CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Canada


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!| Background:
 * A land of vast distances and rich natural resources, Canada became a self-governing dominion in 1867 while retaining ties to the British crown. Economically and technologically the nation has developed in parallel with the US, its neighbor to the south across an unfortified border. Canada's paramount political problem is meeting public demands for quality improvements in health care and education services after a decade of budget cuts. The issue of reconciling Quebec's francophone heritage with the majority anglophone Canadian population has moved to the back burner in recent years; support for separatism abated after the Quebec government's referendum on independence failed to pass in October of 1995.
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!| Location: !| Geographic coordinates: !| Map references: !| Area: land: 9,093,507 sq km water: 891,163 sq km !| Area - comparative: !| Land boundaries: border countries: US 8,893 km (includes 2,477 km with Alaska) !| Coastline: !| Maritime claims: continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm !| Climate: !| Terrain: !| Elevation extremes: highest point: Mount Logan 5,959 m !| Natural resources: !| Land use: permanent crops: 0.02% other: 95.02% (2001) !| Irrigated land: !| Natural hazards: !| Environment - current issues: !| Environment - international agreements: signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Marine Life Conservation !| Geography - note:
 * Northern North America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean on the east, North Pacific Ocean on the west, and the Arctic Ocean on the north, north of the conterminous US
 * 60 00 N, 95 00 W
 * North America
 * total: 9,984,670 sq km
 * somewhat larger than the US
 * total: 8,893 km
 * 202,080 km
 * territorial sea: 12 nm
 * varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north
 * mostly plains with mountains in west and lowlands in southeast
 * lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
 * iron ore, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, molybdenum, potash, diamonds, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydropower
 * arable land: 4.96%
 * 7,200 sq km (1998 est.)
 * continuous permafrost in north is a serious obstacle to development; cyclonic storms form east of the Rocky Mountains, a result of the mixing of air masses from the Arctic, Pacific, and North American interior, and produce most of the country's rain and snow east of the mountains
 * air pollution and resulting acid rain severely affecting lakes and damaging forests; metal smelting, coal-burning utilities, and vehicle emissions impacting on agricultural and forest productivity; ocean waters becoming contaminated due to agricultural, industrial, mining, and forestry activities
 * party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
 * second-largest country in world (after Russia); strategic location between Russia and US via north polar route; approximately 90% of the population is concentrated within 160 km of the US border
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!| Population: !| Age structure: 15-64 years: 68.7% (male 11,225,686; female 11,111,941) 65 years and over: 13% (male 1,807,472; female 2,433,396) (2004 est.) !| Median age: male: 37.2 years female: 39.2 years (2004 est.) !| Population growth rate: !| Birth rate: !| Death rate: !| Net migration rate: !| Sex ratio: under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/female total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2004 est.) !| Infant mortality rate: female: 4.33 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.) male: 5.28 deaths/1,000 live births !| Life expectancy at birth: male: 76.59 years female: 83.5 years (2004 est.) !| Total fertility rate: !| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: !| HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: !| HIV/AIDS - deaths: !| Nationality: adjective: Canadian !| Ethnic groups: !| Religions: note: based on the 1991 census !| Languages: !| Literacy: total population: 97% (1986 est.) male: NA female: NA
 * 32,507,874 (July 2004 est.)
 * 0-14 years: 18.2% (male 3,038,800; female 2,890,579)
 * total: 38.2 years
 * 0.92% (2004 est.)
 * 10.91 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * 7.67 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * 5.96 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
 * total: 4.82 deaths/1,000 live births
 * total population: 79.96 years
 * 1.61 children born/woman (2004 est.)
 * 0.3% (2003 est.)
 * 56,000 (2003 est.)
 * 1,500 (2003 est.)
