CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Madagascar


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!| Background:
 * Formerly an independent kingdom, Madagascar became a French colony in 1896, but regained its independence in 1960. During 1992-93, free presidential and National Assembly elections were held, ending 17 years of single-party rule. In 1997, in the second presidential race, Didier RATSIRAKA, the leader during the 1970s and 1980s, was returned to the presidency. The 2001 presidential election was contested between the followers of Didier RATSIRAKA and Marc RAVALOMANANA, nearly causing secession of half of the country. In April 2002, the High Constitutional Court announced RAVALOMANANA the winner.
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!| Location: !| Geographic coordinates: !| Map references: !| Area: water: 5,500 sq km land: 581,540 sq km !| Area - comparative: !| Land boundaries: !| Coastline: !| Maritime claims: continental shelf: 200 nm or 100 nm from the 2,500-m deep isobath exclusive economic zone: 200 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm !| Climate: !| Terrain: !| Elevation extremes: highest point: Maromokotro 2,876 m !| Natural resources: !| Land use: permanent crops: 1.03% other: 93.91% (2001) !| Irrigated land: !| Natural hazards: !| Environment - current issues: !| Environment - international agreements: signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements !| Geography - note:
 * Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, east of Mozambique
 * 20 00 S, 47 00 E
 * Africa
 * total: 587,040 sq km
 * slightly less than twice the size of Arizona
 * 0 km
 * 4,828 km
 * territorial sea: 12 nm
 * tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south
 * narrow coastal plain, high plateau and mountains in center
 * lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
 * graphite, chromite, coal, bauxite, salt, quartz, tar sands, semiprecious stones, mica, fish, hydropower
 * arable land: 5.07%
 * 10,900 sq km (2000 est.)
 * periodic cyclones, drought, and locust infestation
 * soil erosion results from deforestation and overgrazing; desertification; surface water contaminated with raw sewage and other organic wastes; several species of flora and fauna unique to the island are endangered
 * party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
 * world's fourth-largest island; strategic location along Mozambique Channel
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!| Population: !| Age structure: 15-64 years: 52% (male 4,509,877; female 4,596,662) 65 years and over: 3.1% (male 245,168; female 292,564) (2004 est.) !| Median age: male: 17.2 years female: 17.7 years (2004 est.) !| Population growth rate: !| Birth rate: !| Death rate: !| Net migration rate: !| Sex ratio: under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.84 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2004 est.) !| Infant mortality rate: female: 69.95 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.) male: 86.84 deaths/1,000 live births !| Life expectancy at birth: male: 54.19 years female: 58.96 years (2004 est.) !| Total fertility rate: !| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: !| HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: !| HIV/AIDS - deaths: !| Nationality: adjective: Malagasy !| Ethnic groups: !| Religions: !| Languages: !| Literacy: total population: 68.9% male: 75.5% female: 62.5% (2003 est.)
 * 17,501,871 (July 2004 est.)
 * 0-14 years: 44.9% (male 3,935,523; female 3,922,077)
 * total: 17.4 years
 * 3.03% (2004 est.)
 * 41.91 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * 11.62 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
 * total: 78.52 deaths/1,000 live births
 * total population: 56.54 years
 * 5.7 children born/woman (2004 est.)
 * 1.7% (2003 est.)
 * 140,000 (2003 est.)
 * 7,500 (2003 est.)
