CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Finland


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!| Background:
 * Finland was a province and then a grand duchy under Sweden from the 12th to the 19th centuries and an autonomous grand duchy of Russia after 1809. It won its complete independence in 1917. During World War II, it was able to successfully defend its freedom and resist invasions by the Soviet Union - albeit with some loss of territory. In the subsequent half century, the Finns made a remarkable transformation from a farm/forest economy to a diversified modern industrial economy; per capita income is now on par with Western Europe. As a member of the European Union, Finland was the only Nordic state to join the euro system at its initiation in January 1999.
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!| Location: !| Geographic coordinates: !| Map references: !| Area: water: 33,672 sq km land: 304,473 sq km !| Area - comparative: !| Land boundaries: border countries: Norway 736 km, Sweden 614 km, Russia 1,340 km !| Coastline: !| Maritime claims: continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm; extends to continental shelf boundary with Sweden !| Climate: !| Terrain: !| Elevation extremes: highest point: Halti 1,328 m !| Natural resources: !| Land use: permanent crops: 0.03% other: 92.78% (2001) !| Irrigated land: !| Natural hazards: !| Environment - current issues: !| Environment - international agreements: signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants !| Geography - note:
 * Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, between Sweden and Russia
 * 64 00 N, 26 00 E
 * Europe
 * total: 338,145 sq km
 * slightly smaller than Montana
 * total: 2,690 km
 * 1,250 km
 * territorial sea: 12 nm (in the Gulf of Finland - 3 nm)
 * cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes
 * mostly low, flat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes and low hills
 * lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m
 * timber, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, nickel, gold, silver, limestone
 * arable land: 7.19%
 * 640 sq km (1998 est.)
 * NA
 * air pollution from manufacturing and power plants contributing to acid rain; water pollution from industrial wastes, agricultural chemicals; habitat loss threatens wildlife populations
 * party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
 * long boundary with Russia; Helsinki is northernmost national capital on European continent; population concentrated on small southwestern coastal plain
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!| Population: !| Age structure: 15-64 years: 66.7% (male 1,760,472; female 1,719,917) 65 years and over: 15.7% (male 323,082; female 496,666) (2004 est.) !| Median age: male: 39.1 years female: 42.2 years (2004 est.) !| Population growth rate: !| Birth rate: !| Death rate: !| Net migration rate: !| Sex ratio: under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.65 male(s)/female total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2004 est.) !| Infant mortality rate: female: 3.26 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.) male: 3.91 deaths/1,000 live births !| Life expectancy at birth: male: 74.73 years female: 81.89 years (2004 est.) !| Total fertility rate: !| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: !| HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: !| HIV/AIDS - deaths: !| Nationality: adjective: Finnish !| Ethnic groups: !| Religions: !| Languages: !| Literacy: total population: 100% (2000 est.) male: NA female: NA
 * 5,214,512 (July 2004 est.)
 * 0-14 years: 17.5% (male 466,036; female 448,339)
 * total: 40.7 years
 * 0.18% (2004 est.)
 * 10.56 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * 9.69 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * 0.95 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
 * total: 3.59 deaths/1,000 live births
 * total population: 78.24 years
 * 1.73 children born/woman (2004 est.)
 * less than 0.1% (2003 est.)
 * 1,500 (2003 est.)
 * less than 100 (2003 est.)
