CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Hungary


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!| Background:
 * Hungary was part of the polyglot Austro-Hungarian Empire, which collapsed during World War I. The country fell under Communist rule following World War II. In 1956, a revolt and announced withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact were met with a massive military intervention by Moscow. Under the leadership of Janos KADAR in 1968, Hungary began liberalizing its economy, introducing so-called "goulash Communism." Hungary held its first multiparty elections in 1990 and initiated a free market economy. It joined NATO in 1999 and the EU in 2004.
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!| Location: !| Geographic coordinates: !| Map references: !| Area: water: 690 sq km land: 92,340 sq km !| Area - comparative: !| Land boundaries: border countries: Austria 366 km, Croatia 329 km, Romania 443 km, Serbia and Montenegro 151 km, Slovakia 677 km, Slovenia 102 km, Ukraine 103 km !| Coastline: !| Maritime claims: !| Climate: !| Terrain: !| Elevation extremes: highest point: Kekes 1,014 m !| Natural resources: !| Land use: other: 47.85% (2001) permanent crops: 2.06% !| Irrigated land: !| Environment - current issues: !| Environment - international agreements: signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94 !| Geography - note:
 * Central Europe, northwest of Romania
 * 47 00 N, 20 00 E
 * Europe
 * total: 93,030 sq km
 * slightly smaller than Indiana
 * total: 2,171 km
 * 0 km (landlocked)
 * none (landlocked)
 * temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers
 * mostly flat to rolling plains; hills and low mountains on the Slovakian border
 * lowest point: Tisza River 78 m
 * bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils, arable land
 * arable land: 50.09%
 * 2,100 sq km (1998 est.)
 * the upgrading of Hungary's standards in waste management, energy efficiency, and air, soil, and water pollution with environmental requirements for EU accession will require large investments
 * party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
 * landlocked; strategic location astride main land routes between Western Europe and Balkan Peninsula as well as between Ukraine and Mediterranean basin; the north-south flowing Duna (Danube) and Tisza Rivers divide the country into three large regions
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!| Population: !| Age structure: 15-64 years: 69% (male 3,407,931; female 3,517,450) 65 years and over: 15% (male 545,488; female 952,787) (2004 est.) !| Median age: male: 35.9 years female: 41.1 years (2004 est.) !| Population growth rate: !| Birth rate: !| Death rate: !| Net migration rate: !| Sex ratio: under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.57 male(s)/female total population: 0.91 male(s)/female (2004 est.) !| Infant mortality rate: female: 7.98 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.) male: 9.34 deaths/1,000 live births !| Life expectancy at birth: male: 68.07 years female: 76.69 years (2004 est.) !| Total fertility rate: !| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: !| HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: !| HIV/AIDS - deaths: !| Nationality: adjective: Hungarian !| Ethnic groups: !| Religions: !| Languages: !| Literacy: total population: 99.4% male: 99.5% female: 99.3% (2003 est.)
 * 10,032,375 (July 2004 est.)
 * 0-14 years: 16% (male 826,032; female 782,687)
 * total: 38.4 years
 * -0.25% (2004 est.)
 * 9.77 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * 13.16 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * 0.86 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
 * total: 8.68 deaths/1,000 live births
 * total population: 72.25 years
 * 1.31 children born/woman (2004 est.)
 * 0.1% (2001 est.)
 * 2,800 (2001 est.)
 * less than 100 (2001 est.)
 * noun: Hungarian(s)
 * Hungarian 89.9%, Roma 4%, German 2.6%, Serb 2%, Slovak 0.8%, Romanian 0.7%
 * Roman Catholic 67.5%, Calvinist 20%, Lutheran 5%, atheist and other 7.5%
 * Hungarian 98.2%, other 1.8%
 * definition: age 15 and over can read and write
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!| Country name: conventional short form: Hungary local long form: Magyar Koztarsasag local short form: Magyarorszag !| Government type: !| Capital: !| Administrative divisions: : counties: Bacs-Kiskun, Baranya, Bekes, Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen, Csongrad, Fejer, Gyor-Moson-Sopron, Hajdu-Bihar, Heves, Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok, Komarom-Esztergom, Nograd, Pest, Somogy, Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg, Tolna, Vas, Veszprem, Zala : urban counties: Bekescsaba, Debrecen, Dunaujvaros, Eger, Gyor, Hodmezovasarhely, Kaposvar, Kecskemet, Miskolc, Nagykanizsa, Nyiregyhaza, Pecs, Sopron, Szeged, Szekesfehervar, Szolnok, Szombathely, Tatabanya, Veszprem, Zalaegerszeg : capital city: Budapest !| Independence: !| National holiday: !| Constitution: !| Legal system: !| Suffrage: !| Executive branch: cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president election results: Ferenc MADL elected president; percent of legislative vote - NA% (but by a simple majority in the third round of voting); Ferenc GYURCSANY elected prime minister; percent of legislative vote - 197 to 12 note: to be elected, the president must win two-thirds of legislative vote in the first two rounds or a simple majority in the third round elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a five-year term; election last held 6 June 2000 (next to be held by June 2005); prime minister elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president; election last held 29 September 2004 head of government: Prime Minister Ferenc GYURCSANY (since 29 September 2004) !