 * noun: Canadian(s)
 * British Isles origin 28%, French origin 23%, other European 15%, Amerindian 2%, other, mostly Asian, African, Arab 6%, mixed background 26%
 * Roman Catholic 46%, Protestant 36%, other 18%
 * English 59.3% (official), French 23.2% (official), other 17.5%
 * definition: age 15 and over can read and write
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!| Country name: conventional short form: Canada !| Government type: !| Capital: !| Administrative divisions: !| Independence: !| National holiday: !| Constitution: !| Legal system: !| Suffrage: !| Executive branch: elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister for a five-year term; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition in the House of Commons is automatically designated prime minister by the governor general head of government: Prime Minister Paul MARTIN (since 12 December 2003); Deputy Prime Minister Anne MCLELLAN (since 12 December 2003) cabinet: Federal Ministry chosen by the prime minister from among the members of his own party sitting in Parliament !| Legislative branch: elections: House of Commons - last held 28 June 2004 (next to be held by NA 2009) election results: House of Commons - percent of vote by party - Liberal Party 36.7%, Conservative Party 29.6%, New Democratic Party 15.7%, Bloc Quebecois 12.4%, Greens 4.3%, independents 0.4%, other 0.9%; seats by party - Liberal Party 134, Conservative Party 99, Bloc Quebecois 54, New Democratic Party 19, independent 2 !| Judicial branch: !| Political parties and leaders: !| Political pressure groups and leaders: !| International organization participation: !| Diplomatic representation in the US: chancery: 501 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20001 FAX: [1] (202) 682-7726 telephone: [1] (202) 682-1740 consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Buffalo, Chicago, Dallas, Detroit, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis, New York, and Seattle consulate(s): Anchorage, Denver, Houston, Philadelphia, Raleigh-Durham, San Diego, San Francisco (trade office), and San Jose (trade office) !| Diplomatic representation from the US: embassy: 490 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 1G8 mailing address: P. O. Box 5000, Ogdensburgh, NY 13669-0430 telephone: [1] (613) 238-5335, 4470 FAX: [1] (613) 688-3082 consulate(s) general: Calgary, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec, Toronto, Vancouver, Winnipeg !| Flag description:
 * conventional long form: none
 * confederation with parliamentary democracy
 * Ottawa
 * 10 provinces and 3 territories*; Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories*, Nova Scotia, Nunavut*, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon Territory*
 * 1 July 1867 (union of British North American colonies); 11 December 1931 (independence recognized)
 * Canada Day, 1 July (1867)
 * 17 April 1982 (Constitution Act); originally, the machinery of the government was set up in the British North America Act of 1867; charter of rights and unwritten customs
 * based on English common law, except in Quebec, where civil law system based on French law prevails; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
 * 18 years of age; universal
 * chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Adrienne CLARKSON (since 7 October 1999)
 * bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of the Senate or Senat (members appointed by the governor general with the advice of the prime minister and serve until reaching 75 years of age; its normal limit is 105 senators) and the House of Commons or Chambre des Communes (308 seats; members elected by direct, popular vote to serve for up to five-year terms)
 * Supreme Court of Canada (judges are appointed by the prime minister through the governor general); Federal Court of Canada; Federal Court of Appeal; Provincial Courts (these are named variously Court of Appeal, Court of Queens Bench, Superior Court, Supreme Court, and Court of Justice)
 * Bloc Quebecois [Gilles DUCEPPE]; Conservative Party of Canada (a merger of the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative Party) [Stephen HARPER]; Liberal Party [Paul MARTIN]; New Democratic Party [Jack LAYTON]
 * NA