 * noun: Malagasy (singular and plural)
 * Malayo-Indonesian (Merina and related Betsileo), Cotiers (mixed African, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry - Betsimisaraka, Tsimihety, Antaisaka, Sakalava), French, Indian, Creole, Comoran
 * indigenous beliefs 52%, Christian 41%, Muslim 7%
 * French (official), Malagasy (official)
 * definition: age 15 and over can read and write
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!| Country name: conventional short form: Madagascar local short form: Madagascar former: Malagasy Republic local long form: Republique de Madagascar !| Government type: !| Capital: !| Administrative divisions: !| Independence: !| National holiday: !| Constitution: !| Legal system: !| Suffrage: !| Executive branch: head of government: Prime Minister Jacques SYLLA (27 May 2002) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 16 December 2001 (next to be held NA November 2006); prime minister appointed by the president election results: percent of vote - Didier RATSIRAKA (AREMA) 37.7%, Marc RAVALOMANANA (TIM) 50.5% !| Legislative branch: elections: National Assembly - last held 15 December 2002 (next to be held NA 2006) election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - TIM 103, FP 22, AREMA 3, LEADER/Fanilo 2, RPSD 5, others 3, independents 22 !| Judicial branch: !| Political parties and leaders: !| Political pressure groups and leaders: !| International organization participation: !| Diplomatic representation in the US: consulate(s) general: New York FAX: [1] (202) 483-7603 telephone: [1] (202) 265-5525, 5526 chancery: 2374 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 !| Diplomatic representation from the US: embassy: 14-16 Rue Rainitovo, Antsahavola, Antananarivo 101 mailing address: B. P. 620, Antsahavola, Antananarivo telephone: [261] (20) 22-212-57, 22-212-73, 22-209-56 FAX: [261] (20) 22-345-39 !| Flag description:
 * conventional long form: Republic of Madagascar
 * republic
 * Antananarivo
 * 6 provinces (faritany); Antananarivo, Antsiranana, Fianarantsoa, Mahajanga, Toamasina, Toliara
 * 26 June 1960 (from France)
 * Independence Day, 26 June (1960)
 * 19 August 1992 by national referendum
 * based on French civil law system and traditional Malagasy law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
 * 18 years of age; universal
 * chief of state: President Marc RAVALOMANANA (since 6 May 2002)
 * bicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (160 seats; members are directly elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms); Senate (100 seats; two-thirds of the seats filled by regional assemblies whose members will be elected by popular vote; the remaining one-third of the seats appointed by the president; all members will serve four-year terms)
 * Supreme Court or Cour Supreme; High Constitutional Court or Haute Cour Constitutionnelle
 * Association for the Rebirth of Madagascar or AREMA [Pierrot RAJAONARIVO]; Economic Liberalism and Democratic Action for National Recovery or LEADER/Fanilo [Herizo RAZAFIMAHALEO]; Fihaonana Party or FP [Guy-Willy RAZANAMASY]; I Love Madagascar or TIM [Marc RAVALOMANANA]; Renewal of the Social Democratic Party or RPSD [Evariste MARSON]
 * Committee for the Defense of Truth and Justice or KMMR; Committee for National Reconciliation or CRN [Albert Zafy]; National Council of Christian Churches or FFKM
 * ABEDA, ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, InOC, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO
 * chief of mission: Ambassador Rajaonarivony NARISOA
 * chief of mission: Ambassador Wanda L. NESBITT
 * two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a vertical white band of the same width on hoist side
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!| Economy - overview: !| GDP: !| GDP - real growth rate: !| GDP - per capita: !| GDP - composition by sector: industry: 7.8% services: 57.7% (2003 est.) !| Investment (gross fixed): !| Population below poverty line: !| Household income or consumption by percentage share: highest 10%: 29% (1999) !| Distribution of family income - Gini index: !| Inflation rate (consumer prices): !| Labor force: !| Unemployment rate: !| Budget: expenditures: $1.071 billion, including capital expenditures of $331 million (2003) !| Agriculture - products: !| Industries: !| Industrial production growth rate: !| Electricity - production: !| Electricity - consumption: !| Electricity - exports: !| Electricity - imports: !| Oil - production: !| Oil - consumption: !| Oil - exports: !| Oil - imports: !| Oil - proved reserves: !| Natural gas - proved reserves: !| Current account balance: !| Exports: !| Exports - commodities: !| Exports - partners: !| Imports: !| Imports - commodities: !| Imports - partners: !| Reserves of foreign exchange & gold: !| Debt - external: !| Economic aid - recipient: !| Currency: !| Currency code: !| Exchange rates: !| Fiscal year:
 * Having discarded past socialist economic policies, Madagascar has since the mid 1990s followed a World Bank and IMF led policy of privatization and liberalization. This strategy has placed the country on a slow and steady growth path from an extremely low level. Agriculture, including fishing and forestry, is a mainstay of the economy, accounting for more than one-fourth of GDP and employing four-fifths of the population. Exports of apparel have boomed in recent years primarily due to duty-free access to the United States. Deforestation and erosion, aggravated by the use of firewood as the primary source of fuel are serious concerns. President RAVALOMANANA has worked aggressively to revive the economy following the 2002 political crisis, which triggered a 12% drop in GDP that year. Poverty reduction and combating corruption will be the centerpieces of economic policy for the next few years.
