Brown v. Davis/Opinion of the Court

This is a suit in equity, brought in the circuit court of the United States for the Northern district of New York, on reissued letters patent No. 8,589, granted to Charles F. Davis and William Allen, February 18, 1879, for an 'improvement in grain-drills;' the original patent, No. 74,515, having been granted to said Davis, as inventor, February 18, 1868. The application for the reissue was filed January 24, 1879. The defenses set up in the answer are want of utility and novelty, invalidity of the reissue, and non-infringement. The specifications of the original and reissued patents are here placed side by side, the parts in each not found in the other being in italic:

ORIGINAL.

'Be it known that I, Charles F. Davis, of Anburn, in the     county of Cayuga, and state of New York, have invented      certain new and useful improvements in grain-drills; and I do      hereby declare the following to be a full, clear, and exact      description of the same, reference being had to the      accompanying drawings, making a part of this specification,      in which Figure 1 represents a top plan of the drill, with      the seed-box removed, but its position shown by red lines, to      show the parts underneath it. Figure 2 represents the     crank-rod or shaft to which the front ends of the drag-bars      are attached, when detached from the machine. Figure 3     represents an end view of the drill, with the wheel removed, to show the parts behind it, and representing by black, dotted, and red lines, the several operative parts, and their positions under the changes of the machine or its parts. Similar letters of reference, where they occur in the separate figures, denote like parts in all of the drawings.

'The object and purpose of my invention are to shift or     change the seeding shoes or hoes from a straight to a zigzag      line, and vice versa, and, further, to so hang the shoes or      hoes as, in addition to the shifting process, to admit of      being raised separately, or the whole series together, as may      be found necessary.

'To enable others skilled in the art to make and use my     invention, I will proceed to describe the same with reference      to the drawings: 'Upon an axle, A, supported on the usual carrying wheels,

B. B, is mounted a main frame, C, and on the main frame a     seed-box, D, the slides of which may be operated in any of      the well-known ways. In bearings, E, in the front portion of     the main frame, is hung, so as to rock or turn therein, a      zigzag or crank shaft, F, (shown detached in Fig. 2,) and to      the cranks or wrists, a, a, a, of this shaft are connected,      seriatim, the drag-bars, b, b, b, by means of bows or yokes,      c, each bow or yoke taking two of said wrists, as shown in      Fig. 1. To the rear ends of these dragbars, b, are attached      the shoes or hoes, G, in any of the usual wellknown ways. In     the projecting rear portion of the main frame, C, there is      hung a shaft, d, upon which there is a lever, e, by which it      can be rocked or rolled in its bearings. At suitable     distances upon this shaft, d, there is placed a series of      levers, f, f, one for each shoe or hoe, which are kept in      their proper positions on the shaft by pins, 1, 1, or other      suitable devices, but which can be moved independent of the      shaft or of each other, or all together, as will be      explained. The levers, f, have a hub or swell, g, at their     central portions, where they are slipped onto the shaft,

d; and into each one these hubs is set a pin, 2, which is     above the pins, 1, 1, in the shaft, so that each lever can be      turned upon the shaft; but, when the shaft is rocked or      turned, then all the levers are worked simultaneously. To the     forward ends of these levers, f, the shoes or hoes are      respectively connected by a link or hinged rod, h, the      rearward projecting ends of said levers serving as handles      for the operator to seize and work separately, when necessary      to do so, or he can raise the whole series by seizing and      working the lever, e. One end of the shaft, d, projects     through the timber of the main frame, for convenience of      placing the parts, and upon it is a lever, H, and a      spring-locking lever, i, connected with it, both of which      levers the operator may grasp at once, and by pressure first      unlock the catch, and then move the main lever, H, and the      shaft, d, as well as the parts connected with it.

The catch or locking lever,i, takes into or against a     stopplate, j, on the main frame, when not otherwise      controlled. The upper portion of the lever, H, serves as a     handle to work it by, and to the lower end of it is pivoted a      rack-bar, m, which takes into a pinion, n,fastened on the end      of the crank or zigzag shaft, F, and when the pinion, n, is      turned the crank shaft is also turned, and, as it is turned,      it shifts the shoes or hoes into a zigzag or a straight line,      as the case may be. When the lever, H, and the zigzag shaft,     F, and their several connected and operative parts, are in      the positions shown by the black lines in Figs. 1 and 3, the     shoes or hoes, G, are then in a straight line across the      machine; but, when the lever, H, is shifted into the position      shown by the red lines in Fig. 3, it turns the shaft, and      moves the parts connected with them, and the shoes or hoes      will then stand in a zigzag line across the machine, as shown      by the red lines, or in what may be termed two lines, one in      advance of the other; and, that the shoes or hoes may be thus      moved into one or two lines, and still be susceptible of      being raised up separately, or in their series capacity,      their connections and attachments must all be hinged or      yielding. When there is an odd number of shoes or hoes on the     machine, the odd one should be in the rear series, in which      case there would be no necessity of locking the lever, H,      when the shoes were so

