CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Laos


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!| Background:
 * Laos was under the control of Siam (Thailand) from the late 18th century until the late 19th century when it became part of French Indochina. The Franco-Siamese Treaty of 1907 defined the current Lao border with Thailand. In 1975, the Communist Pathet Lao took control of the government, ending a six-century-old monarchy. Initial closer ties to Vietnam and socialization were replaced with a gradual return to private enterprise, a liberalization of foreign investment laws, and the admission into ASEAN in 1997.
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!| Location: !| Geographic coordinates: !| Map references: !| Area: water: 6,000 sq km land: 230,800 sq km !| Area - comparative: !| Land boundaries: border countries: Burma 235 km, Cambodia 541 km, China 423 km, Thailand 1,754 km, Vietnam 2,130 km !| Coastline: !| Maritime claims: !| Climate: !| Terrain: !| Elevation extremes: highest point: Phou Bia 2,817 m !| Natural resources: !| Land use: permanent crops: 0.35% other: 95.85% (2001) !| Irrigated land: note: rainy season irrigation - 2,169 sq km; dry season irrigation - 750 sq km (1998 est.) !| Natural hazards: !| Environment - current issues: !| Environment - international agreements: signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements !| Geography - note:
 * Southeastern Asia, northeast of Thailand, west of Vietnam
 * 18 00 N, 105 00 E
 * Southeast Asia
 * total: 236,800 sq km
 * slightly larger than Utah
 * total: 5,083 km
 * 0 km (landlocked)
 * none (landlocked)
 * tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season (December to April)
 * mostly rugged mountains; some plains and plateaus
 * lowest point: Mekong River 70 m
 * timber, hydropower, gypsum, tin, gold, gemstones
 * arable land: 3.8%
 * 1,640 sq km
 * floods, droughts
 * unexploded ordnance; deforestation; soil erosion; most of the population does not have access to potable water
 * party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
 * landlocked; most of the country is mountainous and thickly forested; the Mekong River forms a large part of the western boundary with Thailand
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!| Population: !| Age structure: 15-64 years: 54.9% (male 1,642,895; female 1,688,175) 65 years and over: 3.2% (male 87,995; female 106,139) (2004 est.) !| Median age: male: 18.3 years female: 19 years (2004 est.) !| Population growth rate: !| Birth rate: !| Death rate: !| Net migration rate: !| Sex ratio: under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.83 male(s)/female total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2004 est.) !| Infant mortality rate: female: 76.69 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.) male: 97.05 deaths/1,000 live births !| Life expectancy at birth: male: 52.71 years female: 56.75 years (2004 est.) !| Total fertility rate: !| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: !| HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: !| HIV/AIDS - deaths: !| Major infectious diseases: overall degree of risk: very high (2004) !| Nationality: adjective: Lao or Laotian !| Ethnic groups: !| Religions: !| Languages: !| Literacy: total population: 66.4% male: 77.4% female: 55.5% (2002)
 * 6,068,117 (July 2004 est.)
 * 0-14 years: 41.9% (male 1,277,152; female 1,265,761)
 * total: 18.6 years
 * 2.44% (2004 est.)
 * 36.47 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * 12.1 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
 * total: 87.06 deaths/1,000 live births
 * total population: 54.69 years
 * 4.86 children born/woman (2004 est.)
 * 0.1% (2003 est.)
 * 1,700 (2003 est.)
 * less than 200 (2003 est.)
