CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Cambodia


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!| Background:
 * Most Cambodians consider themselves to be Khmers, whose Angkor Empire extended over much of Southeast Asia and reached its zenith between the 10th and 13th centuries. Subsequently, attacks by the Thai and Cham (from present-day Vietnam) weakened the empire ushering in a long period of decline. In 1863, the king of Cambodia placed the country under French protection; it became part of French Indochina in 1887. Following Japanese occupation in World War II, Cambodia became independent within the French Union in 1949 and fully independent in 1953. After a five-year struggle, Communist Khmer Rouge forces captured Phnom Penh in April 1975 and ordered the evacuation of all cities and towns; at least 1.5 million Cambodians died from execution, enforced hardships, or starvation during the Khmer Rouge regime under POL POT. A December 1978 Vietnamese invasion drove the Khmer Rouge into the countryside, led to a 10-year Vietnamese occupation, and touched off almost 13 years of civil war. The 1991 Paris Peace Accords mandated democratic elections and a ceasefire, which was not fully respected by the Khmer Rouge. UN-sponsored elections in 1993 helped restore some semblance of normalcy and the final elements of the Khmer Rouge surrendered in early 1999. Factional fighting in 1997 ended the first coalition government, but a second round of national elections in 1998 led to the formation of another coalition government and renewed political stability. The July 2003 elections were relatively peaceful, but it took one year of negotiations between contending political parties before a coalition government was formed. Nation-wide local elections are scheduled for 2007 and national elections for 2008.
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!| Location: !| Geographic coordinates: !| Map references: !| Area: land: 176,520 sq km water: 4,520 sq km !| Area - comparative: !| Land boundaries: border countries: Laos 541 km, Thailand 803 km, Vietnam 1,228 km !| Coastline: !| Maritime claims: continental shelf: 200 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm !| Climate: !| Terrain: !| Elevation extremes: highest point: Phnum Aoral 1,810 m !| Natural resources: !| Land use: permanent crops: 0.61% other: 78.43% (2001) !| Irrigated land: !| Natural hazards: !| Environment - current issues: !| Environment - international agreements: signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea !| Geography - note:
 * Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, between Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos
 * 13 00 N, 105 00 E
 * Southeast Asia
 * total: 181,040 sq km
 * slightly smaller than Oklahoma
 * total: 2,572 km
 * 443 km
 * territorial sea: 12 nm
 * tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation
 * mostly low, flat plains; mountains in southwest and north
 * lowest point: Gulf of Thailand 0 m
 * oil and gas, timber, gemstones, some iron ore, manganese, phosphates, hydropower potential
 * arable land: 20.96%
 * 2,700 sq km (1998 est.)
 * monsoonal rains (June to November); flooding; occasional droughts
 * illegal logging activities throughout the country and strip mining for gems in the western region along the border with Thailand have resulted in habitat loss and declining biodiversity (in particular, destruction of mangrove swamps threatens natural fisheries); soil erosion; in rural areas, most of the population does not have access to potable water; declining fish stocks because of illegal fishing and overfishing
 * party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
 * a land of paddies and forests dominated by the Mekong River and Tonle Sap
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!| Population: note: estimates for this country take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2004 est.) !| Age structure: 15-64 years: 58.6% (male 3,742,178; female 4,095,303) 65 years and over: 3.1% (male 149,466; female 258,408) (2004 est.) !| Median age: male: 18.8 years female: 20.4 years (2004 est.) !| Population growth rate: !| Birth rate: !| Death rate: !| Net migration rate: !| Sex ratio: under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.58 male(s)/female total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2004 est.) !| Infant mortality rate: female: 64.44 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.) male: 82.51 deaths/1,000 live births !| Life expectancy at birth: male: 55.71 years female: 61.23 years (2004 est.) !| Total fertility rate: !| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: !| HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: !| HIV/AIDS - deaths: !| Major infectious diseases: overall degree of risk: very high (2004) !| Nationality: adjective: Cambodian !| Ethnic groups: !| Religions: !| Languages: !| Literacy: total population: 69.4% male: 80.8% female: 59.3% (2002)
 * 13,363,421
 * 0-14 years: 38.3% (male 2,583,606; female 2,534,460)
 * total: 19.5 years
 * 1.8% (2004 est.)
