CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Brazil


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!| Background:
 * Following three centuries under the rule of Portugal, Brazil became an independent nation in 1822. By far the largest and most populous country in South America, Brazil overcame more than half a century of military intervention in the governance of the country when in 1985 the military regime peacefully ceded power to civilian rulers. Brazil continues to pursue industrial and agricultural growth and development of its interior. Exploiting vast natural resources and a large labor pool, it is today South America's leading economic power and a regional leader. Highly unequal income distribution remains a pressing problem.
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!| Location: !| Geographic coordinates: !| Map references: !| Area: land: 8,456,510 sq km note: includes Arquipelago de Fernando de Noronha, Atol das Rocas, Ilha da Trindade, Ilhas Martin Vaz, and Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo water: 55,455 sq km !| Area - comparative: !| Land boundaries: border countries: Argentina 1,224 km, Bolivia 3,400 km, Colombia 1,643 km, French Guiana 673 km, Guyana 1,119 km, Paraguay 1,290 km, Peru 1,560 km, Suriname 597 km, Uruguay 985 km, Venezuela 2,200 km !| Coastline: !| Maritime claims: continental shelf: 200 nm or to edge of the continental margin contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm !| Climate: !| Terrain: !| Elevation extremes: highest point: Pico da Neblina 3,014 m !| Natural resources: !| Land use: permanent crops: 0.9% other: 92.15% (2001) !| Irrigated land: !| Natural hazards: !| Environment - current issues: !| Environment - international agreements: signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements !| Geography - note:
 * Eastern South America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean
 * 10 00 S, 55 00 W
 * South America
 * total: 8,511,965 sq km
 * slightly smaller than the US
 * total: 14,691 km
 * 7,491 km
 * territorial sea: 12 nm
 * mostly tropical, but temperate in south
 * mostly flat to rolling lowlands in north; some plains, hills, mountains, and narrow coastal belt
 * lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
 * bauxite, gold, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, platinum, tin, uranium, petroleum, hydropower, timber
 * arable land: 6.96%
 * 26,560 sq km (1998 est.)
 * recurring droughts in northeast; floods and occasional frost in south
 * deforestation in Amazon Basin destroys the habitat and endangers a multitude of plant and animal species indigenous to the area; there is a lucrative illegal wildlife trade; air and water pollution in Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and several other large cities; land degradation and water pollution caused by improper mining activities; wetland degradation; severe oil spills
 * party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
 * largest country in South America; shares common boundaries with every South American country except Chile and Ecuador
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!| Population: note: Brazil took a count in August 2000, which reported a population of 169,799,170; that figure was about 3.3% lower than projections by the US Census Bureau, and is close to the implied underenumeration of 4.6% for the 1991 census; estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2004 est.) !| Age structure: 15-64 years: 67.6% (male 61,739,012; female 62,770,480) 65 years and over: 5.8% (male 4,389,659; female 6,319,343) (2004 est.) !| Median age: male: 26.7 years female: 28.2 years (2004 est.) !| Population growth rate: !| Birth rate: !| Death rate: !| Net migration rate: !| Sex ratio: under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2004 est.) !| Infant mortality rate: female: 26.65 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.) male: 34.47 deaths/1,000 live births !| Life expectancy at birth: male: 67.45 years female: 75.57 years (2004 est.) !| Total fertility rate: !| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: !| HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: !| HIV/AIDS - deaths: !| Nationality: adjective: Brazilian !| Ethnic groups: !| Religions: !| Languages: !| Literacy: total population: 86.4% male: 86.1% female: 86.6% (2003 est.)
 * 184,101,109
 * 0-14 years: 26.6% (male 24,915,902; female 23,966,713)
 * total: 27.4 years
 * 1.11% (2004 est.)
 * 17.25 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * 6.14 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * -0.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
 * at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
 * total: 30.66 deaths/1,000 live births
 * total population: 71.41 years
 * 1.97 children born/woman (2004 est.)
 * 0.7% (2003 est.)
 * 660,000 (2003 est.)
 * 15,000 (2003 est.)