 * typhoid fever, dengue fever, malaria, Japanese encephalitis
 * noun: Lao(s) or Laotian(s)
 * Lao Loum (lowland) 68%, Lao Theung (upland) 22%, Lao Soung (highland) including the Hmong and the Yao 9%, ethnic Vietnamese/Chinese 1%
 * Buddhist 60%, animist and other 40% (including various Christian denominations 1.5%)
 * Lao (official), French, English, and various ethnic languages
 * definition: age 15 and over can read and write
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!| Country name: conventional short form: Laos local short form: none local long form: Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao !| Government type: !| Capital: !| Administrative divisions: !| Independence: !| National holiday: !| Constitution: !| Legal system: !| Suffrage: !| Executive branch: head of government: Prime Minister BOUNGNANG Volachit (since 27 March 2001); First Deputy Prime Minister Bouasone BOUPHAVANH (since 3 October 2003) Deputy Prime Minister Maj. Gen. ASANG Laoli (since May 2002), Deputy Prime Minister THONGLOUN Sisolit (since 27 March 2001), and Deputy Prime Minister SOMSAVAT Lengsavat (since 26 February 1998) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president, approved by the National Assembly elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a five-year term; election last held 24 February 2002 (next to be held in 2007); prime minister appointed by the president with the approval of the National Assembly for a five-year term election results: KHAMTAI Siphandon elected president; percent of National Assembly vote - NA% !| Legislative branch: elections: last held 24 February 2002 (next to be held in 2007) election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - LPRP or LPRP-approved (independent, non-party members) 109 !| Judicial branch: !| Political parties and leaders: !| Political pressure groups and leaders: !| International organization participation: !| Diplomatic representation in the US: FAX: [1] (202) 332-4923 telephone: [1] (202) 332-6416 chancery: 2222 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 !| Diplomatic representation from the US: embassy: 19 Rue Bartholonie, B. P. 114, Vientiane mailing address: American Embassy, Box V, APO AP 96546 telephone: [856] (21) 212581, 212582, 212585 FAX: [856] (21) 212584 !| Flag description:
 * conventional long form: Lao People's Democratic Republic
 * Communist state
 * Vientiane
 * 16 provinces (khoueng, singular and plural), 1 municipality* (kampheng nakhon, singular and plural), and 1 special zone** (khetphiset, singular and plural); Attapu, Bokeo, Bolikhamxai, Champasak, Houaphan, Khammouan, Louangnamtha, Louangphrabang, Oudomxai, Phongsali, Salavan, Savannakhet, Viangchan*, Viangchan, Xaignabouli, Xaisomboun**, Xekong, Xiangkhoang
 * 19 July 1949 (from France)
 * Republic Day, 2 December (1975)
 * promulgated 14 August 1991
 * based on traditional customs, French legal norms and procedures, and socialist practice
 * 18 years of age; universal
 * chief of state: President Gen. KHAMTAI Siphadon (since 26 February 1998) and Vice President Lt. Gen. CHOUMMALI Saignason (since 27 March 2001)
 * unicameral National Assembly (109 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms; note - total number of seats increased from 99 to 109 for the 2002 election)
 * People's Supreme Court (the president of the People's Supreme Court is elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the National Assembly Standing Committee; the vice president of the People's Supreme Court and the judges are appointed by the National Assembly Standing Committee)
 * Lao People's Revolutionary Party or LPRP [KHAMTAI Siphandon, party president]; other parties proscribed
 * noncommunist political groups proscribed; most opposition leaders fled the country in 1975
 * ACCT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, CP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO (observer)
 * chief of mission: Ambassador PHANTHONG Phommahaxay
 * chief of mission: Ambassador Patricia M. HASLACH
 * three horizontal bands of red (top), blue (double width), and red with a large white disk centered in the blue band
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!| Economy - overview: !| GDP: !| GDP - real growth rate: !| GDP - per capita: !| GDP - composition by sector: industry: 24.5% services: 26.1% (2003 est.) !| Population below poverty line: !| Household income or consumption by percentage share: highest 10%: 30.6% (1997) !| Distribution of family income - Gini index: !| Inflation rate (consumer prices): !| Labor force: !| Labor force - by occupation: !| Unemployment rate: !| Budget: expenditures: $429.9 million, including capital expenditures of NA (2003 est.) !| Agriculture - products: !| Industries: !| Industrial production growth rate: !| Electricity - production: !| Electricity - consumption: !| Electricity - exports: !| Electricity - imports: !| Oil - production: !| Oil - consumption: !| Oil - exports: !| Oil - imports: !| Current account balance: !| Exports: !| Exports - commodities: !| Exports - partners: !| Imports: !| Imports - commodities: !| Imports - partners: !| Reserves of foreign exchange & gold: !| Debt - external: !| Economic aid - recipient: !| Currency: !| Currency code: !| Exchange rates: !| Fiscal year:
 * The government of Laos - one of the few remaining official Communist states - began decentralizing control and encouraging private enterprise in 1986. The results, starting from an extremely low base, were striking - growth averaged 7% in 1988-2001 except during the short-lived drop caused by the Asian financial crisis beginning in 1997. Despite this high growth rate, Laos remains a country with a primitive infrastructure; it has no railroads, a rudimentary road system, and limited external and internal telecommunications. Electricity is available in only a few urban areas. Subsistence agriculture accounts for half of GDP and provides 80% of total employment. The economy will continue to benefit from aid from the IMF and other international sources and from new foreign investment in food processing and mining.
