CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Kenya


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!| Background:
 * Founding president and liberation struggle icon Jomo KENYATTA led Kenya from independence until his death in 1978, when President Daniel Toroitich arap MOI took power in a constitutional succession. The country was a de facto one-party state from 1969 until 1982 when the ruling Kenya African National Union (KANU) made itself the sole legal party in Kenya. MOI acceded to internal and external pressure for political liberalization in late 1991. The ethnically fractured opposition failed to dislodge KANU from power in elections in 1992 and 1997, which were marred by violence and fraud, but are viewed as having generally reflected the will of the Kenyan people. President MOI stepped down in December of 2002 following fair and peaceful elections. Mwai KIBAKI, running as the candidate of the multiethnic, united opposition group, the National Rainbow Coalition, defeated KANU candidate Uhuru KENYATTA and assumed the presidency following a campaign centered on an anticorruption platform.
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!| Location: !| Geographic coordinates: !| Map references: !| Area: water: 13,400 sq km land: 569,250 sq km !| Area - comparative: !| Land boundaries: border countries: Ethiopia 861 km, Somalia 682 km, Sudan 232 km, Tanzania 769 km, Uganda 933 km !| Coastline: !| Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation !| Climate: !| Terrain: !| Elevation extremes: highest point: Mount Kenya 5,199 m !| Natural resources: !| Land use: permanent crops: 0.98% other: 90.94% (2001) !| Irrigated land: !| Natural hazards: !| Environment - current issues: !| Environment - international agreements: signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements !| Geography - note:
 * Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Somalia and Tanzania
 * 1 00 N, 38 00 E
 * Africa
 * total: 582,650 sq km
 * slightly more than twice the size of Nevada
 * total: 3,477 km
 * 536 km
 * territorial sea: 12 nm
 * varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior
 * low plains rise to central highlands bisected by Great Rift Valley; fertile plateau in west
 * lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
 * gold, limestone, soda ash, salt, rubies, fluorspar, garnets, wildlife, hydropower
 * arable land: 8.08%
 * 670 sq km (1998 est.)
 * recurring drought; flooding during rainy seasons
 * water pollution from urban and industrial wastes; degradation of water quality from increased use of pesticides and fertilizers; water hyacinth infestation in Lake Victoria; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; poaching
 * party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
 * the Kenyan Highlands comprise one of the most successful agricultural production regions in Africa; glaciers are found on Mount Kenya, Africa's second highest peak; unique physiography supports abundant and varied wildlife of scientific and economic value
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!| Population: note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2004 est.) !| Age structure: 15-64 years: 56.5% (male 9,126,847; female 8,962,905) 65 years and over: 2.9% (male 399,050; female 527,427) (2004 est.) !| Median age: female: 18.7 years (2004 est.) male: 18.5 years !| Population growth rate: !| Birth rate: !| Death rate: !| Net migration rate: note: according to UNHCR, by the end of 2001 Kenya was host to 220,000 refugees from neighboring countries, including: Somalia 145,000 and Sudan 68,000 (2004 est.) !| Sex ratio: under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2004 est.) !| Infant mortality rate: female: 59.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.) male: 65.55 deaths/1,000 live births !| Life expectancy at birth: male: 44.79 years female: 45.1 years (2004 est.) !| Total fertility rate: !| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: !| HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: !| HIV/AIDS - deaths: !| Major infectious diseases: overall degree of risk: very high (2004) !| Nationality: adjective: Kenyan !| Ethnic groups: !| Religions: note: a large majority of Kenyans are Christian, but estimates for the percentage of the population that adheres to Islam or indigenous beliefs vary widely !| Languages: !| Literacy: total population: 85.1% male: 90.6% female: 79.7% (2003 est.)
 * 32,021,856
 * 0-14 years: 40.6% (male 6,575,409; female 6,430,218)
 * total: 18.6 years
 * 1.14% (2004 est.)
 * 27.82 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * 16.31 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * -0.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population
 * at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
 * total: 62.62 deaths/1,000 live births
 * total population: 44.94 years
 * 3.31 children born/woman (2004 est.)
 * 6.7% (2003 est.)
 * 1.2 million (2003 est.)
 * 150,000 (2003 est.)