 * purchasing power parity - $13.02 billion (2003 est.)
 * 6% (2003 est.)
 * purchasing power parity - $800 (2003 est.)
 * agriculture: 34.5%
 * 14.8% of GDP (2003)
 * 71% (1999 est.)
 * lowest 10%: 3%
 * 38.1 (1999)
 * 8% (2003 est.)
 * 7.3 million (2000)
 * 5.9% (1998)
 * revenues: $739.6 million
 * coffee, vanilla, sugarcane, cloves, cocoa, rice, cassava (tapioca), beans, bananas, peanuts; livestock products
 * meat processing, soap, breweries, tanneries, sugar, textiles, glassware, cement, automobile assembly plant, paper, petroleum, tourism
 * 3% (2000 est.)
 * 830.2 million kWh (2001)
 * 772.1 million kWh (2001)
 * 0 kWh (2001)
 * 0 kWh (2001)
 * 0 bbl/day (2001 est.)
 * 13,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)
 * NA (2001)
 * NA (2001)
 * 0 bbl (1 January 2002)
 * 0 cu m (1 January 2002)
 * $-398 million (2003)
 * $700 million f.o.b. (2003 est.)
 * coffee, vanilla, shellfish, sugar; cotton cloth, chromite, petroleum products
 * France 37.4%, US 29.2%, Germany 5.5%, Mauritius 5.2% (2003)
 * $920 million f.o.b. (2003 est.)
 * capital goods, petroleum, consumer goods, food
 * China 14.2%, France 13.2%, South Africa 6.4%, Iran 6.2% (2003)
 * $423 million (2003)
 * $4.6 billion (2002)
 * $354 million (2001)
 * Malagasy franc (MGF)
 * MGF
 * Malagasy francs per US dollar - 6,210 (2003), 6,831.96 (2002), 6,588.49 (2001), 6,767.48 (2000), 6,283.77 (1999)
 * calendar year
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!| Telephones - main lines in use: !| Telephones - mobile cellular: !| Telephone system: domestic: open-wire lines, coaxial cables, microwave radio relay, and tropospheric scatter links connect regions international: country code - 261; submarine cable to Bahrain; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region) !| Radio broadcast stations: !| Radios: !| Television broadcast stations: !| Televisions: !| Internet country code: !| Internet hosts: !| Internet Service Providers (ISPs): !| Internet users:
 * 59,600 (2003)
 * 279,500 (2003)
 * general assessment: system is above average for the region
 * AM 2 (plus a number of repeater stations), FM 9, shortwave 6 (2001)
 * 3.05 million (1997)
 * 1 (plus 36 repeaters) (2001)
 * 325,000 (1997)
 * .mg
 * 773 (2003)
 * 2 (2000)
 * 70,500 (2003)
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!| Railways: narrow gauge: 732 km 1.000-m gauge (2003) !| Highways: paved: 5,780 km unpaved: 44,047 km (1999 est.) !| Waterways: !| Ports and harbors: !| Merchant marine: registered in other countries: 2 (2004 est.) by type: cargo 8, chemical tanker 1, roll on/roll off 2 !| Airports: !| Airports - with paved runways: over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 20 under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.) !| Airports - with unpaved runways: 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 42 under 914 m: 43 (2004 est.)
 * total: 732 km
 * total: 49,827 km
 * 600 km (2004)
 * Antsiranana, Antsohimbondrona, Mahajanga, Toamasina, Toliara
 * total: 11 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 14,865 GRT/17,936 DWT
 * 116 (2003 est.)
 * total: 29
 * total: 87
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!| Military branches: !| Military manpower - military age and obligation: !| Military manpower - availability: !| Military manpower - fit for military service: !| Military manpower - reaching military age annually: !| Military expenditures - dollar figure: !| Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
 * People's Armed Forces: comprising Intervention Force, Development Force, and Aeronaval - Navy and Air - Force; National Gendarmerie
 * 18 years of age (est.); conscript service obligation - 18 months (2004)
 * males age 15-49: 4,004,242 (2004 est.)
 * males age 15-49: 2,373,342 (2004 est.)
 * males: 169,186 (2004 est.)
 * $69.8 million (2003)
 * 1.2% (2003)
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