CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Chad


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!| Background:
 * Chad, part of France's African holdings until 1960, endured three decades of ethnic warfare as well as invasions by Libya before a semblance of peace was finally restored in 1990. The government eventually suppressed or came to terms with most political-military groups, settled a territorial dispute with Libya on terms favorable to Chad, drafted a democratic constitution, and held multiparty presidential elections in 1996 and 1997. In 1998, a new rebellion broke out in northern Chad, which sporadically flares up despite two peace agreements signed in 2002 and 2003 between the government and the rebels. Despite movement toward democratic reform, power remains in the hands of a northern ethnic oligarchy.
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!| Location: !| Geographic coordinates: !| Map references: !| Area: water: 24,800 sq km land: 1,259,200 sq km !| Area - comparative: !| Land boundaries: border countries: Cameroon 1,094 km, Central African Republic 1,197 km, Libya 1,055 km, Niger 1,175 km, Nigeria 87 km, Sudan 1,360 km !| Coastline: !| Maritime claims: !| Climate: !| Terrain: !| Elevation extremes: highest point: Emi Koussi 3,415 m !| Natural resources: !| Land use: permanent crops: 0.02% other: 97.12% (2001) !| Irrigated land: !| Natural hazards: !| Environment - current issues: !| Environment - international agreements: signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping !| Geography - note:
 * Central Africa, south of Libya
 * 15 00 N, 19 00 E
 * Africa
 * total: 1.284 million sq km
 * slightly more than three times the size of California
 * total: 5,968 km
 * 0 km (landlocked)
 * none (landlocked)
 * tropical in south, desert in north
 * broad, arid plains in center, desert in north, mountains in northwest, lowlands in south
 * lowest point: Djourab Depression 160 m
 * petroleum, uranium, natron, kaolin, fish (Lake Chad)
 * arable land: 2.86%
 * 200 sq km (1998 est.)
 * hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; periodic droughts; locust plagues
 * inadequate supplies of potable water; improper waste disposal in rural areas contributes to soil and water pollution; desertification
 * party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
 * landlocked; Lake Chad is the most significant water body in the Sahel
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!| Population: !| Age structure: 15-64 years: 49.3% (male 2,245,586; female 2,459,796) 65 years and over: 2.8% (male 107,594; female 158,277) (2004 est.) !| Median age: male: 15.3 years female: 16.7 years (2004 est.) !| Population growth rate: !| Birth rate: !| Death rate: !| Net migration rate: !| Sex ratio: under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2004 est.) !| Infant mortality rate: female: 85.17 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.) male: 104.01 deaths/1,000 live births !| Life expectancy at birth: male: 46.91 years female: 49.63 years (2004 est.) !| Total fertility rate: !| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: !| HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: !| HIV/AIDS - deaths: !| Major infectious diseases: overall degree of risk: very high (2004) !| Nationality: adjective: Chadian !| Ethnic groups: !| Religions: !| Languages: !| Literacy: total population: 47.5% male: 56% female: 39.3% (2003 est.)
 * 9,538,544 (July 2004 est.)
 * 0-14 years: 47.9% (male 2,297,490; female 2,269,801)
 * total: 16 years
 * 3% (2004 est.)
 * 46.5 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * 16.38 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * -0.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
 * total: 94.78 deaths/1,000 live births
 * total population: 48.24 years
 * 6.38 children born/woman (2004 est.)
 * 4.8% (2003 est.)
 * 200,000 (2003 est.)
 * 18,000 (2003 est.)