arranged, as the greater resistance on the greater number     would always keep them so. But, if an even number of shoes be     used, and an equal number in each row, then the lever would      have to be locked or fastened in both of its positions.

'It is obvious that other mechanical devices may be used for     shifting the shoes or hoes from a straight into a zigzag line      or vice versa. I have devised several ways of accomplishing     this movement, as, for instance, a sheave, pulley, or      chain-wheel may be keyed to the end of the crank-shaft, and      to this sheave or wheel a chain may be attached, and, passing      around it, extend thence to the lever, so that, by working      the lever, the same effect would be attained as by the rack      and pinion.

'Another plan may be as follows: A crank or cross-arms may be     placed on the turning-shaft, and, by means of      connecting-rods, which connect the cranks or arms with the      levers, the shaft may be turned, and the shoes thus thrown      into a straight or zigzag line, as may be desired; or,      instead of the crank-shaft to shift the shoes, the shoes may      be united in sets to different bars, which may be straight,      both bars being united to cross-bars or heads at their ends. Now, by shifting these two bars, they will shift the shoes     attached to them, and change them into the positions      herein-above described. When the hoes are set in a zigzag     line, as above mentioned, and are in that position raised up,      a pin, 3, in the extreme end of the shaft, d, will take      against a pin, 4, in the lever, H, and thereby shifting the      hoes into more nearly a straight line, as they rise, or into      quite a straight line, depending upon the extent to which      they are raised.

'Having thus fully described my invention, what I claim     therein as new, and desire to secure by letters patent, is:

'1. So attaching the shoes or hoes of a seed-planter to the     main frame as that, by means of a lever, or its equivalent      said shoes may be shifted from a straight to a zigzag line,      or

vice versa, at pleasure, substantially as described.

'2. I also claim in combination with a series of shoes or     hoes that are capable of being changed from a straight to a      zigzay line, or vice versa, the so connecting of said shoes,      by independent levers, to the lifting-bar, as that they may      be raised by the operator individually, or as a whole,      substantially as described.

'3. I also claim bringing the shoe to both its drag-bar and     its individual lever, so that the shoe may be raised and      lowered, in either of its changed positions, by a lever that      is permanently located, substantially as described.' REISSUE.

'Be it known that I, Charles F. Davis, of Auburn, county of     Cayuga, state of New York, have invented certain new and      useful improvements in grain-drills, of which the following      is a full, clear, and exact description, reference being had      to the accompanying drawings, making part of this      specification,in which Figure 1 represents a plan or top view      of the drill, with the seed-box removed, (but its position      shown by dotted lines,) to show the parts underneath it. Fig.     2 represents the crank-rod or shaft to which the front ends      of the drag-bars are attached, detached from the machine. Fig. 3 represents an end view of the drill, with the wheel     removed, to show the parts behind it, and representing, by      full and dotted lines, the several operative parts, and      their positions under the changes of the machine or its      parts. Similar letters of reference denote corresponding     parts in all the figures.

'The object and purpose of my invention is to shift or change     the seeding shoes or hoes from a straight to a zigzag line,      and vice versa, and, further, to so hang the shoes or hoes,      as, in addition to the shifting process, to admit of being      raised separately, or the whole series together, as may be      found necessary.