| Legislative branch: elections: last held 7 and 21 April 2002 (next to be held NA April 2006) election results: percent of vote by party (5% or more of the vote required for parliamentary representation in the first round) - Fidesz/MDF 48.70%, MSzP 46.11%, SzDSz 4.92%, other 0.27%; seats by party - Fidesz 164, MSzP 178, MDF 24, SzDSz 20 !| Judicial branch: !| Political parties and leaders: !| Political pressure groups and leaders: !| International organization participation: !| Diplomatic representation in the US: FAX: [1] (202) 966-8135 consulate(s) general: Los Angeles and New York telephone: [1] (202) 362-6730 chancery: 3910 Shoemaker Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 !| Diplomatic representation from the US: embassy: Szabadsag ter 12, H-1054 Budapest mailing address: pouch: American Embassy Budapest, 5270 Budapest Place, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-5270 telephone: [36] (1) 475-4400 FAX: [36] (1) 475-4764 !| Flag description:
 * conventional long form: Republic of Hungary
 * parliamentary democracy
 * Budapest
 * 19 counties (megyek, singular - megye), 20 urban counties (singular - megyei varos), and 1 capital city (fovaros)
 * 1001 (unification by King Stephen I)
 * Saint Stephen's Day, 20 August
 * 18 August 1949, effective 20 August 1949, revised 19 April 1972; 18 October 1989 revision ensured legal rights for individuals and constitutional checks on the authority of the prime minister and also established the principle of parliamentary oversight; 1997 amendment streamlined the judicial system
 * rule of law based on Western model
 * 18 years of age; universal
 * chief of state: Ferenc MADL (since 4 August 2000)
 * unicameral National Assembly or Orszaggyules (386 seats; members are elected by popular vote under a system of proportional and direct representation to serve four-year terms)
 * Constitutional Court (judges are elected by the National Assembly for nine-year terms)
 * Alliance of Free Democrats or SzDSz [Gabor KUNCZE]; Hungarian Civic Alliance or Fidesz-MPP [Viktor ORBAN, chairman]; Hungarian Democratic Forum or MDF [Ibolya DAVID]; Hungarian Democratic People's Party or MDNP [Erzsebet PUSZTAI, chairman]; Hungarian Socialist Party or MSzP [Istvan HILLER, chairman]; Hungarian Workers' Party or MMP [Gyula THURMER, chairman]
 * NA
 * Australia Group, BIS, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, ESA (cooperating state), EU (new member), FAO, G- 9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIK, UNOMIG, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU (member affiliate), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC
 * chief of mission: Ambassador Andras SIMONYI
 * chief of mission: Ambassador George Herbert WALKER
 * three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green
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!| Economy - overview: !| GDP: !| GDP - real growth rate: !| GDP - per capita: !| GDP - composition by sector: industry: 32.5% services: 64.2% (2003 est.) !| Investment (gross fixed): !| Population below poverty line: !| Household income or consumption by percentage share: highest 10%: 20.5% (1998) !| Distribution of family income - Gini index: !| Inflation rate (consumer prices): !| Labor force: !| Labor force - by occupation: !| Unemployment rate: !| Budget: expenditures: $39.88 billion, including capital expenditures of NA (2003 est.) !| Public debt: !| Agriculture - products: !| Industries: !| Industrial production growth rate: !| Electricity - production: !| Electricity - consumption: !| Electricity - exports: !| Electricity - imports: !| Oil - production: !| Oil - consumption: !| Oil - exports: !| Oil - imports: !| Oil - proved reserves: !| Natural gas - production: !| Natural gas - consumption: !| Natural gas - exports: !| Natural gas - imports: !| Natural gas - proved reserves: !| Current account balance: !| Exports: !| Exports - commodities: !| Exports - partners: !| Imports: !| Imports - commodities: !| Imports - partners: !| Reserves of foreign exchange & gold: !| Debt - external: !| Economic aid - recipient: !| Currency: !| Currency code: !| Exchange rates: !| Fiscal year:
 * Hungary has made the transition from a centrally planned to a market economy, with a per capita income one-half that of the Big Four European nations. Hungary continues to demonstrate strong economic growth and joined the European Union in May 2004. The private sector accounts for over 80% of GDP. Foreign ownership of and investment in Hungarian firms are widespread, with cumulative foreign direct investment totaling more than $23 billion since 1989. Hungarian sovereign debt was upgraded in 2000 to the second-highest rating among all the Central European transition economies. Inflation has declined substantially, from 14% in 1998 to 4.7% in 2003; unemployment has persisted around the 6% level. Germany is by far Hungary's largest economic partner. Short-term issues include the reduction of the public sector deficit and further increasing the flexibility of the labor markets.
 * purchasing power parity - $139.8 billion (2003 est.)
 * 2.9% (2003 est.)
 * purchasing power parity - $13,900 (2003 est.)
