Byars v. United States/Opinion of the Court

Petitioner was convicted in the federal District Court for the Southern District of Iowa upon two counts for unlawfully having in his possession with fraudulent intent certain counterfeit strip stamps of the kind used upon whisky bottled in bond. The stamps were admitted in evidence over the objection of petitioner that they had been obtained by an unlawful search and seizure. A timely motion previously made by the petitioner to return or impound the stamps was overruled. The judgment of conviction was affirmed by the Circuit Court of Appeals. 4 F.(2d) 507.

The stamps were found in executing a search warrant issued by the judge of a state municipal court and addressed to 'any peace officer of Des Moines, Polk county, Iowa,' directing search for intoxicating liquors and instruments and materials used in the manufacture of such liquors. The information upon which the search warrant was issued states only that affiant 'has good reason to believe and does believe the defendant has in his possession' such intoxicating liquors, instruments and materials. The warrant clearly is bad if tested by the Fourth Amendment and the laws of the United States. Chapter 30, tit. 11, §§ 3-6, 40 Stat. 217, 228, 229 (Comp. St. §§ 10496 1/4 c-10496 1/4 f); chapter 85, tit. 2, § 2, 41 Stat. 305, 308 (Comp. St. § 10138 1/2 a). See Ripper v. United States (C. C. A.) 178 F. 24, 26; United States v. Borkowski (D. C.) 268 F. 408, 410, 411; United States v. Kelly (D. C.) 277 F. 485, 486-489. Whether it is good under the state law it is not necessary to inquire, since in no event could it constitute the basis for a federal search and seizure, as, under the facts hereinafter stated, it is insisted this was.

Nor is it material that the search was successful in revealing evidence of a violation of a federal statute. A search prosecuted in violation of the Constitution is not made lawful by what it brings to light; and the doctrine has never been recognized by this court, nor can it be tolerated under our constitutional system, that evidences of crime discovered by a federal officer in making a search without lawful warrant may be used against the victim of the unlawful search where a timely challenge has been interposed. Weeks v. United States. 232 U.S. 383, 393, 34 S.C.t. 341, 58 L. Ed. 652, L. R. A. 1915B, 834, Ann. Cas. 1915C, 1177; Gouled v. United States, 255 U.S. 298, 306, 41 S.C.t. 261, 65 L. Ed. 647; Amos v. United States, 255 U.S. 313, 41 S.C.t. 266, 65 L. Ed. 654; Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. United States, 251 U.S. 385, 391, 40 S.C.t. 182, 64 L. Ed. 319; Agnello v. United States, 269 U.S. 20, 33, 46 S.C.t. 4, 70 L. Ed. 145.

The warrant directs the officer to search certain described premises and, if any of the liquors, instruments or materials set forth in the information are found, to seize the same and keep them until final action be had thereon. It was put into the hands of Mr. Densmore, a local officer in charge of the night liquor bureau of the police station in Des Moines, Iowa, and he, together with three others, proceeded to make the search in circumstances which can best be shown by quoting from the testimony given upon the hearing of the motion to impound or return the property seized. Mr. Densmore testified as follows:

'As I came down stairs, I asked the captain about Mr. Adams,     who was there, and I asked him to go with me. Mr. Adams is     the federal prohibition agent, stationed here in Des Moines,      Iowa, an officer of the government, operating under the      Treasury Department. I met him after the warrant has been     sued out, and asked him to go with me. I had the warrant at     that time. It was in the police station of the city that I     met Mr. Adams and requested him to come along. I had not     discussed this case with Mr. Adams before that. He went with     me from the city building on the search. As far as I know, he     did not have any warrant or any authority to go into that      residence other than the authority that I may have given him      under the warrant I had. The search and seizure was made     entirely upon the authority of the warrant that I had      obtained at the City Hall. Arriving at the residence, I     assigned each man a room. I assigned Adams a room. We found     no intoxicating liquors there. The only thing that we found     that we took were the stamps involved in this case. Mr. Taylor found part of them, and Mr. Adams found part of them. Mr. Adams kept the stamps he found     in his possession and those found by Mr. Taylor were turned      over to him right at that time. The ones that Adams found and     the ones that were given to him were taken possession of by      Adams right there in the house of A. J. Byars, immediately      after the service. Neither myself or any of the other city     officers had possession of those stamps after that evening. There was never any prosecution attempted in the city courts     or such courts as I was connected with so far as these stamps      were involved.'