'To enable others skilled in the art to make and use my     invention, I will proceed todescribe the same with reference      to the drawings:

'Upon an axle, A, supported on the usual carrying-wheels, B, B, is mounted a main frame, C, and on the main frame a     seed-box, D, this slides of which may be operated in any of      the well-known ways. In bearings, E, in the front portion of     the main frame, is hung, so as to rock or turn therein, a      zigzag or crank shaft, F, (shown detached in Fig. 2,) and to      the cranks or wrists, a, a, a, of this shaft are connected,      seriatim, the drag bars, b, b, b, by means of bows or yokes,      c, each bow or yoke taking two of said wrists, as shown in      Fig. 1. To the rear ends of these drag-bars, b, are attached      the shoes or hoes, G, in any of the usual well-known ways. In     the projecting rear portion of the main frame, C, there is      hung a shaft. d, upon which there is a lever, e, by which it     can be rocked or rolled in its bearings. At suitable     distances upon this shaft, d, there is placed a series of      levers, f, f, one for each shoe or hoe, which are kept in      their proper positions on the shaft by pins, 1, 1, or other      suitable devices, but which can be moved independent of the      shaft or of each other, or all together, as will be      explained. The levers, f, have a hub or swell, g, at their     central portions, where they are slipped onto the shaft, d;      and into each one of these hubs is set a pin, 2, which is      above the pins, 1, 1, in the shaft, so that each lever can be      turned upon the shaft; but, when the shaft is rocked or      turned, then all the levers are worked simultaneously. To the     forward ends of these levers, f, the shoes or hoes are      respectively connected by a link or hinged rod, h, the      rearward projecting ends of said levers serving as handles      for the operator to seize and work separately, when necessary      to do so, or he can raise the whole series by seizing and      working the lever, e. One end of the shaft, d, projects     through the timber of the main frame, for convenience of      placing the parts, and upon it is a lever, H, and a      spring-locking lever, i, connected with it; both of which      levers the operator may grasp at once, and by pressure first      unlock the catch, and then move the main lever, H, and the      shaft, d, as well as the parts connected with it. The catch     or locking lever, i, takes into or against the stop-plate, j,      on the main frame, when not otherwise controlled. The upper     portion of the lever, H, serves as a handle to work it by,      and to the lower end of it is pivoted a rack-bar or      connecting-rod, m, which takes into a pinion, n, fastened on the end of the crank or      zigzag shaft, F, and when the pinion, n, is turned the      crank-shaft is also turned, and, as it is turned, it shifts      the shoes or hoes into a zigzag or a straight line, as the      case may be. When the lever, H, and the zigzag shaft, F, and     the connecting-bar, m, and their several connected and      operative parts, are in the positions shown by the full lines      in Figs. 1 and 3, the shoes or hoes, G, are then in a     straight line across the machine; but, when the lever, H, is      shifted into the position shown by the dotted lines in Fig. 3, it turns the shaft, moves the parts connected with them,     and the shoes or hoes will then stand in a zigzag line across      the machine, as shown by the full lines, or in what may be      termed two lines, one in advance of the other; and, in order      that the shoes or hoes may be thus moved into one or two      lines, and still be susceptible of being raised up      separately, or in their series capacity, their connections      and the attachments must all be hinged or yielding. When     there is an odd number of shoes or hoes on the machine, the      odd one should be in the rear series, in which case there      would be no necessity of locking the lever, H, when the shoes      are so arranged, as the greater resistance on the greater      number would always keep them so. But, if an even number of     shoes be used and an equal number in each row, then the lever      would have to be locked or fastened in both of its positions.

'It is obvious that other mechanical devices may be used for     shifting the shoes or hoes from a straight into a zigzag      line, or vice versa. I have devised several ways of     accomplishing this movement. The rack-bar or connecting-bar,     m, may be used for this purpose, and thereby the shoes or      hoes may be shifted from a straight to a zigzag line, or vice      versa, said connecting-bar, m, being held in position, if      desired, by any of the usual mechanical devices for that      purpose; second, by means of a sheave, pulley, or      chain-wheel, which may be keyed to the end of the      crank-shaft, and to this sheave or wheel a chain may be      attached, and, passing around it, so that, by means thereof,      the same effect can be attained as by the rack and pinion.

'Another plan may be as follows: A crank or cross-arms may be     placed on the turning-shaft, and, by means of a connecting rod or rods, the shaft may be turned by the operator,      and the shoes thus thrown into a straight or zigzag line, as      may be desired; or, instead of the crank-shaft, the shoes may      be united in sets to different bars, which may be straight,      both bars being united to cross-bars, or heads at their ends. Now, by shifting the relations of these two bars, and by the     means aforesaid, or by the connecting rod, m, the operator      can shift the shoes or hoes attached to them into the      positions hereinabove described. When the hoes are set in a     zigzag line, as above mentioned, and are in that position      raised up, a pin, 3, in the extreme end of the shaft, d, will      take against a pin, 4, in the lever, H, and thereby shifting      the hoes into more nearly a straight line, as they rise, or      into quite a straight line, depending upon the extent to      which they are raised.