 * typhoid fever, malaria, schistosomiasis
 * noun: Kenyan(s)
 * Kikuyu 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 12%, Kamba 11%, Kisii 6%, Meru 6%, other African 15%, non-African (Asian, European, and Arab) 1%
 * Protestant 45%, Roman Catholic 33%, indigenous beliefs 10%, Muslim 10%, other 2%
 * English (official), Kiswahili (official), numerous indigenous languages
 * definition: age 15 and over can read and write
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!| Country name: conventional short form: Kenya former: British East Africa !| Government type: !| Capital: !| Administrative divisions: !| Independence: !| National holiday: !| Constitution: !| Legal system: !| Suffrage: !| Executive branch: head of government: President Mwai KIBAKI (since 30 December 2002) and Vice President Moody AWORI (since 25 September 2003); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; in addition to receiving the largest number of votes in absolute terms, the presidential candidate must also win 25% or more of the vote in at least five of Kenya's seven provinces and one area to avoid a runoff; election last held 27 December 2002 (next to be held NA December 2007); vice president appointed by the president election results: President Mwai KIBAKI elected; percent of vote - Mwai KIBAKI 63%, Uhuru KENYATTA 30% !| Legislative branch: elections: last held 27 December 2002 (next to be held by early 2007) election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NARC 125, KANU 64, FORD-P 14, other 7; ex-officio 2; seats appointed by the president - NARC 7, KANU 4, FORD-P 1 !| Judicial branch: !| Political parties and leaders: !| Political pressure groups and leaders: !| International organization participation: !| Diplomatic representation in the US: consulate(s) general: Los Angeles FAX: [1] (202) 462-3829 telephone: [1] (202) 387-6101 chancery: 2249 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 !| Diplomatic representation from the US: embassy: US Embassy, United Nations Ave., Gigiti; P. O. Box 606 Village Market Nairobi mailing address: Box 21A, Unit 64100, APO AE 09831 telephone: [254] (2) 537-800 FAX: [254] (2) 537-810 !| Flag description:
 * conventional long form: Republic of Kenya
 * republic
 * Nairobi
 * 7 provinces and 1 area*; Central, Coast, Eastern, Nairobi Area*, North Eastern, Nyanza, Rift Valley, Western
 * 12 December 1963 (from UK)
 * Independence Day, 12 December (1963)
 * 12 December 1963, amended as a republic 1964; reissued with amendments 1979, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1991, 1992, 1997, and 2001
 * based on Kenyan statutory law, Kenyan and English common law, tribal law, and Islamic law; judicial review in High Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations; constitutional amendment of 1982 making Kenya a de jure one-party state repealed in 1991
 * 18 years of age; universal
 * chief of state: President Mwai KIBAKI (since 30 December 2002) and Vice President Moody AWORI (since 25 September 2003); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
 * unicameral National Assembly or Bunge (224 seats; 210 members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms, 12 so-called "nominated" members who are appointed by the president but selected by the parties in proportion to their parliamentary vote totals, 2 ex-officio members)
 * Court of Appeal (chief justice is appointed by the president); High Court
 * Forum for the Restoration of Democracy-People or FORD-People [Kimaniwa NYOIKE, chairman]; Kenya African National Union or KANU [Uhuru KENYATTA]; National Rainbow Coalition or NARC [Mwai KIBAKI] - the governing party
 * human rights groups; labor unions; Muslim organizations; National Convention Executive Council or NCEC, a proreform coalition of political parties and nongovernment organizations [Kivutha KIBWANA]; Protestant National Council of Churches of Kenya or NCCK [Mutava MUSYIMI]; Roman Catholic and other Christian churches; Supreme Council of Kenya Muslims or SUPKEM [Shaykh Abdul Gafur al-BUSAIDY]
 * ACP, AfDB, AU, C, EADB, FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, ONUB, OPCW, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO
 * chief of mission: Ambassador Leonard NGAITHE
 * chief of mission: Ambassador William M. BELLAMY
 * three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; the red band is edged in white; a large warrior's shield covering crossed spears is superimposed at the center
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!| Economy - overview: !| GDP: !| GDP - real growth rate: !| GDP - per capita: !| GDP - composition by sector: industry: 18.6% services: 61.8% (2003 est.) !| Investment (gross fixed): !| Population below poverty line: !| Household income or consumption by percentage share: highest 10%: 37.2% (2000) !| Distribution of family income - Gini index: !| Inflation rate (consumer prices): !| Labor force: !| Labor force - by occupation: !| Unemployment rate: !| Budget: expenditures: $3.406 billion, including capital expenditures of NA (2003 est.) !| Public debt: !| Agriculture - products: !| Industries: !| Industrial production growth rate: !| Electricity - production: !| Electricity - consumption: !| Electricity - exports: !| Electricity - imports: !| Oil - production: !| Oil - consumption: !| Oil - exports: !| Oil - imports: !| Current account balance: !| Exports: !| Exports - commodities: !| Exports - partners: !| Imports: !| Imports - commodities: !| Imports - partners: !| Reserves of foreign exchange & gold: !| Debt - external: !| Economic aid - recipient: !| Currency: !| Currency code: !| Exchange rates: !| Fiscal year:
 * The regional hub for trade and finance in East Africa, Kenya has been hampered by corruption, notably in the judicial system, and by reliance upon several primary goods whose prices have remained low. In 1997, the IMF suspended Kenya's Enhanced Structural Adjustment Program due to the government's failure to maintain reforms and curb corruption. A severe drought from 1999 to 2000 compounded Kenya's problems, causing water and energy rationing and reducing agricultural output. As a result, GDP contracted by 0.2% in 2000. The IMF, which had resumed loans in 2000 to help Kenya through the drought, again halted lending in 2001 when the government failed to institute several anticorruption measures. Despite the return of strong rains in 2001, weak commodity prices, endemic corruption, and low investment limited Kenya's economic growth to 1.2%. Growth lagged at 1.1% in 2002 because of erratic rains, low investor confidence, meager donor support, and political infighting up to the elections. In the key 27 December 2002 elections, Daniel Arap MOI's 24-year-old reign ended, and a new opposition government took on the formidable economic problems facing the nation. In 2003, progress was made in rooting out corruption, and encouraging donor support, with GDP growth edging up to 1.7%.