 * typhoid fever, malaria, schistosomiasis
 * noun: Chadian(s)
 * 200 distinct groups; in the north and center: Arabs, Gorane (Toubou, Daza, Kreda), Zaghawa, Kanembou, Ouaddai, Baguirmi, Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Hausa, Boulala, and Maba, most of whom are Muslim; in the south: Sara (Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye), Moundang, Moussei, Massa, most of whom are Christian or animist; about 1,000 French citizens live in Chad
 * Muslim 51%, Christian 35%, animist 7%, other 7%
 * French (official), Arabic (official), Sara (in south), more than 120 different languages and dialects
 * definition: age 15 and over can read and write French or Arabic
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!| Country name: conventional short form: Chad local long form: Republique du Tchad local short form: Tchad !| Government type: !| Capital: !| Administrative divisions: note: instead of 14 prefectures, there may be a new administrative structure of 28 departments (departments, singular - department), and 1 city*; Assongha, Baguirmi, Bahr El Gazal, Bahr Koh, Batha Oriental, Batha Occidental, Biltine, Borkou, Dababa, Ennedi, Guera, Hadjer Lamis, Kabia, Kanem, Lac, Lac Iro, Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Mandoul, Mayo-Boneye, Mayo-Dallah, Monts de Lam, N'Djamena*, Ouaddai, Salamat, Sila, Tandjile Oriental, Tandjile Occidental, Tibesti !| Independence: !| National holiday: !| Constitution: !| Legal system: !| Suffrage: !| Executive branch: head of government: Prime Minister Pascal YOADIMNADJI (since 3 February 2005) cabinet: Council of State, members appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister election results: Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY reelected president; percent of vote - Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY 63%, Ngarlegy YORONGAR 16%, Saleh KEBZABO 7% note: government coalition - MPS, UNDR, and URD elections: president elected by popular vote to serve five-year term; if no candidate receives at least 50% of the total vote, the two candidates receiving the most votes must stand for a second round of voting; last held 20 May 2001 (next to be held NA 2006); prime minister appointed by the president !| Legislative branch: election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - MPS 110, RDP 12, FAR 9, RNDP 5, URD 5, UNDR 3, others 11 elections: National Assembly - last held 21 April 2002 (next to be held in NA April 2006) !| Judicial branch: !| Political parties and leaders: !| Political pressure groups and leaders: !| International organization participation: !| Diplomatic representation in the US: chancery: 2002 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 FAX: [1] (202) 265-1937 telephone: [1] (202) 462-4009 !| Diplomatic representation from the US: embassy: Avenue Felix Eboue, N'Djamena mailing address: B. P. 413, N'Djamena telephone: [235] (51) 70-09 FAX: [235] (51) 56-54 !| Flag description:
 * conventional long form: Republic of Chad
 * republic
 * N'Djamena
 * 14 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture); Batha, Biltine, Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti, Chari-Baguirmi, Guera, Kanem, Lac, Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Mayo-Kebbi, Moyen-Chari, Ouaddai, Salamat, Tandjile
 * 11 August 1960 (from France)
 * Independence Day, 11 August (1960)
 * passed by referendum 31 March 1996
 * based on French civil law system and Chadian customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
 * 18 years of age; universal
 * chief of state: President Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY (since 4 December 1990)
 * bicameral according to constitution, consists of a National Assembly (155 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) and a Senate (not yet created and size unspecified, members to serve six-year terms, one-third of membership renewable every two years)
 * Supreme Court; Court of Appeal; Criminal Courts; Magistrate Courts
 * Federation Action for the Republic or FAR [Ngarlejy YORONGAR]; National Rally for Development and Progress or RNDP [Mamadou BISSO]; National Union for Democracy and Renewal or UNDR [Saleh KEBZABO]; Patriotic Salvation Movement or MPS [Mahamat Saleh AHMAT, chairman] (originally in opposition but now the party in power and the party of the president); Rally for Democracy and Progress or RPD [leader NA]; Union for Renewal and Democracy or URD [Gen. Wadal Abdelkader KAMOUGUE]; Viva Rally for Development and Progress or Viva RNDP [Delwa Kassire COUMAKOYE]
 * NA
 * ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, BDEAC, CEMAC, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, ONUB, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO
 * chief of mission: Ambassador Hassaballah Abdelhadi Ahmat SOUBIANE
 * chief of mission: Ambassador Christopher E. GOLDTHWAIT
 * three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; similar to the flag of Romania; also similar to the flags of Andorra and Moldova, both of which have a national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; design was based on the flag of France
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!| Economy - overview: !| GDP: !| GDP - real growth rate: !| GDP - per capita: !| GDP - composition by sector: industry: 18.8% services: 48.8% (2003 est.) !| Investment (gross fixed): !| Population below poverty line: !| Household income or consumption by percentage share: highest 10%: NA !| Inflation rate (consumer prices): !| Labor force: !| Labor force - by occupation: !| Unemployment rate: !| Budget: expenditures: $680.9 million, including capital expenditures of $146 million (2003 est.) !| Agriculture - products: !| Industries: !| Industrial production growth rate: !| Electricity - production: !| Electricity - consumption: !| Electricity - exports: !| Electricity - imports: !| Oil - production: !| Oil - consumption: !| Oil - exports: !| Oil - imports: !| Current account balance: !| Exports: !| Exports - commodities: !| Exports - partners: !| Imports: !| Imports - commodities: !| Imports - partners: !| Reserves of foreign exchange & gold: !| Debt - external: !| Economic aid - recipient: !| Currency: !| Currency code: !| Exchange rates: !| Fiscal year:
 * Chad's primarily agricultural economy will continue to be boosted by major oilfield and pipeline projects that began in 2000. Over 80% of Chad's population relies on subsistence farming and stock raising for its livelihood. Cotton, cattle, and gum arabic provide the bulk of Chad's export earnings, but Chad will begin to export oil in 2004. Chad's economy has long been handicapped by its landlocked position, high energy costs, and a history of instability. Chad relies on foreign assistance and foreign capital for most public and private sector investment projects. A consortium led by two US companies has been investing $3.7 billion to develop oil reserves estimated at 1 billion barrels in southern Chad. Oil production came on stream in late 2003.