 * noun: Brazilian(s)
 * white (includes Portuguese, German, Italian, Spanish, Polish) 55%, mixed white and black 38%, black 6%, other (includes Japanese, Arab, Amerindian) 1%
 * Roman Catholic (nominal) 80%
 * Portuguese (official), Spanish, English, French
 * definition: age 15 and over can read and write
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!| Country name: conventional short form: Brazil local short form: Brasil local long form: Republica Federativa do Brasil !| Government type: !| Capital: !| Administrative divisions: !| Independence: !| National holiday: !| Constitution: !| Legal system: !| Suffrage: !| Executive branch: election results: in runoff election 27 October 2002, Luiz Inacio LULA DA SILVA (PT) was elected with 61.3% of the vote; Jose SERRA (PSDB) 38.7% elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 6 October 2002 (next to be held 1 October 2006, with a runoff on 29 October 2006 if necessary); runoff election held 27 October 2002 cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president head of government: President Luiz Inacio LULA DA SILVA (since 1 January 2003); Vice President Jose ALENCAR (since 1 January 2003); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government !| Legislative branch: election results: Federal Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party PMBD 19, PFL 19, PT 14, PSDB 11, PDT 5, PSB 4, PL 3, PTB 3, PPS 1, PSD 1, PP 1; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PT 91, PFL 84, PMDB 74, PSDB 71, PP 49, PL 26, PTB 26, PSB 22, PDT 21, PPS 15, PCdoB 12, PRONA 6, PV 5, other 11; note - many congressmen have changed party affiliation since the most recent election elections: Federal Senate - last held 6 October 2002 for two-thirds of the Senate (next to be held NA October 2006 for one-third of the Senate); Chamber of Deputies - last held 6 October 2002 (next to be held NA October 2006) !| Judicial branch: !| Political parties and leaders: !| Political pressure groups and leaders: !| International organization participation: !| Diplomatic representation in the US: FAX: [1] (202) 238-2827 consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, and San Francisco chancery: 3006 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 238-2700 !| Diplomatic representation from the US: embassy: Avenida das Nacoes, Quadra 801, Lote 3, Distrito Federal Cep 70403-900, Brasilia mailing address: Unit 3500, APO AA 34030 telephone: [55] (61) 312-7000 FAX: [55] (61) 225-9136 consulate(s) general: Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo consulate(s): Recife !| Flag description:
 * conventional long form: Federative Republic of Brazil
 * federative republic
 * Brasilia
 * 26 states (estados, singular - estado) and 1 federal district* (distrito federal); Acre, Alagoas, Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara, Distrito Federal*, Espirito Santo, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Para, Paraiba, Parana, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondonia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Sergipe, Tocantins
 * 7 September 1822 (from Portugal)
 * Independence Day, 7 September (1822)
 * 5 October 1988
 * based on Roman codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
 * voluntary between 16 and 18 years of age and over 70; compulsory over 18 and under 70 years of age; note - military conscripts do not vote
 * chief of state: President Luiz Inacio LULA DA SILVA (since 1 January 2003); Vice President Jose ALENCAR (since 1 January 2003); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
 * bicameral National Congress or Congresso Nacional consists of the Federal Senate or Senado Federal (81 seats; three members from each state and federal district elected according to the principle of majority to serve eight-year terms; one-third elected after a four-year period, two-thirds elected after the next four-year period) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camara dos Deputados (513 seats; members are elected by proportional representation to serve four-year terms)
 * Supreme Federal Tribunal (11 ministers are appointed for life by the president and confirmed by the Senate); Higher Tribunal of Justice; Regional Federal Tribunals (judges are appointed for life); note - though appointed "for life," judges, like all federal employees, have a mandatory retirement age of 70
 * Brazilian Democratic Movement Party or PMDB [Federal Deputy Michel TEMER]; Brazilian Labor Party or PTB [Federal Deputy Roberto JEFFERSON]; Brazilian Social Democracy Party or PSDB [Senator Eduardo AZAREDO]; Brazilian Socialist Party or PSB [Federal Deputy Miguel ARRAES]; Communist Party of Brazil or PCdoB [Renato RABELO]; Democratic Labor Party or PDT [Carlos LUPI]; Green Party or PV [Jose Luiz de Franca PENNA]; Liberal Front Party or PFL [Senator Jorge BORNHAUSEN]; Liberal Party or PL [Federal Deputy Valdemar COSTA Neto]; National Order Reconstruction Party or PRONA [Federal Deputy Dr. Eneas CARNEIRO]; Popular Socialist Party or PPS [Federal Deputy Roberto FREIRE]; Progressive Party or PP [Federal Deputy Pedro CORREA]; Worker's Party or PT [Jose GENOINO]; Social Christian Party or PSC [Vitor Jorge ABDALA NOSSEIS]
