Bullard v. Des Moines & Ft. Dodge Railroad Company/Opinion of the Court

This is a writ of error to the supreme court of the state of Iowa. The case originated in a suit in equity, brought in the district court of that state for the county of Humboldt by Edward F. Bullard, who is the appellant here. The object of the bill was to quiet or remove clouds upon the title of the plaintiff to certain lands in that state, to which the defendant filed an answer and cross-bill, asking that its own title might be declared to be good and established by the decree of the court. The district court of that county made a decree in favor of the defendant, which on appeal to the supreme court of the state was affirmed. There were many questions considered in the state courts of which this court can take no jurisdiction. But the main question raised there, and the only one here, has relation to a subject which has been often considered by this court. It arises out of what is called the Des Moines river land grant, which was originally made by the congress of the United States to the then territory of Iowa. A short history of the matters growing out of that grant, with some references to the decisions of this court, will simplify the complex record presented in this case.

By the act of congress of August 8, 1846, (9 U.S. St. at Large, 77,) there was 'granted to the territory of Iowa, for the purpose of aiding said territory to improve the navigation of the Des Moines river from its mouth to the Raccoon Fork, (so called,) in said territory, one equal moiety, in alternate sections, of the public lands remaining unsold, and not otherwise disposed of, incumbered, or appropriated, in a strip five miles in width on each side of said river, to be selected within said territory by an agent or agents to be appointed by the governor thereof, subject to the approval of the secretary of the treasury of the United States.' Soon after the passage of this statute the state of Iowa created a board of public works, to take charge of this river improvement under a system of slack-water navigation on that stream. The contract for the execution of the work came into the hands of a corporation called the Des Moines Navigation Company. The work progressed for a number of years, several dams and locks being built from the mouth of the river upwards, the means for paying the contractors coming solely from the sales of the lands granted to the state for that purpose. These lands, as the work went on and the money was needed, were certified to the state by the secretary of the treasury, and by it either sold to purchasers, or conveyed to the contractors who did the work. The state made no appropriations, and furnished no means from any other source than this for the prosecution of the enterprise.

So long as no request on the part of the state for the certification of lands lying above the mouth of the Raccoon Fork was made of the secretary of the treasury, no question arose as to the extent of the grant. Afterwards, however, when a demand was made upon that afficer that such lands should be certified, he objected on the ground that the grant of lands did not extend beyond that point; that, as by the language of the statute making the grant it was 'for the improvement of the Des Moines river from its mouth to the Raccoon Fork,' it was not intended to grant lands lying above that point, although the same river ran through the entire length of the state, from near its north-western corner in the territory of Minnesota to the south-east corner, where it flows into the Mississippi river. This question became the subject of activen egotiations and controversy between the state of Iowa, through its governor and members of congress, and the treasury department, as well as the interior department, which was created during this time, and succeeded to the charge of this subject. Meanwhile one of the secretaries certified to the state a part of the land in dispute, running to a certain range of townships above the Raccoon Fork. It may as well be stated here that the lands now in controversy were not among the lands so certified, but are among the odd sections lying north of those thus certified, and within five miles of the Des Moines river.

On April 6, 1850, Secretary Ewing, while consurring with Atty. Gen. Crittenden in his opinion that the grant of 1846 did not extend above the Raccoon Fork, issued an order withholding all the lands then in controversy from market 'until the close of the then session of congress,' which order has been continued ever since, in order to give the state the opportunity of petitioning for an extension of the grant by congress. This court has decided in a number of cases, in regard to these lands, that this withdrawal operated to exclude from sale, purchase, or pre-emption all the lands in controversy, and, unless the case we are about to consider constitutes an exception, it has never been revoked.