'Having now described my invention, what I claim as new and     desire to secure by letters patent, is:

'1. The shoes or hoes of a seedplanter attached to the main     frame, substantially as described, whereby they may be      simultaneously shifted from a straight to a zigzag line, or      vice versa, by a single movement.

'2. The shoes or hoes of a seedplanter, attached to the main     frame, substantially as described, in combination with a      lever or its equivalent, whereby they can be shifted, at the      pleasure of the operator, from a straight to a zigzag line,      or vice versa.

'3. The shoes or hoes of a seedplanter, attached to the main     frame, substantially as described, in combination with a rod      or its equivalent, whereby they can be shifted from a      straight to a zigzag line, or vice versa.

'4. A series of shoes or hoes that are capable of being     changed from a straight to a zigzag line, or vice versa, in      combination with independent levers, connecting said shoes or      hoes with the lifting-bar, whereby they can be raised by the      operator individually or as a whole, substantially as      described.

'5. The shoe hinged to both its dragbar and its individual     lever, so that it can be raised or lowered, in either of its      changed positions, by a level that is per- manently located, substantially as described.

'6. In combination with a series of shoes or hoes that are     capable of being changed, by the operator, at the rear of the      machine, from a straight to a zigzag line, or vice versa, a      shaft and lifting lever connected therewith whereby the whole      series can be raised at once by the operator, to pass      obstructions, substantially as described.'

The cause was heard in the circuit court, on pleadings and proofs, and decision rendered in May, 1881, (Davis v. Brown, 19 Blatchf. 263, S.C.. Fed. Rep. 647,) in pursuance of which an interlocutory decree was entered, in June, 1881, declaring the reissued patent to be valid, and to have been infringed as to all its claims, and awarding a recovery of profits and damages, and a perpetual injunction. On the report of a master, a final decree was entered in February, 1882, by which the plaintiffs recovered $5,689.91, as damages and costs. The defendants have appealed to this court.

The specification of the original patent stated the purpose of the invention to be to change the seeding shoes or hoes from a straight to a zigzag line, and vice versa; and also to so hang the shoes or hoes as, in addition to the shifting process, to allow the shoes or hoes to be raised all together, or any one separately. The mechanical means described in that specification for shifting the shoes are these: In the front part of the machine is a rotating shaft, with cranks on it, so arranged that the shaft does not have a straight continuous axis, but has sets of axes in different lines, alternating, so that, yokes being attached, each to two of the cranks, and each two of the chanks having axes in a different line from the line of the axes of the next two adjoining eranks, the yokes being of substantially equal length, and being connected by dragbars, at the rear ends of the drag-bars, to the shoes, a rotating motion given to the crank-shaft will shift the shoes, by moving all of them, each alternate shoe moving in an opposite direction from that in which the shoe next to it moves, and thus a space being opened or closed of double the distance through which any shoe travels. To rotate the crank-shaft, there is a cross-shaft in the rear of the machine, on the end of which is an upright lever, which extends upwards to form a handle, and has pivoted to it below a bar, which extends forward, and the forward end of which is formed into a rack, which works into a pinion on the end of the crank-shaft. By moving the lever, the rack and pinion are worked, and the crank-shaft is rotated, and the shoes are shifted. The extent of the rotating movement of the crank-shaft is about half a circle, back and forth. The original specification says that, instead of employing the crank-shaft, the shoes may be united in sets to different bars, which may be straight, both bars being united to cross-bars or heads, at their ends; and that, by shifting to these two bars, the shoes attached to them will be shifted. But there is no more specific description of mechanism for the purpose, nor any drawing of such mechanism.

In the defendants' machine, every alternate shoe is connected with an immovable part of the frame, and every other alternate shoe is connected with a swinging cross-bar, which hangs down so as to have a motion back and forth in the arc of a circle, by reason of its being hung in bearings in the side of the frame. A rod extends from near the middle of the width of the swinging cross-bar to the rear part of the frame, behind the line from which the shoes are suspended, which rod is supported in the center of its length, and terminates, at its rear end, in a handle, so that an operator can work it, and, by pulling it, shift simultaneously all the shoes that are attached to the swinging cross-bar. Two coiled springs are so arranged that, when the rod is pulled, the springs are compressed, and, when the rod is released, the action of the springs tends to throw the swinging cross-bar and the shoes attached to it towards the front of the frame again, restoring them to the position from which the pulling of the rod moved them. Thus, only alternate shoes are shifted, but the positions of the toes of the shoes, relatively to each other, can be simultaneously changed, and a wider space, in a straight line, be opened between any two toes at any time. The shoes are so set that their toes are never in a straight line across, but, when nearest to each other, are somewhat out of a straight line, and the pulling of the rod causes the distance between them to increase. The shoes which move in increasing such distance do so through the rotating motion to and fro of the swinging cross-bar to which they are attached, such motion being imparted by the pulling, at the rear of the machine, of the rod attached to the swinging cross-bar. In the plaintiff's machine, the shoes which move, in increasing such distance, do so through the rotating motion to and fro of the crank-shaft to which they are attached, such motion being imparted by the pushing at the rear of the machine of the rod that carries the rack, the rod being worked by a lever.