 * noun: Finn(s)
 * Finn 93.4%, Swede 5.7%, Russian 0.4%, Estonian 0.2%, Roma 0.2%, Sami 0.1%
 * Evangelical Lutheran 89%, Russian Orthodox 1%, none 9%, other 1%
 * Finnish 93.4% (official), Swedish 5.9% (official), small Sami- and Russian-speaking minorities
 * definition: age 15 and over can read and write
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!| Country name: conventional short form: Finland local short form: Suomi local long form: Suomen Tasavalta !| Government type: !| Capital: !| Administrative divisions: !| Independence: !| National holiday: !| Constitution: !| Legal system: !| Suffrage: !| Executive branch: head of government: Prime Minister Matti VANHANEN (since 24 June 2003) and Deputy Prime Minister Antti KALLIOMAKI (since 17 April 2003); note - former Prime Minister Anneli JAATTEENMAKI resigned cabinet: Council of State or Valtioneuvosto appointed by the president, responsible to Parliament elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term; election last held 16 January 2000 and 6 February 2000 (next to be held February 2006); the president appoints the prime minister and deputy prime minister from the majority party or the majority coalition after Parliamentary elections and the Parliament must approve the appointment note: government coalition - KESK, SDP, and SFP election results: Tarja HALONEN elected president; percent of vote - Tarja HALONEN (SDP) 51.6%, Esko AHO (Kesk) 48.4% !| Legislative branch: election results: percent of vote by party - Kesk 24.7%, SDP 24.5%, Kok 18.5%, VAS 9.9%, VIHR 8%, KD 5.3%, SFP 4.6%; seats by party - Kesk 55, SDP 53, Kok 40, VAS 19, VIHR 14, KD 7, SFP 8, others 4 elections: last held 16 March 2003 (next to be held NA March 2007) !| Judicial branch: !| Political parties and leaders: !| International organization participation: !| Diplomatic representation in the US: consulate(s) general: Los Angeles and New York FAX: [1] (202) 298-6030 telephone: [1] (202) 298-5800 chancery: 3301 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 !| Diplomatic representation from the US: embassy: Itainen Puistotie 14B, FIN-00140, Helsinki mailing address: APO AE 09723 telephone: [358] (9) 616250 FAX: [358] (9) 6162 5800 !| Flag description:
 * conventional long form: Republic of Finland
 * republic
 * Helsinki
 * 6 provinces (laanit, singular - laani); Aland, Etela-Suomen Laani, Ita-Suomen Laani, Lansi-Suomen Laani, Lappi, Oulun Laani
 * 6 December 1917 (from Russia)
 * Independence Day, 6 December (1917)
 * 1 March 2000
 * civil law system based on Swedish law; the president may request the Supreme Court to review laws; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
 * 18 years of age; universal
 * chief of state: President Tarja HALONEN (since 1 March 2000)
 * unicameral Parliament or Eduskunta (200 seats; members are elected by popular vote on a proportional basis to serve four-year terms)
 * Supreme Court or Korkein Oikeus (judges appointed by the president)
 * Center Party or Kesk [Matti VANHANEN]; Christian Democrats or KD [Paivi RASANEN]; Green League or VIHR [Osmo SOININVAARA]; Left Alliance or VAS composed of People's Democratic League and Democratic Alternative [Suvi-Anne SIIMES]; National Coalition (conservative) Party or Kok [Jyrki KATAINEN]; Social Democratic Party or SDP [Paavo LIPPONEN]; Swedish People's Party or SFP [Jan-Erik ENESTAM]
 * AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, G- 9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (guest), NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WEU (observer), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
 * chief of mission: Ambassador Jukka Robert VALTASAARI
 * chief of mission: Ambassador Earle I. MACK
 * white with a blue cross extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)
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!| Economy - overview: !| GDP: !| GDP - real growth rate: !| GDP - per capita: !| GDP - composition by sector: industry: 32.7% services: 62.9% (2003 est.) !| Investment (gross fixed): !| Population below poverty line: !| Household income or consumption by percentage share: highest 10%: 21.6% (1991) !| Distribution of family income - Gini index: !| Inflation rate (consumer prices): !| Labor force: !| Labor force - by occupation: !| Unemployment rate: !| Budget: expenditures: $81.62 billion, including capital expenditures of NA (2003 est.) !| Public debt: !| Agriculture - products: !| Industries: !| Industrial production growth rate: !| Electricity - production: !| Electricity - consumption: !| Electricity - exports: !| Electricity - imports: !| Oil - production: !| Oil - consumption: !| Oil - exports: !| Oil - imports: !| Natural gas - production: !| Natural gas - consumption: !| Natural gas - exports: !| Natural gas - imports: !| Current account balance: !| Exports: !| Exports - commodities: !| Exports - partners: !| Imports: !| Imports - commodities: !| Imports - partners: !| Reserves of foreign exchange & gold: !| Debt - external: !| Economic aid - donor: !| Currency: note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the member countries !| Currency code: !| Exchange rates: !| Fiscal year:
 * Finland has a highly industrialized, largely free-market economy, with per capita output roughly that of the UK, France, Germany, and Italy. Its key economic sector is manufacturing - principally the wood, metals, engineering, telecommunications, and electronics industries. Trade is important, with exports equaling one-third of GDP. Except for timber and several minerals, Finland depends on imports of raw materials, energy, and some components for manufactured goods. Because of the climate, agricultural development is limited to maintaining self-sufficiency in basic products. Forestry, an important export earner, provides a secondary occupation for the rural population. Rapidly increasing integration with Western Europe - Finland was one of the 12 countries joining the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) - will dominate the economic picture over the next several years. Growth in 2003 was held back by the global slowdown but will pick up in 2004 provided the world economy suffers no further blows.
 * purchasing power parity - $142.2 billion (2003 est.)
 * 1.9% (2003 est.)
 * purchasing power parity - $27,400 (2003 est.)