 * Landless Worker's Movement; large farmers' associations; labor unions and federations; religious groups including evangelical christian churches and the Catholic Church
 * AfDB, BIS, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur, MIGA, MINUSTAH, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNMISET, UNMOVIC, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO
 * chief of mission: Ambassador Roberto ABDENUR
 * chief of mission: Ambassador John DANILOVICH
 * green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a blue celestial globe with 27 white five-pointed stars (one for each state and the Federal District) arranged in the same pattern as the night sky over Brazil; the globe has a white equatorial band with the motto ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and Progress)
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!| Economy - overview: !| GDP: !| GDP - real growth rate: !| GDP - per capita: !| GDP - composition by sector: industry: 38.7% services: 51.2% (2003 est.) !| Investment (gross fixed): !| Population below poverty line: !| Household income or consumption by percentage share: highest 10%: 48% (1998) !| Distribution of family income - Gini index: !| Inflation rate (consumer prices): !| Labor force: !| Labor force - by occupation: !| Unemployment rate: !| Budget: expenditures: $172.4 billion, including capital expenditures of NA (2003) !| Public debt: !| Agriculture - products: !| Industries: !| Industrial production growth rate: !| Electricity - production: !| Electricity - consumption: !| Electricity - exports: !| Electricity - imports: !| Oil - production: !| Oil - consumption: !| Oil - exports: !| Oil - imports: !| Oil - proved reserves: !| Natural gas - production: !| Natural gas - consumption: !| Natural gas - exports: !| Natural gas - imports: !| Natural gas - proved reserves: !| Current account balance: !| Exports: !| Exports - commodities: !| Exports - partners: !| Imports: !| Imports - commodities: !| Imports - partners: !| Reserves of foreign exchange & gold: !| Debt - external: !| Economic aid - recipient: !| Currency: !| Currency code: !| Exchange rates: note: from October 1994 through 14 January 1999, the official rate was determined by a managed float; since 15 January 1999, the official rate floats independently with respect to the US dollar !| Fiscal year:
 * Possessing large and well-developed agricultural, mining, manufacturing, and service sectors, Brazil's economy outweighs that of all other South American countries and is expanding its presence in world markets. From 2001-03 real wages fell and Brazil's economy grew, on average, only 1.1% per year, as the country absorbed a series of domestic and international economic shocks. That Brazil absorbed these shocks without financial collapse is a tribute to the resiliency of the Brazilian economy and the economic program put in place by former President CARDOSO and strengthened by President Lula DA SILVA. The three pillars of the economic program are a floating exchange rate, an inflation-targeting regime, and tight fiscal policy, which have been reinforced by a series of IMF programs. The currency depreciated sharply in 2001 and 2002, which contributed to a dramatic current account adjustment: in 2003, Brazil ran a record trade surplus and recorded the first current account surplus since 1992. While economic management has been good, there remain important economic vulnerabilities. The most significant are debt-related: the government's largely domestic debt increased steadily from 1994 to 2003, straining government finances, while Brazil's foreign debt (a mix of private and public debt) is large in relation to Brazil's modest (but growing) export base. Another challenge is maintaining economic growth over a period of time to generate employment and make the government debt burden more manageable.
 * purchasing power parity - $1.375 trillion (2003 est.)
 * -0.2% (2003 est.)
 * purchasing power parity - $7,600 (2003 est.)
 * agriculture: 10.2%
 * 18% of GDP (2003)
 * 22% (1998 est.)
 * lowest 10%: 0.7%
 * 60.7 (1998)
 * 14.7% (2003)
 * 82.59 million (2003 est.)
 * agriculture 23%, industry 24%, services 53%
 * 12.3% (2003 est.)
 * revenues: $147.2 billion
 * 58.5% of GDP (2003)
 * coffee, soybeans, wheat, rice, corn, sugarcane, cocoa, citrus; beef
 * textiles, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, iron ore, tin, steel, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, other machinery and equipment
 * 0.4% (2003 est.)
 * 321.2 billion kWh (2001)
 * 335.9 billion kWh (2001)
 * 0 kWh (2001)
 * 37.19 billion kWh; note - supplied by Paraguay (2001)
 * 1.561 million bbl/day (2001 est.)
 * 2.199 million bbl/day (2001 est.)
 * NA (2001)
 * NA (2001)
 * 8.507 billion bbl (1 January 2002)
 * 5.95 billion cu m (2001 est.)
