| Sex ratio: under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2004 est.) !| Infant mortality rate: female: 131.32 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.) male: 142.67 deaths/1,000 live births !| Life expectancy at birth: male: 37.83 years female: 36.34 years (2004 est.) !| Total fertility rate: !| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: !| HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: !| HIV/AIDS - deaths: !| Major infectious diseases: overall degree of risk: very high (2004) !| Nationality: adjective: Mozambican !| Ethnic groups: !| Religions: !| Languages: !| Literacy: total population: 47.8% male: 63.5% female: 32.7% (2003 est.)
 * 18,811,731
 * 0-14 years: 43.6% (male 4,126,178; female 4,074,759)
 * total: 18.2 years
 * 1.22% (2004 est.)
 * 36.06 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * 23.86 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
 * total: 137.08 deaths/1,000 live births
 * total population: 37.1 years
 * 4.78 children born/woman (2004 est.)
 * 12.2% (2003 est.)
 * 1.3 million (2003 est.)
 * 110,000 (2003 est.)
 * typhoid fever, malaria, plague, schistosomiasis
 * noun: Mozambican(s)
 * indigenous tribal groups 99.66% (Makhuwa, Tsonga, Lomwe, Sena, and others), Europeans 0.06%, Euro-Africans 0.2%, Indians 0.08%
 * indigenous beliefs 50%, Christian 30%, Muslim 20%
 * Makhuwa, Tsonga, Lomwe, Sena, numerous other indigenous languages, Portuguese (official; spoken by 27% of population as a second language)
 * definition: age 15 and over can read and write
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!| Country name: conventional short form: Mozambique local short form: Mocambique former: Portuguese East Africa local long form: Republica de Mocambique !| Government type: !| Capital: !| Administrative divisions: !| Independence: !| National holiday: !| Constitution: !| Legal system: !| Suffrage: !| Executive branch: head of government: Prime Minister Luisa DIOGO (since 17 February 2004) cabinet: Cabinet elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 1-2 December 2004 (next to be held December 2009); prime minister appointed by the president election results: Armando GUEBUZA elected president; percent of vote - Armando GUEBUZA 63.7%, Afonso DHLAKAMA 31.7% !| Legislative branch: elections: last held 1-2 December 2004 (next to be held December 2009) election results: percent of vote by party - Frelimo 62%, Renamo 29.7%; seats by party - Frelimo 160, Renamo 90 !| Judicial branch: note: although the constitution provides for the creation of a separate Constitutional Court, one has never been established; in its absence the Supreme Court reviews constitutional cases !| Political parties and leaders: !| Political pressure groups and leaders: !| International organization participation: !| Diplomatic representation in the US: chancery: 1990 M Street NW, Suite 570, Washington, DC 20036 FAX: [1] (202) 835-0245 telephone: [1] (202) 293-7146 !| Diplomatic representation from the US: embassy: Avenida Kenneth Kuanda 193, Maputo mailing address: P. O. Box 783, Maputo telephone: [258] (1) 492797 FAX: [258] (1) 490448 !| Flag description:
 * conventional long form: Republic of Mozambique
 * republic
 * Maputo
 * 10 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia), 1 city (cidade)*; Cabo Delgado, Gaza, Inhambane, Manica, Maputo, Cidade de Maputo*, Nampula, Niassa, Sofala, Tete, Zambezia
 * 25 June 1975 (from Portugal)
 * Independence Day, 25 June (1975)
 * 30 November 1990
 * based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law
 * 18 years of age; universal
 * chief of state: President Armando GUEBUZA (since 2 February 2005)
 * unicameral Assembly of the Republic or Assembleia da Republica (250 seats; members are directly elected by popular vote on a secret ballot to serve five-year terms)
 * Supreme Court (the court of final appeal; some of its professional judges are appointed by the president and some are elected by the Assembly); other courts include an Administrative Court, customs courts, maritime courts, courts marshal, labor courts
 * Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (Frente de Liberatacao de Mocambique) or Frelimo [Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO, president]; Mozambique National Resistance-Electoral Union (Resistencia Nacional Mocambicana-Uniao Eleitoral) or Renamo-UE [Afonso DHLAKAMA, president]