 * ACCT, AfDB, APEC, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, C, CDB, CE (observer), EAPC, EBRD, ESA (cooperating state), FAO, G-7, G-8, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNMOVIC, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC
 * chief of mission: Ambassador Michael F. KERGIN
 * chief of mission: Ambassador Paul CELLUCCI
 * two vertical bands of red (hoist and fly side, half width), with white square between them; an 11-pointed red maple leaf is centered in the white square; the official colors of Canada are red and white
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!| Economy - overview: !| GDP: !| GDP - real growth rate: !| GDP - per capita: !| GDP - composition by sector: industry: 29.2% services: 68.6% (2003 est.) !| Investment (gross fixed): !| Population below poverty line: !| Household income or consumption by percentage share: highest 10%: 23.8% (1994) !| Distribution of family income - Gini index: !| Inflation rate (consumer prices): !| Labor force: !| Labor force - by occupation: !| Unemployment rate: !| Budget: expenditures: $342.7 billion, including capital expenditures of NA (2003 est.) !| Public debt: !| Agriculture - products: !| Industries: !| Industrial production growth rate: !| Electricity - production: !| Electricity - consumption: !| Electricity - exports: !| Electricity - imports: !| Oil - production: !| Oil - consumption: !| Oil - exports: !| Oil - imports: !| Oil - proved reserves: !| Natural gas - production: !| Natural gas - consumption: !| Natural gas - exports: !| Natural gas - imports: !| Natural gas - proved reserves: !| Current account balance: !| Exports: !| Exports - commodities: !| Exports - partners: !| Imports: !| Imports - commodities: !| Imports - partners: !| Reserves of foreign exchange & gold: !| Debt - external: !| Economic aid - donor: !| Currency: !| Currency code: !| Exchange rates: !| Fiscal year:
 * As an affluent, high-tech industrial society, Canada today closely resembles the US in its market-oriented economic system, pattern of production, and high living standards. Since World War II, the impressive growth of the manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy into one primarily industrial and urban. The 1989 US-Canada Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (which includes Mexico) touched off a dramatic increase in trade and economic integration with the US. As a result of the close cross-border relationship, the economic sluggishness in the United States in 2001-02 had a negative impact on the Canadian economy. Real growth averaged nearly 3% during 1993-2000, but declined in 2001, with moderate recovery in 2002-03. Unemployment is up, with contraction in the manufacturing and natural resource sectors. Nevertheless, given its great natural resources, skilled labor force, and modern capital plant Canada enjoys solid economic prospects. Solid fiscal management has produced a long-term budget surplus which is substantially reducing the national debt, although public debate continues over how to manage the rising cost of the publicly funded healthcare system. Trade accounts for roughly a third of GDP. Canada enjoys a substantial trade surplus with its principal trading partner, the United States, which absorbs more than 85% of Canadian exports. Roughly 90% of the population lives within 160 kilometers of the US border.
 * purchasing power parity - $958.7 billion (2003 est.)
 * 1.7% (2003 est.)
 * purchasing power parity - $29,800 (2003 est.)
 * agriculture: 2.2%
 * 19.5% of GDP (2003)
 * NA
 * lowest 10%: 2.8%
 * 31.5 (1994)
 * 2.8% (2003 est.)
 * 17.04 million (2003 est.)
 * agriculture 3%, manufacturing 15%, construction 5%, services 74%, other 3% (2000)
 * 7.8% (2003 est.)
 * revenues: $348.2 billion
 * 77% of GDP (2003)
 * wheat, barley, oilseed, tobacco, fruits, vegetables; dairy products; forest products; fish
 * transportation equipment, chemicals, processed and unprocessed minerals, food products; wood and paper products; fish products, petroleum and natural gas
 * 0.2% (2003 est.)
 * 566.3 billion kWh (2001)
 * 504.4 billion kWh (2001)
 * 38.4 billion kWh (2001)
 * 16.11 billion kWh (2001)
 * 2.738 million bbl/day (2001 est.)
 * 1.703 million bbl/day (2001 est.)
 * 2.008 million bbl/day (2001)
 * 1.145 million bbl/day (2001)
 * 5.112 billion bbl (1 January 2002)
 * 186.8 billion cu m (2001 est.)
 * 82.25 billion cu m (2001 est.)
 * 109 billion cu m (2001 est.)
 * 4.46 billion cu m (2001 est.)