Mr. Adams, the federal prohibition agent, testified:

'I remember assisting in the search of the residence of A. J.     Byars on the 22d day of April, 1924. Officers Densmore,     Taylor, De Haven, and Davis were with me. I met them in the     captain's office at the police station in the city of Des      Moines, and accompanied them to make the search. I had no     authority for going into the house other than the search      warrant that the officers had secured from the state      authorities. The only authority that I had for going into the     house of Mr. Byars was on account of the search warrant that      Mr. Densmore had. I searched the kitchen. I found some of the     stamps that were involved in this case there in the kitchen. I took possession of them then and there, and have retained     them ever since. I have retained the stamps that I found and     those that were handed me there in the house. I was not     present with Mr. Taylor in the room when he found the stamps,      but they were brought to me in the dining room by Mr. Taylor,      and I took possession of them then and there, and I have      retained possession of all the stamps from that time until      this. They were never delivered to the state officers or used     by them. I do not know of any violation of any state law that     they could be used for. I knew there was no state law     governing the possession of these stamps, and as a federal officer, I took possession of      what I found, and those found by the state officer, and have      had them in my possession ever since and receipted to the      police officers at the station that evening after the return      from the raid, for the stamps found.'

While it is true that the mere participation in a state search of one who is a federal officer does not render it a federal undertaking, the court must be vigilant to scrutinize the attendant facts with an eye to detect and a hand to prevent violations of the Constitution by circuitous and indirect methods. Constitutional provisions for the security of person and property are to be liberally construed, and 'it is the duty of courts to be watchful for the constitutional rights of the citizen, and against any stealthy encroachments thereon.' Boyd v. United States, 116 U.S. 616, 635, 6 S.C.t. 524, 535 (29 L. Ed. 746); Gouled v. United States, 255 U.S. page 304, 41 S.C.t. 261, supra.

The attendant facts here reasonably suggest that the federal prohibition agent was not invited to join the state squad as a private person might have been, but was asked to participate and did participate as a federal enforcement officer, upon the chance, which was subsequently realized, that something would be disclosed of official interest to him as such agent. The house to be searched contained only four rooms-a dining room, a kitchen, and two bedrooms. We are not prepared to accept the view that the local officer thought a force of four men would be insufficient to search these limited premises; and it is significant in that connection that he did not ask his superior officer for additional help, but inquired particularly for Adams, who, he knew, was the federal agent. The stamps found were not within the purview of the state search warrant, nor did they relate in any way to a violation of state law. Those found by the agent were held by him as of right and without question; those found by the state officer were considered by both the local officer in charge and the federal agent as things which concerned the federal government alone and then and there were surrendered to the exclusive possession of the federal agent-a practical concession that he was present in his federal character. We cannot avoid the conclusion that the participation of the agent in the search was under color of his federal office and that the search in substance and effect was a joint operation of the local and federal officers. In that view, so far as this inquiry is concerned, the effect is the same as though he had engaged in the undertaking as one exclusively his own. Similar questions have been presented in a variety of forms to the lower federal courts, but nothing is to be gained by attempting to review the decisions, since each of them rests, as the present case does, upon its own peculiar facts. But see and compare Flagg v. United States (C. C. A.) 233 F. 481, 483; United States v. Slusser (D. C.) 270 F. 818, 820; United States v. Falloco (D. C.) 277 F. 75, 82; Legman v. United States (C. C. A.) 295 F. 474, 476-478; Marron v. United States (C. C. A.) 8 F.(2d) 251, 259; United States v. Brown (D. C.) 8 F.(2d) 630, 631.

We do not question the right of the federal government to avail itself of evidence improperly seized by state officers operating entirely upon their own account. But the rule is otherwise when the federal government itself, through its agents acting as such, participates in the wrongful search and seizure. To hold the contrary would be to disregard the plain spirit and purpose of the constitutional prohibitions intended to secure the people against unauthorized official action. The Fourth Amendment was adopted in view of long misuse of power in the matter of searches and seizures both in England and the colonies; and the assurance against any revival of it, so carefully embodied in the fundamental law, is not to be impaired by judicial sanction of equivocal methods, which, regarded superficially, may seem to escape the challenge of illegality but which, in reality, strike at the substance of the constitutional right.

Judgment reversed.