 * 27.13 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * 9.1 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
 * total: 73.67 deaths/1,000 live births
 * total population: 58.41 years
 * 3.51 children born/woman (2004 est.)
 * 2.6% (2003 est.)
 * 170,000 (2003 est.)
 * 15,000 (2003 est.)
 * typhoid fever, dengue fever, malaria, Japanese encephalitis
 * noun: Cambodian(s)
 * Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese 1%, other 4%
 * Theravada Buddhist 95%, other 5%
 * Khmer (official) 95%, French, English
 * definition: age 15 and over can read and write
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!| Country name: conventional short form: Cambodia local short form: Kampuchea former: Kingdom of Cambodia, Khmer Republic, Democratic Kampuchea, People's Republic of Kampuchea, State of Cambodia local long form: Preahreacheanacha Kampuchea (phonetic pronunciation) !| Government type: !| Capital: !| Administrative divisions: : provinces: Banteay Mean Chey, Batdambang, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Spoe, Kampong Thum, Kampot, Kandal, Koh Kong, Kracheh, Mondol Kiri, Otdar Mean Chey, Pouthisat, Preah Vihear, Prey Veng, Rotanakir, Siem Reab, Stoeng Treng, Svay Rieng, Takao : municipalities: Keb, Pailin, Phnom Penh, Preah Sihanouk (formerly Kompong Som) !| Independence: !| National holiday: !| Constitution: !| Legal system: !| Suffrage: !| Executive branch: head of government: Prime Minister HUN SEN (since 14 January 1985) and Deputy Prime Ministers SAR KHENG (since 3 February 1992), Norodom SIRIVUDH, SOK AN, LU LAY SRENG, TEA BANH, HOR NAMHONG, NHEK BUNCHHAY (since 16 July 2004) elections: none; the monarch is chosen by a Royal Throne Council; following legislative elections, a member of the majority party or majority coalition is named prime minister by the Chairman of the National Assembly and appointed by the king cabinet: Council of Ministers in theory appointed by the monarch; in practice named by the prime minister !| Legislative branch: election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by party - CPP 47%, SRP 22%, FUNCINPEC 21%, other 10%; seats by party - CPP 73, FUNCINPEC 26, SRP 24; Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - CPP 31, FUNCINPEC 21, SRP 7, other 2 (July 2003) elections: National Assembly - last held 27 July 2003 (next to be held in July 2008); Senate - last held 2 March 1999 (scheduled to be held in 2004 but delayed) !| Judicial branch: !| Political parties and leaders: !| Political pressure groups and leaders: !| International organization participation: !| Diplomatic representation in the US: chancery: 4530 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011 FAX: [1] (202) 726-8381 telephone: [1] (202) 726-7742 !| Diplomatic representation from the US: embassy: 27 EO Street 240, Phnom Penh mailing address: Box P, APO AP 96546 telephone: [855] (23) 216-436/438 FAX: [855] (23) 216-437/811 !| Flag description:
 * conventional long form: Kingdom of Cambodia
 * multiparty democracy under a constitutional monarchy established in September 1993
 * Phnom Penh
 * 20 provinces (khaitt, singular and plural) and 4 municipalities (krong, singular and plural)
 * 9 November 1953 (from France)
 * Independence Day, 9 November (1953)
 * promulgated 21 September 1993
 * primarily a civil law mixture of French-influenced codes from the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) period, royal decrees, and acts of the legislature, with influences of customary law and remnants of communist legal theory; increasing influence of common law in recent years
 * 18 years of age; universal
 * chief of state: King Norodom SIHAMONI (since 29 October 2004)
 * bicameral consists of the National Assembly (123 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and the Senate (61 seats; two members appointed by the monarch, two elected by the National Assembly, and 57 elected by "functional constituencies"; members serve five-year terms)
 * Supreme Council of the Magistracy (provided for in the constitution and formed in December 1997); Supreme Court (and lower courts) exercises judicial authority