 * agriculture: 3.3%
 * 22% of GDP (2003)
 * 8.6% (1993 est.)
 * lowest 10%: 4.1%
 * 24.4 (1998)
 * 4.7% (2003 est.)
 * 4.164 million (2003)
 * agriculture 8%, industry 27%, services 65% (1996)
 * 5.9% (2003 est.)
 * revenues: $35 billion
 * 57% of GDP (2003)
 * wheat, corn, sunflower seed, potatoes, sugar beets; pigs, cattle, poultry, dairy products
 * mining, metallurgy, construction materials, processed foods, textiles, chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals), motor vehicles
 * 6.4% (2003 est.)
 * 34.39 billion kWh (2001)
 * 35.15 billion kWh (2001)
 * 7.261 billion kWh (2001)
 * 10.43 billion kWh (2001)
 * 41,190 bbl/day (2001 est.)
 * 140,700 bbl/day (2001 est.)
 * 47,180 bbl/day (2001)
 * 136,600 bbl/day (2001)
 * 110.7 million bbl (1 January 2002)
 * 3.231 billion cu m (2001 est.)
 * 13.37 billion cu m (2001 est.)
 * 4 million cu m (2001 est.)
 * 9.587 billion cu m (2001 est.)
 * 50.45 billion cu m (1 January 2002)
 * $-7.347 billion (2003)
 * $42.03 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
 * machinery and equipment 57.6%, other manufactures 31.0%, food products 7.5%, raw materials 1.9%, fuels and electricity 1.9% (2001)
 * Germany 34.1%, Austria 8%, Italy 5.8%, France 5.7%, UK 4.5%, Netherlands 4.1% (2003)
 * $46.19 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
 * machinery and equipment 51.6%, other manufactures 35.3%, fuels and electricity 8.2%, food products 2.9%, raw materials 2.0% (2001)
 * Germany 24.5%, Italy 7.1%, China 6.9%, Austria 6.3%, Russia 6.2%, France 4.8%, Japan 4.2% (2003)
 * $12.78 billion (2003)
 * $42.38 billion (2003 est.)
 * ODA $250 million (2000)
 * forint (HUF)
 * HUF
 * forints per US dollar - 224.307 (2003), 257.887 (2002), 286.49 (2001), 282.179 (2000), 237.146 (1999)
 * calendar year
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!| Telephones - main lines in use: !| Telephones - mobile cellular: !| Telephone system: domestic: the system is digitalized and highly automated; trunk services are carried by fiber-optic cable and digital microwave radio relay; a program for fiber-optic subscriber connections was initiated in 1996; heavy use is made of mobile cellular telephones international: country code - 36; Hungary has fiber-optic cable connections with all neighboring countries; the international switch is in Budapest; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean regions), 1 Inmarsat, 1 very small aperture terminal (VSAT) system of ground terminals !| Radio broadcast stations: !| Radios: !| Television broadcast stations: !| Televisions: !| Internet country code: !| Internet hosts: !| Internet Service Providers (ISPs): !| Internet users:
 * 3,666,400 (2002)
 * 6,862,800 (2002)
 * general assessment: the telephone system has been modernized and is capable of satisfying all requests for telecommunication service
 * AM 17, FM 57, shortwave 3 (1998)
 * 7.01 million (1997)
 * 35 (plus 161 low-power repeaters) (1995)
 * 4.42 million (1997)
 * .hu
 * 383,071 (2004)
 * 16 (2000)
 * 1.6 million (2002)
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!| Railways: broad gauge: 36 km 1.524-m gauge standard gauge: 7,682 km 1.435-m gauge (2,628 km electrified) narrow gauge: 219 km 0.760-m gauge (2003) !| Highways: paved: 81,680 km (including 438 km of expressways) unpaved: 106,523 km (1999) !| Waterways: !| Pipelines: !| Ports and harbors: !| Merchant marine: by type: cargo 2 registered in other countries: 8 (2004 est.) !| Airports: !| Airports - with paved runways: over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 8 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 !| Airports - with unpaved runways: 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 under 914 m: 9 (2004 est.) 914 to 1,523 m: 11 !| Heliports:
 * total: 7,937 km
 * total: 188,203 km
 * 1,622 km (most on Danube River) (2004)
 * gas 4,397 km; oil 990 km; refined products 335 km (2004)
 * Budapest, Dunaujvaros, Gyor-Gonyu, Csepel, Baja, Mohacs (2003)
 * total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 7,568 GRT/10,025 DWT
 * 43 (2003 est.)
 * total: 18
 * total: 26
 * 5 (2003 est.)
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!| Military branches: !| Military manpower - military age and obligation: !| Military manpower - availability: !| Military manpower - fit for military service: !| Military manpower - reaching military age annually: !| Military expenditures - dollar figure: !| Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
 * Ground Forces, Air Forces
 * 18 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in June 2004 (June 2004)
 * males age 15-49: 2,519,052 (2004 est.)
 * males age 15-49: 2,011,750 (2004 est.)
 * males: 64,426 (2004 est.)
 * $1.08 billion (2002 est.)
 * 1.75% (2002 est.)
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