In 1856 congress granted to the state of Iowa, for the purpose of aiding in the construction of several railroads across that state from the Mississippi to the Missouri river, every alternate section, as shown by odd numbers, of the lands on each side of said roads, each of which, when the line was fixed, crossed the Des Moines river, and ran through the lands which the state claimed had been granted to it for the purpose of improving the navigation of that stream. Pending this controversy between the state of Iowa and the authorities of the United States as to the extent of the grant, a suit was brought by one of these railroad companies, that the question might be decided by this court. The case is reported as the ''Dubuque & Pac. R. Co. v. Litchfield'', 23 How. 66, decided in 1860, and it was held that the grant did not extend above the Raccoon Fork. As soon as this decision was made, the state, through its congressional delegation, sought the action of the congress of the United States to obtain the passage of an act, which would secure the grant to the state and its grantees in the full extent which they believed congress had originally intended by the act of 1846. That the propriety of some action by congress and the demand for it was pressing, is obvious, when we consider that the Des Moines Navigation Company, under contract with the state, had spent large sums of money beyond what they had received from the state, and beyond the value of the lands certified to the state by the secretary. The work, with all the materials and implements on hand, was suspended, and the danger of the works being swept away and ruined by floods in the river was imminent. The whole subject was before congress, but, without waiting to dispose of it entirely, that body, by way of immediate relief, passed the following joint resolution, approved March 2, 1861, (12 U.S. St. at Large, 251:) 'That all the title which the United States still retain in the tracts of land along the Des Moines river, and above the mouth of the Raccoon Fork thereof, in the state of Iowa, which have been certified to said state improperly by the department of the interior as part of the grant by act of congress approved August 8, 1846, and which is now held by bona fide purchasers under the state of Iowa, be, and the same is hereby, relinquished to the state of Iowa.'

At the next session of congress a statute was passed, approved July 12, 1862, which provided as follows: 'That the grant of lands to the then territory of Iowa for the improvement of the Des Moines river, made by the act of August 8, 1846, is hereby extended so as to include the alternate sections (designated by odd nub ers) lying within five miles of said river, between the Raccoon Fork and the northern boundary of said state. Such lands are to be held and applied in accordance with the provisions of the original grant, except that the consent of congress is hereby given to the application of a portion thereof to aid in the construction of the Keokuk, Fort Des Moines & Minnesota Railroad, in accordance with the provisions of the act of the general assembly of the state of Iowa approved March 22, 1858,' etc. 12 U.S. St. at Large, 543.

By this joint resolution and this act of congress the United States relieved, so far as it could, the misfortune of the construction of the grant to the territory of Iowa of 1846, made by this court, and ratified the construction which had always been claimed by the state.

During all this controversy there remained the order of the department having control of the matter, withdrawing all the lands in dispute from public sale, settlement, or pre-emption. This withdrawal was held to be effectual against the grant made by congress to the railroad companies in 1856, because that act contained the following proviso: 'That any and all lands heretofore reserved to the United States, by any act of congress, or in any other manner by competent authority, for the purpose of aiding in any object of internal improvement, or for any other purpose whatsoever, be, and the same are hereby, reserved to the United States from the operation of this act, except so far as it may be found necessary to locate the routes of said railroads through such reserved lands, in which case the right of way only shall be granted, subject to the approval of the president of the United States.' 11 U.S. St. at Large, 9. See Wolcott v. Des Moines Co., 5 Wall. 681, and Williams v. Baker, 17 Wall. 144, in which cases is also to be found a very full and clear recital of the history of this Des Moines grant controversy.

On May, 1860, the commissioner of the general land-office sent to the registers and receivers of that office at Des Moines and Fort Dodge the following printed notice:

'Notice is hereby given that the land along the Des Moines     river, in Iowa, within the claimed limits of the Des Moines      grant, in that state, above the mouth of the Raccoon Fork of      said river, which has been reserved from sale heretofore on      account of the claim of the state thereto, will continue      reserved, for the time being, from sale or from location, by      any species of scrip or warrants, notwithstanding the recent      decision of the supreme court against the claim. This action     is deemed necessary to afford time for congress to consider,      upon memorial or otherwise, the case of actual bona fide      settlers holding under titles from the state, and to make      such provision, by confirmation or adjustment of the claims      of such settlers, as may appear to be right and proper.

JOHN S. WILSON, Commissioner of the Gen. Land-Office.

'Gen. Land-Office, May 18, 1860.'

It will thus be seen that, notwithstanding the decision of the supreme court of the United States in the winter of 1860, the land-office determined that the reservation of these lands should continue for the purpose of securing the very action by congress which the state of Iowa was soliciting; and it is not disputed by counsel for the appellant in this case that this was a valid continuation of such reservation, and that during its continuance the pre-emptions under which the plaintiff claims could not have been made. But it is argued that the joint resolution of 1861 terminated this condition of suspense, and in and of itself ended the withdrawal of these lands which had been established and continued since the controversy originated between the state and the federal government as to the extent of the grant. This is the only foundation on which plaintiff's title to the land in controversy in this case rests.