 * 9.59 billion cu m (2001 est.)
 * 0 cu m (2001 est.)
 * 3.64 billion cu m (2001 est.)
 * 221.7 billion cu m (1 January 2002)
 * $3.52 billion (2003)
 * $73.28 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
 * transport equipment, iron ore, soybeans, footwear, coffee, autos
 * US 23%, Argentina 6.1%, China 6%, Netherlands 5.8%, Germany 4.2% (2003)
 * $48.25 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
 * machinery, electrical and transport equipment, chemical products, oil
 * US 20%, Argentina 9.8%, Germany 8.7%, Japan 5.2%, China 4.4% (2003)
 * $49.3 billion (2003)
 * $214.9 billion (2003)
 * $30 billion IMF disbursement (2002)
 * real (BRL)
 * BRL
 * reals per US dollar - 3.0771 (2003), 2.9208 (2002), 2.3577 (2001), 1.8301 (2000), 1.8147 (1999)
 * calendar year
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!| Telephones - main lines in use: !| Telephones - mobile cellular: !| Telephone system: domestic: extensive microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 64 earth stations international: country code - 55; 3 coaxial submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region east), connected by microwave relay system to Mercosur Brazilsat B3 satellite earth station !| Radio broadcast stations: !| Radios: !| Television broadcast stations: !| Televisions: !| Internet country code: !| Internet hosts: !| Internet Service Providers (ISPs): !| Internet users:
 * 38.81 million (2002)
 * 46,373,300 (2003)
 * general assessment: good working system
 * AM 1,365, FM 296, shortwave 161 (of which 91 are collocated with AM stations) (1999)
 * 71 million (1997)
 * 138 (1997)
 * 36.5 million (1997)
 * .br
 * 3,163,349 (2003)
 * 50 (2000)
 * 14.3 million (2002)
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!| Railways: broad gauge: 4,907 km 1.600-m gauge (942 km electrified) standard gauge: 194 km 1.440-m gauge dual gauge: 396 km 1.000-m and 1.600-m gauges (three rails) (78 km electrified) (2003) narrow gauge: 23,915 km 1.000-m gauge (581 km electrified) !| Highways: paved: 94,871 km unpaved: 1,630,058 km (2000) !| Waterways: !| Pipelines: !| Ports and harbors: !| Merchant marine: by type: bulk 29, cargo 22, chemical tanker 7, combination ore/oil 6, container 12, liquefied gas 12, multi-functional large load carrier 1, passenger/cargo 5, petroleum tanker 48, roll on/roll off 8, short-sea/passenger 1 foreign-owned: Chile 2, Germany 7, Monaco 9, Panama 1, Spain 7 registered in other countries: 11 (2004 est.) !| Airports: !| Airports - with paved runways: over 3,047 m: 7 2,438 to 3,047 m: 23 914 to 1,523 m: 461 under 914 m: 49 (2004 est.) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 158 !| Airports - with unpaved runways: over 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 78 under 914 m: 1,780 (2004 est.) 914 to 1,523 m: 1,579 !| Heliports:
 * total: 29,412 km (1,610 km electrified)
 * total: 1,724,929 km
 * 50,000 km (most in areas remote from industry and population) (2004)
 * condensate/gas 244 km; gas 10,739 km; liquid petroleum gas 341 km; oil 5,212 km; refined products 4,755 km (2004)
 * Belem, Fortaleza, Ilheus, Imbituba, Manaus, Paranagua, Porto Alegre, Recife, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande, Salvador, Santos, Vitoria
 * total: 151 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 2,961,431 GRT/4,725,267 DWT
 * 3,803 (2003 est.)
 * total: 698
 * total: 3,438
 * 417 (2003 est.)
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!| Military branches: !| Military manpower - military age and obligation: !| Military manpower - availability: !| Military manpower - fit for military service: !| Military manpower - reaching military age annually: !| Military expenditures - dollar figure: !| Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
 * Brazilian Army, Brazilian Navy (including Naval Air and Marines), Brazilian Air Force (FAB)
 * 19 years of age for compulsory military service, conscript service obligation - 12 months; 17 years of age for voluntary service (2001)
 * males age 15-49: 52,100,042 (2004 est.)
 * males age 15-49: 34,799,098 (2004 est.)
 * males: 1,788,495 (2004 est.)
 * $10,439.4 million (2003)
 * 2.1% (2003)
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