 * purchasing power parity - $10.32 billion (2003 est.)
 * 5.5% (2003 est.)
 * purchasing power parity - $1,700 (2003 est.)
 * agriculture: 49.4%
 * 40% (2002 est.)
 * lowest 10%: 3.2%
 * 37 (1997)
 * 15.3% (2003 est.)
 * 2.6 million (2001 est.)
 * agriculture 80% (1997 est.)
 * 5.7% (1997 est.)
 * revenues: $298.5 million
 * sweet potatoes, vegetables, corn, coffee, sugarcane, tobacco, cotton, tea, peanuts, rice, water buffalo, pigs, cattle, poultry
 * tin and gypsum mining, timber, electric power, agricultural processing, construction, garments, tourism
 * 9.7% (2001 est.)
 * 1.317 billion kWh (2001)
 * 824.7 million kWh (2001)
 * 400 million kWh (2001)
 * 0 kWh (2001)
 * 0 bbl/day (2001 est.)
 * 2,750 bbl/day (2001 est.)
 * NA (2001)
 * NA (2001)
 * $-58 million (2003)
 * $332 million (2003 est.)
 * garments, wood products, coffee, electricity, tin
 * Thailand 20.7%, Vietnam 15.9%, France 7.3%, Germany 5.3%, Belgium 4% (2003)
 * $492 million f.o.b. (2003 est.)
 * machinery and equipment, vehicles, fuel, consumer goods
 * Thailand 59.4%, China 12.8%, Vietnam 10.2% (2003)
 * $201 million (2003)
 * $2.49 billion (2001)
 * $243 million (2001 est.)
 * kip (LAK)
 * LAK
 * kips per US dollar - 10,443 (2003), 10,056.3 (2002), 8,954.58 (2001), 7,887.64 (2000), 7,102.02 (1999)
 * 1 October - 30 September
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!| Telephones - main lines in use: !| Telephones - mobile cellular: !| Telephone system: domestic: radiotelephone communications international: country code - 856; satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region) !| Radio broadcast stations: !| Radios: !| Television broadcast stations: !| Televisions: !| Internet country code: !| Internet hosts: !| Internet Service Providers (ISPs): !| Internet users:
 * 61,900 (2002)
 * 55,200 (2002)
 * general assessment: service to general public is poor but improving with over 20,000 telephones currently in service and an additional 48,000 expected by 2001; the government relies on a radiotelephone network to communicate with remote areas
 * AM 12, FM 1, shortwave 4 (1998)
 * 730,000 (1997)
 * 4 (1999)
 * 52,000 (1997)
 * .la
 * 937 (2003)
 * 1 (2000)
 * 15,000 (2002)
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!| Highways: paved: 9,664 km unpaved: 12,052 km (1999 est.) !| Waterways: note: primarily Mekong and tributaries; 2,897 additional km are intermittently navigable by craft drawing less than 0.5 m (2003) !| Pipelines: !| Ports and harbors: !| Merchant marine: by type: cargo 1 (2004 est.) !| Airports: !| Airports - with paved runways: 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2004 est.) !| Airports - with unpaved runways: 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 13 under 914 m: 21 (2004 est.)
 * total: 21,716 km
 * 4,600 km
 * refined products 540 km (2004)
 * none
 * total: 1 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 2,370 GRT/3,110 DWT
 * 46 (2003 est.)
 * total: 9
 * total: 35
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!| Military branches: !| Military manpower - military age and obligation: !| Military manpower - availability: !| Military manpower - fit for military service: !| Military manpower - reaching military age annually: !| Military expenditures - dollar figure: !| Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
 * Lao People's Army (LPA; including Riverine Force), Air Force
 * 15 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation - minimum 18 months (2004)
 * males age 15-49: 1,456,500 (2004 est.)
 * males age 15-49: 783,800 (2004 est.)
 * males: 68,563 (2004 est.)
 * $10.9 million (2003)
 * 0.5% (2003)
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