 * purchasing power parity - $10.67 billion (2003 est.)
 * 15% (2003 est.)
 * purchasing power parity - $1,200 (2003 est.)
 * agriculture: 32.4%
 * 40.3% of GDP (2003)
 * 80% (2001 est.)
 * lowest 10%: NA
 * 6% (2003 est.)
 * NA (2002)
 * agriculture more than 80% (subsistence farming, herding, and fishing)
 * NA (2000)
 * revenues: $591.2 million
 * cotton, sorghum, millet, peanuts, rice, potatoes, manioc (tapioca); cattle, sheep, goats, camels
 * oil, cotton textiles, meatpacking, beer brewing, natron (sodium carbonate), soap, cigarettes, construction materials
 * 5% (1995)
 * 94.04 million kWh (2001)
 * 87.46 million kWh (2001)
 * 0 kWh (2001)
 * 0 kWh (2001)
 * 0 bbl/day (2001 est.)
 * 1,500 bbl/day (2001 est.)
 * NA (2001)
 * NA (2001)
 * $-474 million (2003)
 * $365 million f.o.b. (2003 est.)
 * cotton, cattle, gum arabic
 * US 25%, Germany 17%, Portugal 15.9%, France 6.8%, Morocco 4.5% (2003)
 * $760 million f.o.b. (2003 est.)
 * machinery and transportation equipment, industrial goods, petroleum products, foodstuffs, textiles
 * France 28.6%, US 20.7%, Cameroon 14.6%, Netherlands 4.7% (2003)
 * $191.8 million (2003)
 * $1.1 billion (2000 est.)
 * $238.3 million; note - $125 million committed by Taiwan (August 1997); $30 million committed by African Development Bank; ODA $150 million (2001 est.)
 * Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States
 * XAF
 * Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar - 581.2 (2003), 696.988 (2002), 733.039 (2001), 711.976 (2000), 615.699 (1999)
 * calendar year
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!| Telephones - main lines in use: !| Telephones - mobile cellular: !| Telephone system: domestic: fair system of radiotelephone communication stations international: country code - 235; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) !| Radio broadcast stations: !| Radios: !| Television broadcast stations: !| Televisions: !| Internet country code: !| Internet hosts: !| Internet Service Providers (ISPs): !| Internet users:
 * 11,800 (2002)
 * 65,000 (2003)
 * general assessment: primitive system
 * AM 2, FM 4, shortwave 5 (2002)
 * 1.67 million (1997)
 * 1 (2002)
 * 10,000 (1997)
 * .td
 * 8 (2004)
 * 1 (2002)
 * 15,000 (2002)
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!| Highways: paved: 267 km unpaved: 33,133 km (1999 est.) !| Waterways: !| Pipelines: !| Ports and harbors: !| Airports: !| Airports - with paved runways: over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.) !| Airports - with unpaved runways: 1,524 to 2,437 m: 14 914 to 1,523 m: 20 under 914 m: 10 (2004 est.)
 * total: 33,400 km
 * Chari and Legone rivers are navigable only in wet season (2002)
 * oil 205 km (2004)
 * none
 * 50 (2003 est.)
 * total: 7
 * total: 44
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!| Military branches: !| Military manpower - military age and obligation: !| Military manpower - availability: !| Military manpower - fit for military service: !| Military manpower - reaching military age annually: !| Military expenditures - dollar figure: !| Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
 * Armed Forces: National Army (ANT), Air Force, and Republican Guard
 * 20 years of age for conscripts, with 3-year service obligation; 18 years of age for volunteers; no minimum age restriction for volunteers with consent from a guardian (2004)
 * males age 15-49: 2,008,825 (2004 est.)
 * males age 15-49: 1,051,802 (2004 est.)
 * males: 91,231 (2004 est.)
 * $55.4 million (2003)
 * 2.1% (2003)
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