 * 1.691 trillion cu m (1 January 2002)
 * $18.63 billion (2003)
 * $279.3 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
 * motor vehicles and parts, industrial machinery, aircraft, telecommunications equipment; chemicals, plastics, fertilizers; wood pulp, timber, crude petroleum, natural gas, electricity, aluminum
 * US 86.6%, Japan 2.1%, UK 1.4% (2003)
 * $240.4 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
 * machinery and equipment, motor vehicles and parts, crude oil, chemicals, electricity, durable consumer goods
 * US 60.6%, China 5.6%, Japan 4.1% (2003)
 * $36.27 billion (2003)
 * $1.9 billion (2000)
 * ODA, $1.3 billion (1999)
 * Canadian dollar (CAD)
 * CAD
 * Canadian dollars per US dollar - 1.4011 (2003), 1.5693 (2002), 1.5488 (2001), 1.4851 (2000), 1.4857 (1999)
 * 1 April - 31 March
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!| Telephones - main lines in use: !| Telephones - mobile cellular: !| Telephone system: domestic: domestic satellite system with about 300 earth stations international: country code - 1-xxx; 5 coaxial submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (4 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) and 2 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region) !| Radio broadcast stations: !| Radios: !| Television broadcast stations: !| Televisions: !| Internet country code: !| Internet hosts: !| Internet Service Providers (ISPs): !| Internet users:
 * 19,950,900 (2003)
 * 13,221,800 (2003)
 * general assessment: excellent service provided by modern technology
 * AM 535, FM 53, shortwave 6 (1998)
 * 32.3 million (1997)
 * 80 (plus many repeaters) (1997)
 * 21.5 million (1997)
 * .ca
 * 3,210,081 (2003)
 * 760 (2000 est.)
 * 16.11 million (2002)
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!| Railways: standard gauge: 48,909 km 1.435-m gauge (2003) !| Highways: paved: 497,306 km (including 16,900 km of expressways) unpaved: 911,494 km (2002) !| Waterways: note: Saint Lawrence Seaway of 3,769 km, including the Saint Lawrence River of 3,058 km, shared with United States (2003) !| Pipelines: !| Ports and harbors: !| Merchant marine: foreign-owned: Germany 3, Hong Kong 2, Monaco 18, United Kingdom 3, United States 2 registered in other countries: 43 (2004 est.) by type: barge carrier 1, bulk 59, cargo 13, chemical tanker 6, combination bulk 2, combination ore/oil 1, passenger 2, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 18, rail car carrier 1, roll on/roll off 11, short-sea/passenger 3, specialized tanker 1 !| Airports: !| Airports - with paved runways: over 3,047 m: 18 2,438 to 3,047 m: 15 914 to 1,523 m: 245 under 914 m: 75 (2004 est.) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 150 !| Airports - with unpaved runways: 1,524 to 2,437 m: 67 914 to 1,523 m: 347 under 914 m: 409 (2004 est.) !| Heliports:
 * total: 48,909 km
 * total: 1,408,800 km
 * 631 km
 * crude and refined oil 23,564 km; liquid petroleum gas 74,980 km (2003)
 * Becancour (Quebec), Churchill, Halifax, Hamilton, Montreal, New Westminster, Prince Rupert, Quebec, Saint John (New Brunswick), St. John's (Newfoundland), Sept Isles, Sydney, Trois-Rivieres, Thunder Bay, Toronto, Vancouver, Windsor
 * total: 119 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,784,229 GRT/2,657,499 DWT
 * 1,357 (2003 est.)
 * total: 503
 * total: 823
 * 12 (2003 est.)
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!| Military branches: !| Military manpower - military age and obligation: !| Military manpower - availability: !| Military manpower - fit for military service: !| Military manpower - reaching military age annually: !| Military expenditures - dollar figure: !| Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
 * Canadian Armed Forces: Land Forces Command, Maritime Command, Air Command
 * 16 years of age for voluntary military service (2001)
 * males age 15-49: 8,417,314 (2004 est.)
 * males age 15-49: 7,176,642 (2004 est.)
 * males: 214,623 (2004 est.)
 * $9,801.7 million (2003)
 * 1.1% (2003)
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