Brown v. United States (171 U.S. 631)/Opinion of the Court

By the act of congress approved March 1, 1889 (1 Supp. Rev. St. [2d Ed.] p. 670), there was established a United States court for the Indian Territory. The act conferred no jurisdiction over felonies, but by the fifth section exclusive original jurisdiction was conferred over all offenses against the laws of the United States committed within the Indian Territory, no punishable by death or by imprisonment at hard labor. Jurisdiction was conferred in all civil cases between citizens of the United States who are residents of the Indian Territory where the value of the thing in controversy shall amount to $100 or more. The final judgment or decree of the court, where the value of the matter in dispute, exclusive of costs, exceeds $1,000, may be reviewed and reversed or affirmed in the supreme court of the United States upon writ of error or appeal, in the same manner and under the same regulations as the final judgments and decrees of a circuit court.

On March 1, 1895, congress passed an act (2 Supp. Rev. St. pp. 392-398, dividing the Indian Territory into three judicial districts, and providing for the appointment of two additional judges. This act extended the jurisdiction of the United States court in said territory to capital cases and other infamous crimes, the jurisdiction over which had theretofore been vested in the United States courts at Ft. Scott, Kan., Ft. Smith, Ark., and Paris, Tex., and provided that all such offenses should be prosecuted in the United States court in the Indian Territory after the 1st day of September, 1896.

'That the judges of said court shall constitute a court of appeals, to be presided over by the judge oldest in commission as chief justice of said court. And said court shall have such jurisdiction and powers in said Indian Territory and such general superintending control over the courts thereof as is conferred upon the supreme court of Arkansas over the courts thereof by the laws of said state, as provided by chapter forty of Mansfield's Digest of the Laws of Arkansas, and the provisions of said chapter, so far as they relate to the jurisdiction and powers of said supreme court of Arkansas as to appeals and writs of error, and as to the trial and decision of cases, so far as they are applicable, shall be and they are hereby extended over and put in force in the Indian Territory.

'And appeals and writs of error from said court in said districts to said appellate court in criminal cases shall be prosecuted under the provisions of chapter forty-six of Mansfield's Digest, by this act put in force in the Indian Territory.'

These enactments clearly provide that writs of error in criminal cases shall be taken to the appellate court of the United States for the Indian Territory, and dispose of the question before us, unless there are other provisions of the acts of congress which prevent such a conclusion.

The counsel for defendants in error contend that the act of February 6, 1889 (1 Supp. Rev. St. [2d Ed.] p. 638), gave to the supreme court the right to review. The sixth section of that act is in the following words:

'That hereafter, in all cases of conviction of crime, the punishment of which provided by law is death, tried before any court of the United States, the final judgment of such court against the respondent shall, upon the application of the respondent, be re-examined, reversed or affirmed by the supreme court of the United States upon a writ of error, under such rules and regulations as said court may prescribe.'

It will be observed that, when this law was passed, the United States court for the Indian Territory did not possess jurisdiction in capital cases. That jurisdiction was subsequently conferred. But, even if it be conceded that the provisions of the act of February 1, 1889, might have attached or become applicable to the judgments of the United States court for the Indian Territory when jurisdiction in capital cases was extended to that court, the intention of congress is manifested to have been otherwise by the provision above cited from the act of March 1, 1895, whereby it is provided that writs of error in capital cases shall be taken to the court of appeals of the United States for the Indian Territory.

This court had occasion to consider the effect of the act of February 6, 1889, in respect to the judgments of the supreme court of the District of Columbia in capital cases, in the case of Cross v. U.S., 145 U.S. 571, 12 Sup. Ct. 844, and it was there said:

'It is contended on behalf of the government that the writ of error will not lie because the supreme court of the District of Columbia is not a court of the United States, within the intent and meaning of the section. McAllister v. U.S., 141 U.S. 174, 11 Sup. Ct. 949, is cited, with the decisions referred to therein, as sustaining that view; but it is to be remembered that that case referred to territorial courts only, and, moreover, if the disposal of the motion turned on this point, the words 'any court of the United States' are so comprehensive that, used as they are in connection with convictions subject to the penalty of death, the conclusion might be too technical that congress intended to distinguish between courts of one class and of the other. But the difficulty with the section is that it manifestly does not contemplate the allowance of a writ of error to any appellate tribunal, but only to review the final judgment of the court before which the respondent was tried, where such judgment could not otherwise be reviewed by writ of error or appeal. It is the final judgment of a trial court that may be re-examined upon the application of the respondent, and it is to that court that the cause is to be remanded, and by that court that the judgment of this court is to be carried into execution. The obvious object was to secure a review by some other court than that which passed upon the case at nisi prius. Such review by two other courts was not within the intention, as the judiciary act of March 3, 1891, shows. This is made still clearer by the further provision that no such writ of error 'shall be sued out or granted unless a petition therefor shall be filed with the clerk of the court in which the trial shall have been had during the same term or within such time, not exceeding sixty days next after the expiration of the term of the court at which the trial shall have been had, as the court may for cause allow by order entered of record.' This language is entirely inapplicable to the prosecution of a writ of error to the judgment of an appellate tribunal affirming the judgment of the trial court. And the case before us shows this.'

It is true that in the present cases the writs of error were sued out directly to the trial court, whereas in the Case of Cross the writ of error was taken to the judgment of the supreme court of the District affirming the judgment of the trial court, and therefore some of the language quoted from the opinion in the latter case is not strictly applicable. But the reasoning of the court, showing that it was unlikely that congress intended a review by two other courts than the trial court, is applicable. It is not to be supposed that congress, when it provided by the act of March 1, 1895, for a review or writ of error in the court of appeals for Indian Territory, regarded the sixth section of the act of February 6, 1889, as also applicable.

The counsel for the defendants in error cite in their briefs the fifth and thirteenth sections of the act of March 3, 1891, establishing the United States circuit court of appeals, providing that appeals or writs of error may be taken from the district or circuit courts direct to the supreme court of the United States in cases of capital crimes, and providing that appeals and writs of error may be taken from the decisions of the United States court in the Indian Territory to the supreme court of the United States, or to the circuit court of appeals in the Eighth circuit, in the same manner and under the same regulations as from the circuit or district courts of the United States.

Of course, as, when this act was passed, the United States court in the Indian Territory had no jurisdiction over capital crimes, congress did not contemplate any appeal or writ of error in such cases. And when, by the act of March 1, 1895, jurisdiction of the United States court in the Indian Territory was extended to capital cases, and a court of appeals was established, with power to entertain appeals and writs of error, the act of March 3, 1891, cannot be regarded as applicable in such cases. Where a statute provides for a writ of error to a specified court of appeals, it must be regarded as a repeal of any previous statute which provides for a writ of error to another and different court.

The decisions of the court of appeals of the United States in the Indian Territory are final, except so far as they are made subject to review by some express provision of law. In the eleventh section of the act of March 1, 1895, it is provided that 'appeals and writs of error from the final decision of said appellate court shall be allowed and may be taken to the circuit court of appeals for the Eighth judicial circuit in the same manner and under the same regulations as appeals taken from the circuit courts of the United States'; but it is not claimed by the counsel for the plaintiff in error that this provision applies to capital cases; and see the case of Folsom v. U.S., 160 U.S. 121, 16 Sup. Ct. 222.

It has been held by this court that the court established in the Indian Territory, though a court of the United States, is not a district or circuit court of the United States. In re Mills, 135 U.S. 268, 10 Sup. Ct. 763.

We accept the contention of the solicitor general on behalf of the government, that the court of appeals in the Indian Territory, being a court of the United States, is analogous to the supreme court of the District of Columbia, and bears the same relation to the trial court in the Indian Territory as the supreme court of the District of Columbia bore to the trial court in the District.

And it was held in Ex parte Bigelow, 113 U.S. 329, 5 Sup. Ct. 543, that no appeal could be taken or writ of error sued out to the supreme court of the District of Columbia in a capital case, the court saying: 'No appeal or writ of error in such case as that lies to this court. The act of congress has made the judgment of that court conclusive, as it had a right to do, and the defendant, having one review of his trial and judgment, has no special reason to complain.' In re Heath, 144 U.S. 92, 12 Sup. Ct. 615; Cross v. Burke, 146 U.S. 84, 13 Sup. Ct. 22.

Our conclusion is that we have no appellate jurisdiction of capital cases from the United States court for the Northern district of the Indian Territory, and that such appellate jurisdiction is vested exclusively in the United States court of appeals in the Indian Territory.

The motion is allowed, and the writs of error in these cases are dismissed.