CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Johnston Atoll


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!| Background:
 * Both the US and the Kingdom of Hawaii annexed Johnston Atoll in 1858, but it was the US that mined the guano deposits until the late 1880s. Johnston and Sand Islands were designated wildlife refuges in 1926. The US Navy took over the atoll in 1934, and subsequently the US Air Force assumed control in 1948. The site was used for high-altitude nuclear tests in the 1950s and 1960s, and until late in 2000 the atoll was maintained as a storage and disposal site for chemical weapons. Munitions destruction is now complete. Cleanup and closure of the facility is progressing, with completion anticipated in 2004.
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!| Location: !| Geographic coordinates: !| Map references: !| Area: water: 0 sq km land: 2.8 sq km !| Area - comparative: !| Land boundaries: !| Coastline: !| Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm !| Climate: !| Terrain: !| Elevation extremes: highest point: Summit Peak 5 m !| Natural resources: !| Land use: permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (2001) !| Irrigated land: !| Natural hazards: !| Environment - current issues: !| Geography - note:
 * Oceania, atoll in the North Pacific Ocean 717 nm (1328 km) southwest of Honolulu, Hawaii, about one-third of the way from Hawaii to the Marshall Islands
 * 16 45 N, 169 31 W
 * Oceania
 * total: 2.8 sq km
 * about 4.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
 * 0 km
 * 34 km
 * territorial sea: 12 nm
 * tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds with little seasonal temperature variation
 * mostly flat
 * lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
 * guano deposits worked until depletion about 1890, terrestrial and aquatic wildlife
 * arable land: 0%
 * 0 sq km (1998 est.)
 * NA
 * no natural fresh water resources
 * strategic location in the North Pacific Ocean; Johnston Island and Sand Island are natural islands, which have been expanded by coral dredging; North Island (Akau) and East Island (Hikina) are manmade islands formed from coral dredging; the egg-shaped reef is 34 km in circumference; closed to the public; a former US nuclear weapons test site; site of now-closed Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System (JACADS); most facilities dismantled and cleanup complete in 2004; some low-growing vegetation
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!| Population: note: in previous years, there was an average of 1,100 US military and civilian contractor personnel present; as of September 2001, population had decreased significantly when US Army Chemical Activity Pacific (USACAP) departed; as of January 2004 the island population was just above 200 personnel, including US Air Force, US Fish and Wildlife Service, and civilian contractor personnel (July 2004 est.)
 * 396 no indigenous inhabitants
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!| Country name: conventional short form: Johnston Atoll !| Dependency status: !| Legal system: !| Flag description:
 * conventional long form: none
 * unincorporated territory of the US; administered from Honolulu, HI, by Pacific Air Forces, Hickam Air Force Base, and the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge system
 * the laws of the US, where applicable, apply
 * the flag of the US is used
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!| Economy - overview:
 * Economic activity is limited to providing services to US military personnel and contractors located on the island. All food and manufactured goods must be imported.
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!| Telephone system: domestic: 512 KB satellite link to Hawaii teleport; 20 (POTS) voice and data lines international: NA (2002) !| Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
 * general assessment: NA
 * 1 256 KB circuit to US Department of Defense-run Nonsecure Internet Protocol Router Network (NIPRNET) (2002)
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!| Ports and harbors: !| Airports: !| Airports - with paved runways: 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)
 * Johnston Island
 * 1 (2003 est.)
 * total: 1
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!| Military - note:
 * defense is the responsibility of the US
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