 * purchasing power parity - $33.03 billion (2003 est.)
 * 1.5% (2003 est.)
 * purchasing power parity - $1,000 (2003 est.)
 * agriculture: 19.7%
 * 14.3% of GDP (2003)
 * 50% (2000 est.)
 * lowest 10%: 2%
 * 44.9 (1997)
 * 9.8% (2003 est.)
 * 11.45 million (2003 est.)
 * agriculture 75% (2003 est.)
 * 40% (2001 est.)
 * revenues: $2.761 billion
 * 62.9% of GDP (2003)
 * tea, coffee, corn, wheat, sugarcane, fruit, vegetables; dairy products, beef, pork, poultry, eggs
 * small-scale consumer goods (plastic, furniture, batteries, textiles, soap, cigarettes, flour), agricultural products processing; oil refining, cement; tourism
 * 2% (2003 est.)
 * 4.033 billion kWh (2001)
 * 3.981 billion kWh (2001)
 * 0 kWh (2001)
 * 230 million kWh (2001)
 * 0 bbl/day (2001 est.)
 * 57,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)
 * NA (2001)
 * NA (2001)
 * $-306 million (2003)
 * $2.514 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
 * tea, horticultural products, coffee, petroleum products, fish, cement
 * Uganda 12.7%, UK 12.5%, US 9.4%, Netherlands 8.5%, Pakistan 5%, Egypt 4.6%, Tanzania 4.3% (2003)
 * $3.705 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
 * machinery and transportation equipment, petroleum products, motor vehicles, iron and steel, resins and plastics
 * UAE 13.2%, Saudi Arabia 9.6%, South Africa 8.6%, UK 7.4%, China 6.3%, US 5.1%, India 5.1%, Japan 4.9%, Germany 4.2% (2003)
 * $1.455 billion (2003)
 * $5.916 billion (2003 est.)
 * $453 million (1997)
 * Kenyan shilling (KES)
 * KES
 * Kenyan shillings per US dollar - 75.9356 (2003), 78.7491 (2002), 78.5632 (2001), 76.1755 (2000), 70.3262 (1999)
 * 1 July - 30 June
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!| Telephones - main lines in use: !| Telephones - mobile cellular: !| Telephone system: domestic: trunks are primarily microwave radio relay; business data commonly transferred by a very small aperture terminal (VSAT) system international: country code - 254; satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat !| Radio broadcast stations: !| Radios: !| Television broadcast stations: !| Televisions: !| Internet country code: !| Internet hosts: !| Internet Service Providers (ISPs): !| Internet users:
 * 328,400 (2003)
 * 1,590,800 (2003)
 * general assessment: unreliable; little attempt to modernize except for service to business
 * AM 24, FM 18, shortwave 6 (2001)
 * 3.07 million (1997)
 * 8 (2002)
 * 730,000 (1997)
 * .ke
 * 8,325 (2003)
 * 65 (2001)
 * 400,000 (2002)
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!| Railways: narrow gauge: 2,778 km 1.000-m gauge (2003) !| Highways: paved: 7,737 km unpaved: 56,205 km (2000) !| Waterways: !| Pipelines: !| Ports and harbors: !| Merchant marine: registered in other countries: 9 (2004 est.) by type: petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 2 !| Airports: !| Airports - with paved runways: over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 6 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.) !| Airports - with unpaved runways: 1,524 to 2,437 m: 12 914 to 1,523 m: 110 under 914 m: 84 (2004 est.)
 * total: 2,778 km
 * total: 63,942 km
 * part of Lake Victoria system is within boundaries of Kenya (2004)
 * refined products 752 km (2004)
 * Kisumu, Lamu, Mombasa
 * total: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 6,049 GRT/7,082 DWT
 * 221 (2003 est.)
 * total: 15
 * total: 206
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!| Military branches: !| Military manpower - military age and obligation: !| Military manpower - availability: !| Military manpower - fit for military service: !| Military expenditures - dollar figure: !| Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
 * Army, Navy, Air Force
 * 18 years of age (est.) (2004)
 * males age 15-49: 8,313,051 (2004 est.)
 * males age 15-49: 5,150,405 (2004 est.)
 * $231 million (2003)
 * 1.8% (2003)
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