We do not think the joint resolution had the effect to end the reservation of these lands from u blic entry. Whether we consider the purpose of the original order, its long continuance, and that it has been held, in the face of an act of congress granting lands for public purposes to the railroads already mentioned, to constitute such a withdrawal as that act excepts from the operations of the grant, and that up to the present time no pre-emptions or sales have been finally recognized as valid by the department or by the courts, it would be very extraordinary if the joint resolution should have that effect. It does not purport to act upon all the matters which were in controversy between the state and the general government. It certainly did not act upon all the claims and matters in question then pending before congress in regard to these lands. It was, indeed, a very limited disposition of a part of the matter which congress supposed might then be acted upon with safety without further investigation. It was simply the recognition of the title which had passed to the grantees of the state of Iowa in regard to the lands which had been certified by the proper authorities of the general government to the state under the act of 1846, and which, by the decision in ''Dubuque & Pac. R. Co. v. Litchfield'', had been held to be unwarranted by the statute. Congress, urgently pressed by parties who were innocent purchasers under the state, passed the resolution which went to this extent, in the last days of the session, securing to such purchasers, so far as the United States could do so, their title to the lands that they had bought under the sanction of this action of the department.

The broader and larger question of the title to the lands within five miles of the Des Moines river, above Raccoon Fork, which had not been certified to the state, and which were declared by the decision of ''Dubuque & Pac. R. Co. v. Litchfield'' not to be include within the grant of 1846, congress retained for further consideration, and, at its next session after this joint resolution was passed, it completely disposed of the whole subject, so far as it was within its power to do so, by validating the grant of 1846 to the full extent of the construction claimed by the state of Iowa. If the order of the commissioner of the general land-office of May 18, 1860, was in force up to the passage of the joint resolution, it is not possible to perceive why it terminated then. It was declared by the commissioner that the order or notice was made to protect these lands from location by any species of scrip or warrant, notwithstanding the decision of the supreme court to afford time for congress to further consider the case. This is not the way in which a reservation from sale or pre-emption of public lands is removed. In almost every instance, in which such a reservation is terminated, there has been a proclamation by the president that the lands are open for entry or sale, and in most instances they have first been offered for sale at public auction. It cannot be seen, from anything in the joint resolution, that congress either considered the controversy ended, or intended to remove the reservation instituted by the department. Its immediate procedure at the next session to the full consideration of the whole subject shows that it had not ceased to deal with it; that the reason for this withdrawal or reservation continued as strongly as before; and it cannot be doubted that the subject was before congress, as well as before its committees; and that the act of July 12, 1862, was, for the first time, a conclusion and end of the matter, so far as congress was concerned.

The title of the plaintiff, therefore, rests upon settlements upon odd sections of land within five miles of the Des Moines river which were reserved from sale or pre-emption at the time the settlements were made. Two of the settlements, which are the foundation of plaintiff's title, were made in May, 1862, only a few days before the passage of the act of July in the same year; and one of the settlements under which the plaintiff claims, was made after the passage of that act. The title was transferred by that act to the state of Iowa for the original purposes of the grant of 1846. The object of this bill is to have a declaration of the court that the title of the plaintiff under those settlements and pre-emptions is superior to the title conferrec by congress on the state of Iowa, and her grantees, under the act of July 12, 1862. If the lands were at the time of these settlements and pre-emption declarations effectually withdrawn from settlement, sale, or pre-emption, by the orders of the department, which we have considered, there is an end of the plaintiff's title; for by that withdrawal or reservation the lands were reserved for another purpose, to which they were ultimately appropriated by the act of 1862, and no title could be initiated or established, because the land department had no right to grant it. This proposition, which we have fully discussed, will be found supported by the following decisions, which are decisive of the whole controversy: ''Dubuque & Pac. R. R. v. Litchfield'', 23 How. 66; Wolcott v. Des Moines Co., 5 Wall. 681; Homestead Co. v. Valley R. R., 17 Wall. 153; Williams v. Baker and Cedar Rapids R. Co. v. Des Moines Co., Id. 144; Wolsey v. Chapman, 101 U.S. 755; Dubuque v. ''Des Moines Val. R. R.'', 109 U.S. 334, 3 Sup. Ct. Rep. 188.

The judgment of the supreme court of the state of Iowa, founded on the same view of the subject as above set forth, is therefore affirmed.