 * Institute for Peace and Democracy (Instituto para Paz e Democracia) or IPADE [Raul DOMINGOS, president]; Etica [Abdul CARIMO Issa, chairman]; Movement for Peace and Citizenship (Movimento para Paz e Cidadania); Mozambican League of Human Rights (Liga Mocambicana dos Direitos Humanos) or LDH [Alice MABOTE, president]; Human Rights and Development (Direitos Humanos e Desenvolvimento) or DHD [Artemisia FRANCO, secretary general]
 * ACP, AfDB, AU, C, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OIC, ONUB, OPCW, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMISET, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO
 * chief of mission: Ambassador Armando PANGUENE
 * chief of mission: Ambassador Sharon P. WILKINSON
 * three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black, and yellow with a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the black band is edged in white; centered in the triangle is a yellow five-pointed star bearing a crossed rifle and hoe in black superimposed on an open white book
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!| Economy - overview: !| GDP: !| GDP - real growth rate: !| GDP - per capita: !| GDP - composition by sector: industry: 27.3% services: 52.7% (2003 est.) !| Investment (gross fixed): !| Population below poverty line: !| Household income or consumption by percentage share: highest 10%: 31.7% (1997) !| Distribution of family income - Gini index: !| Inflation rate (consumer prices): !| Labor force: !| Labor force - by occupation: !| Unemployment rate: !| Budget: expenditures: $1.269 billion, including capital expenditures of $479.4 million (2003 est.) !| Agriculture - products: !| Industries: !| Industrial production growth rate: !| Electricity - production: !| Electricity - consumption: !| Electricity - exports: !| Electricity - imports: !| Oil - production: !| Oil - consumption: !| Oil - exports: !| Oil - imports: !| Oil - proved reserves: !| Natural gas - production: !| Natural gas - consumption: !| Natural gas - exports: !| Natural gas - imports: !| Natural gas - proved reserves: !| Current account balance: !| Exports: !| Exports - commodities: !| Exports - partners: !| Imports: !| Imports - commodities: !| Imports - partners: !| Reserves of foreign exchange & gold: !| Debt - external: !| Economic aid - recipient: !| Currency: !| Currency code: !| Exchange rates: note: effective October 2000, the exchange rate is determined as the weighted average of buying and selling exchange rates of all transactions of commercial banks and stock exchanges with the public !| Fiscal year:
 * At independence in 1975, Mozambique was one of the world's poorest countries. Socialist mismanagement and a brutal civil war from 1977-92 exacerbated the situation. In 1987, the government embarked on a series of macroeconomic reforms designed to stabilize the economy. These steps, combined with donor assistance and with political stability since the multi-party elections in 1994, have led to dramatic improvements in the country's growth rate. Inflation was reduced to single digits during the late 1990s although it returned to double digits in 2000-03. Fiscal reforms, including the introduction of a value-added tax and reform of the customs service, have improved the government's revenue collection abilities. In spite of these gains, Mozambique remains dependent upon foreign assistance for much of its annual budget, and the majority of the population remains below the poverty line. Subsistence agriculture continues to employ the vast majority of the country's workforce. A substantial trade imbalance persists although the opening of the MOZAL aluminum smelter, the country's largest foreign investment project to date has increased export earnings. Additional investment projects in titanium extraction and processing and garment manufacturing should further close the import/export gap. Mozambique's once substantial foreign debt has been reduced through forgiveness and rescheduling under the IMF's Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) and Enhanced HIPC initiatives, and is now at a manageable level.
 * purchasing power parity - $21.23 billion (2003 est.)
 * 7% (2003 est.)
 * purchasing power parity - $1,200 (2003 est.)
 * agriculture: 20.1%
 * 47.8% of GDP (2003)
 * 70% (2001 est.)
 * lowest 10%: 2.5%
 * 39.6 (1996-97)
 * 14% (2003 est.)
 * 9.2 million (2000 est.)