 * Cambodian Pracheachon Party (Cambodian People's Party) or CPP [CHEA SIM]; National United Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative Cambodia or FUNCINPEC [Prince NORODOM Ranariddh]; Sam Rangsi Party or SRP [SAM RANGSI]
 * NA
 * ACCT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (subscriber), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW (signatory), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO
 * chief of mission: Ambassador EK SEREYWATH
 * chief of mission: Ambassador Charles Aaron RAY
 * three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (double width), and blue with a white three-towered temple representing Angkor Wat outlined in black in the center of the red band; only national flag to incorporate a building in its design
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!| Economy - overview: !| GDP: !| GDP - real growth rate: !| GDP - per capita: !| GDP - composition by sector: industry: 30% services: 35% (2003 est.) !| Investment (gross fixed): !| Population below poverty line: !| Household income or consumption by percentage share: highest 10%: 33.8% (1997) !| Distribution of family income - Gini index: !| Inflation rate (consumer prices): !| Labor force: !| Labor force - by occupation: !| Unemployment rate: !| Budget: expenditures: $734.8 million, including capital expenditures of $291 million of which 75% was financed by external assistance (2003 est.) !| Agriculture - products: !| Industries: !| Industrial production growth rate: !| Electricity - production: !| Electricity - consumption: !| Electricity - exports: !| Electricity - imports: !| Oil - production: !| Oil - consumption: !| Oil - exports: !| Oil - imports: !| Current account balance: !| Exports: !| Exports - commodities: !| Exports - partners: !| Imports: !| Imports - commodities: !| Imports - partners: !| Reserves of foreign exchange & gold: !| Debt - external: !| Economic aid - recipient: !| Currency: !| Currency code: !| Exchange rates: !| Fiscal year:
 * Cambodia's economy slowed dramatically in 1997-1998 due to the regional economic crisis, civil violence, and political infighting. Foreign investment and tourism fell off. In 1999, the first full year of peace in 30 years, progress was made on economic reforms. Growth resumed and has remained about 5.0% during 2000-2003. Tourism was Cambodia's fastest growing industry, with arrivals up 34% in 2000 and up another 40% in 2001 before the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks in the US. Cambodia expects 1 million foreign tourists in 2004. Economic growth has been largely driven by expansion in the clothing sector and tourism. Clothing exports were fostered by the U.S.-Cambodian Bilateral Textile Agreement signed in 1999. Even given Cambodia's recent growth, the long-term development of the economy after decades of war remains a daunting challenge. The population lacks education and productive skills, particularly in the poverty-ridden countryside, which suffers from an almost total lack of basic infrastructure. Fear of renewed political instability and a dysfunctional legal system coupled with government corruption discourage foreign investment. The Cambodian government continues to work with bilateral and multilateral donors to address the country's many pressing needs. The major economic challenge for Cambodia over the next decade will be fashioning an economic environment in which the private sector can create enough jobs to handle Cambodia's demographic imbalance. About 60% of the population is 20 years or younger; most of these citizens will seek to enter the workforce over the course of the next 10 years.
 * purchasing power parity - $25.02 billion (2003 est.)
 * 5% (2003 est.)
 * purchasing power parity - $1,900 (2003 est.)
 * agriculture: 35%
 * 15.9% of GDP (2003)
 * 36% (1997 est.)
 * lowest 10%: 2.9%
 * 40.4 (1997)
 * 1.7% (2003 est.)
 * 7 million (2003 est.)
 * agriculture 75% (2003 est.)
 * 2.5% (2000 est.)
 * revenues: $476.5 million
 * rice, rubber, corn, vegetables, cashews, tapioca
 * tourism, garments, rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products, rubber, cement, gem mining, textiles
 * 22% (2002 est.)
 * 119 million kWh (2001)
 * 110.6 million kWh (2001)
 * 0 kWh (2001)
 * 0 kWh (2001)
 * 0 bbl/day (2001 est.)
 * 3,600 bbl/day (2001 est.)