 * agriculture: 4.3%
 * 18% of GDP (2003)
 * NA
 * lowest 10%: 4.2%
 * 25.6 (1991)
 * 0.9% (2003 est.)
 * 2.599 million (2003 est.)
 * agriculture and forestry 8%, industry 22%, construction 6%, commerce 14%, finance, insurance, and business services 10%, transport and communications 8%, public services 32%
 * 9% (2003 est.)
 * revenues: $87.03 billion
 * 48.7% of GDP (2003)
 * barley, wheat, sugar beets, potatoes; dairy cattle; fish
 * metal products, electronics, shipbuilding, pulp and paper, copper refining, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, clothing
 * 0.8% (2003 est.)
 * 71.2 billion kWh (2001)
 * 76.18 billion kWh (2001)
 * 1.81 billion kWh (2001)
 * 11.77 billion kWh (2001)
 * 0 bbl/day (2001 est.)
 * 211,400 bbl/day (2001 est.)
 * 101,000 bbl/day (2001)
 * 318,300 bbl/day (2001)
 * 0 cu m (2001 est.)
 * 4.557 billion cu m (2001 est.)
 * 0 cu m (2001 est.)
 * 4.567 billion cu m (2001 est.)
 * $10.3 billion (2003)
 * $54.28 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
 * machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals; timber, paper, pulp (1999)
 * Germany 11.8%, Sweden 9.9%, US 8.2%, UK 8%, Russia 7.5%, Netherlands 4.8% (2003)
 * $37.35 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
 * foodstuffs, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, transport equipment, iron and steel, machinery, textile yarn and fabrics, grains (1999)
 * Germany 16.2%, Sweden 14.1%, Russia 11.7%, Netherlands 6.3%, Denmark 5.7%, UK 5.3%, France 4.3% (2003)
 * $11.17 billion (2003)
 * $30 billion (December 1993)
 * ODA, $379 million (2001)
 * euro (EUR)
 * EUR
 * euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999)
 * calendar year
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!| Telephones - main lines in use: !| Telephones - mobile cellular: !| Telephone system: domestic: digital fiber-optic fixed-line network and an extensive cellular network provide domestic needs international: country code - 358; 1 submarine cable (Finland Estonia Connection); satellite earth stations - access to Intelsat transmission service via a Swedish satellite earth station, 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Finland shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) !| Radio broadcast stations: !| Radios: !| Television broadcast stations: !| Televisions: !| Internet country code: !| Internet hosts: !| Internet Service Providers (ISPs): !| Internet users:
 * 2.548 million (2003)
 * 4.7 million (2003)
 * general assessment: modern system with excellent service
 * AM 2, FM 186, shortwave 1 (1998)
 * 7.7 million (1997)
 * 120 (plus 431 repeaters) (1999)
 * 3.2 million (1997)
 * .fi
 * 1,219,173 (2004)
 * 3 (2002)
 * 2.65 million (2002)
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!| Railways: broad gauge: 5,851 km 1.524-m gauge (2,400 km electrified) (2003) !| Highways: paved: 50,398 km (including 750 km of expressways) unpaved: 27,739 km (2003) !| Waterways: note: includes Saimaa Canal system of 3,577 km; southern part leased from Russia (2004) !| Pipelines: !| Ports and harbors: !| Merchant marine: registered in other countries: 39 (2004 est.) by type: bulk 9, cargo 26, chemical tanker 5, container 1, passenger 2, petroleum tanker 9, roll on/roll off 28, short-sea/passenger 10 foreign-owned: Estonia 1 !| Airports: !| Airports - with paved runways: over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 27 1,524 to 2,437 m: 10 914 to 1,523 m: 23 under 914 m: 13 (2004 est.) !| Airports - with unpaved runways: 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 69 (2004 est.)
 * total: 5,851 km
 * total: 78,137 km
 * 7,842 km
 * gas 694 km (2004)
 * Hamina, Helsinki, Kokkola, Kotka, Loviisa, Oulu, Pori, Rauma, Turku, Uusikaupunki, Varkaus
 * total: 90 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,152,175 GRT/1,053,906 DWT
 * 148 (2003 est.)
 * total: 75
 * total: 73
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!| Military branches: !| Military manpower - military age and obligation: !| Military manpower - availability: !| Military manpower - fit for military service: !| Military manpower - reaching military age annually: !| Military expenditures - dollar figure: !| Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
 * Army, Navy, Air Force
 * 18 years of age for voluntary and compulsory military service (October 2004)
 * males age 15-49: 1,226,890 (2004 est.)
 * males age 15-49: 1,013,961 (2004 est.)
 * males: 32,058 (2004 est.)
 * $1.8 billion (FY98/99)
 * 2% (FY98/99)
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