 * agriculture 81%, industry 6%, services 13% (1997 est.)
 * 21% (1997 est.)
 * revenues: $1.089 billion
 * cotton, cashew nuts, sugarcane, tea, cassava (tapioca), corn, coconuts, sisal, citrus and tropical fruits, potatoes, sunflowers; beef, poultry
 * food, beverages, chemicals (fertilizer, soap, paints), aluminum, petroleum products, textiles, cement, glass, asbestos, tobacco
 * 3.4% (2000)
 * 7.193 billion kWh (2001)
 * 1.39 billion kWh (2001)
 * 5.8 billion kWh (2001)
 * 500 million kWh (2001)
 * 0 bbl/day (2001 est.)
 * 8,500 bbl/day (2001 est.)
 * NA (2001)
 * NA (2001)
 * 0 bbl (1 January 2002)
 * 60 million cu m (2001 est.)
 * 60 million cu m (2001 est.)
 * 0 cu m (2001 est.)
 * 0 cu m (2001 est.)
 * 63.71 billion cu m (1 January 2002)
 * $-566 million (2003)
 * $795 million f.o.b. (2003 est.)
 * aluminum, prawns, cashews, cotton, sugar, citrus, timber; bulk electricity
 * Belgium 26%, South Africa 14.4%, Italy 9.6%, Spain 9.5%, Germany 8.3%, Zimbabwe 4.7% (2003)
 * $1.142 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
 * machinery and equipment, vehicles, fuel, chemicals, metal products, foodstuffs, textiles
 * South Africa 26.3%, Australia 9.2%, US 3.9% (2003)
 * $990 million (2003)
 * $966 million (2002 est.)
 * $632.8 million (2001)
 * metical (MZM)
 * MZM
 * meticais per US dollar - 23,782.3 (2003), 23,678 (2002), 20,703.6 (2001), 15,447.1 (2000), 13,028.6 (1999)
 * calendar year
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!| Telephones - main lines in use: !| Telephones - mobile cellular: !| Telephone system: domestic: the system consists of open-wire lines and trunk connection by microwave radio relay and tropospheric scatter international: country code - 258; satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 3 Indian Ocean) !| Radio broadcast stations: !| Radios: !| Television broadcast stations: !| Televisions: !| Internet country code: !| Internet hosts: !| Internet Service Providers (ISPs): !| Internet users:
 * 83,700 (2002)
 * 428,900 (2003)
 * general assessment: fair system but not available generally (telephone density is only 16 telephones for each 1,000 persons)
 * AM 13, FM 17, shortwave 11 (2001)
 * 730,000 (1997)
 * 1 (2001)
 * 67,600 (2000)
 * .mz
 * 3,249 (2003)
 * 11 (2002)
 * 50,000 (2002)
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!| Railways: narrow gauge: 2,983 km 1.067-m gauge; 140 km 0.762-m gauge (2003) !| Highways: paved: 5,685 km unpaved: 24,715 km (1999 est.) !| Waterways: !| Pipelines: !| Ports and harbors: !| Merchant marine: by type: cargo 3 foreign-owned: Belgium 2 (2004 est.) !| Airports: !| Airports - with paved runways: over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 10 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 5 (2004 est.) !| Airports - with unpaved runways: 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 14 914 to 1,523 m: 34 under 914 m: 87 (2004 est.)
 * total: 3,123 km
 * total: 30,400 km
 * 460 km (Zambezi River navigable to Tete and along Cahora Bassa Lake) (2004)
 * gas 649 km; refined products 292 km (2004)
 * Beira, Inhambane, Maputo, Nacala, Pemba, Quelimane
 * total: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 4,125 GRT/7,024 DWT
 * 158 (2003 est.)
 * total: 22
 * total: 136
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!| Military branches: !| Military manpower - availability: !| Military manpower - fit for military service: !| Military expenditures - dollar figure: !| Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
 * Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Special Forces
 * males age 15-49: 4,335,294 (2004 est.)
 * males age 15-49: 2,485,197 (2004 est.)
 * $101.3 million (2003)
 * 2.2% (2003)
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