 * NA (2001)
 * NA (2001)
 * $-218.1 million (2003)
 * $1.616 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
 * Clothing, timber, rubber, rice, fish, tobacco, footwear
 * US 58.4%, Germany 10.3%, UK 7.2% (2003)
 * $2.124 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
 * petroleum products, cigarettes, gold, construction materials, machinery, motor vehicles, pharmaceutical products
 * Thailand 26.4%, Hong Kong 14.4%, Singapore 11.8%, China 11.3%, Vietnam 8.3%, Taiwan 8%, South Korea 4.1% (2003)
 * $861.4 million (2003)
 * $2.4 billion (2002 est.)
 * $548 million pledged in grants and concessional loans for 2001 by international donors (actual disbursement in 2002 was about $500 million)
 * riel (KHR)
 * KHR
 * riels per US dollar - 3,973.33 (2003), 3,912.08 (2002), 3,916.33 (2001), 3,840.75 (2000), 3,807.83 (1999)
 * calendar year
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!| Telephones - main lines in use: !| Telephones - mobile cellular: !| Telephone system: domestic: NA international: country code - 855; adequate but expensive landline and cellular service available to all countries from Phnom Penh and major provincial cities; satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region) !| Radio broadcast stations: !| Radios: !| Television broadcast stations: !| Televisions: !| Internet country code: !| Internet hosts: !| Internet Service Providers (ISPs): !| Internet users:
 * 35,400 (2002)
 * 380,000 (2002)
 * general assessment: adequate landline and/or cellular service in Phnom Penh and other provincial cities; mobile phone coverage is rapidly expanding in rural areas
 * AM 2, FM 17, (2003)
 * 1.34 million (1997)
 * 7 (2003)
 * 94,000 (1997)
 * .kh
 * 818 (2003)
 * 2 (2000)
 * 30,000 (2002)
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!| Railways: narrow gauge: 602 km 1.000-m gauge (2003) !| Highways: paved: 1,996 km unpaved: 10,327 km (2000 est) !| Waterways: !| Ports and harbors: !| Merchant marine: registered in other countries: 19 (2004 est.) foreign-owned: Algeria 2, Angola 1, Aruba 1, Bahamas 1, Belize 10, British Virgin Islands 7, Bulgaria 1, Canada 4, China 35, Cyprus 14, Egypt 8, Finland 1, France 1, Georgia 1, Germany 1, Gibraltar 1, Greece 9, Honduras 8, Hong Kong 12, Indonesia 2, Iran 1, Italy 2, Japan 1, Jordan 1, North Korea 2, South Korea 31, Lebanon 2, Liberia 7, Malaysia 1, Malta 2, Marshall Islands 11, Netherlands 2, Nigeria 2, Norway 1, Panama 8, Romania 1, Russia 81, Saint Kitts and Nevis 2, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 5, Samoa 2, Singapore 7, Spain 1, Syria 19, Taiwan 1, Turkey 11 by type: bulk 42, cargo 360, chemical tanker 6, combination bulk 3, container 13, liquefied gas 1, livestock carrier 4, multi-functional large load carrier 1, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 16, refrigerated cargo 13, roll on/roll off 5, short-sea/passenger 2 !| Airports: !| Airports - with paved runways: 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2004 est.) !| Airports - with unpaved runways: under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 11 !| Heliports:
 * total: 602 km
 * total: 12,323 km
 * 2,400 km (mainly on Mekong River) (2004)
 * Kampong Som (Sihanoukville), Kampot, Krong Kaoh Kong, Phnom Penh, Sre Ambol, Keo Phoh Port (privately owned) (2003)
 * total: 467 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,913,910 GRT/2,713,967 DWT
 * 20 (2003 est.)
 * total: 6
 * total: 14
 * 2 (2003 est.)
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!| Military branches: !| Military manpower - military age and obligation: !| Military manpower - availability: !| Military manpower - fit for military service: !| Military manpower - reaching military age annually: !| Military expenditures - dollar figure: !| Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
 * Royal Cambodian Armed Forces: Army, Navy, Air Force
 * 18-30 years of age for compulsory military service for all males; conscription law passed September 2004; service obligation is 18 months (September 2004)
 * males age 15-49: 3,402,703 (2004 est.)
 * males age 15-49: 1,899,710 (2004 est.)
 * males: 170,072 (2004 est.)
 * $112 million (FY01 est.)
 * 3% (FY01 est.)
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