An examination of the claims of the original and reissued patents shows that claim 2 of the reissue is substantially the same as claim 1 of the original; that claim 4 of the reissue is substantially the same as claim 2 of the original; and that claim 5 of the reissue is substantially the same as claim 3 of the original.

The circuit court held that claim 2 of the reissue was infringed, although in the defendants' machine there is no lever such as the lever, H, of the patent, and no equivalent or substitute for it. The view taken was that claim 2 was infringed, because the defendants use a rod, the end of which is pushed and pulled by the hand of the operator, while in the patent the lever, H, pulls and pushes the end the rod. But the lever, or its equivalent, as a mechanical instrument, is made an essential element in claim 2; and dispensing with the lever, and using instead the human hand, is not the use of an equivalent, although in the plaintiff's machine the hand is applied to work the lever. Water Meter Co. v. Desper, 101 U.S. 332, 337; Gage v. Herring, 107 U.S. 640, 648; S.C.. 2 Sup. Ct. Rep. 819; Fay v. Cordesman, 109 U.S. 408, 420, 421; S.C.. 3 Sup. Ct. Rep. 236; Sargent v. Hall Safe & Lock Co., 114 U.S. 63, 86; S.C.. 5 Sup. Ct. Rep. 1021.

In order to determine what construction ought to be given to the other claims of the reissue, it is necessary to consider an invention made by one Powers, at Madison, Wisconsin, in 1862, the invention of Davis being carried back only to September, 1866. During the winter of 1861-62, and the spring of 1862, Powers was selling, at Madison, grain-drills with iron dragbars. During the season of 1862, noticing the working of drills in the field, he conceived the idea that the shoes could be put into single and double ranks by a more easy method than that then used. He worked out a plan, and made a model of it, and applied for a patent November 10, 1862. The patent was ordered to issue December 6, 1862, but was never issued. The reason is not stated. The specification filed states that the 'invention consists of a device to enable the shovels or plows of a drill to be set in single or double rows or ranks, with greater ease and facility than hitherto.' The method described and shown in the drawings is to have a cross-row of stationary shovels; and a cross-row of other shovels, attached to a cross-bar, which is arranged, at each end of it, so as to slide to the extent of eight inches to and fro, in a groove. Thus, two rows may be made, or the sliding cross-bar may be set at a point where all the shovels will be in a line, and one row be formed The movable cross-bar is moved by hand, and secured, when set, by bolts. The claim covers 'the method of double and single ranking the drill teeth, by the adjustment of the sliding cross-bar, A, to which are attached the alternate drill teeth or shovels, to different positions between the side pieces of the frame.' The description states that, 'by this device, double or single ranking can be effected in a moment, instead of the more tedious process of other similar machines,' and that 'double and single ranking is a highly important feature in a drill, to adapt it to different soils and circumstances.' Powers put this shifting arrangement 'onto two, or may be three, drills' which he had on hand. He testifies to the use of two of them, and says they worked perfectly, so far as changing the rank of the drill was concerned. This was a completed invention. The idea of changing the relative positions of the shoes by having one row of them stationary and moving the other, which is the idea developed in the defendants' machine, was fully embodied in powers' machine. It had no lever and rod to do the work of the hand in moving the sliding cross-bar, and that cross-bar was held in position, when set, by bolts.

In view of this invention of Powers, we are of opinion that the invention of the Davis patent must be limited, so far as the shifting apparatus is concerned, to the special arrangement of the rotating crank-shaft described, and shown in the drawings. The words 'substantially as described,' found in each of the first two claims of the original patent, properly confined those claims to the shifting mechanism described. If claim 1 of the reissue is given a construction which includes any arrangement for shifting not substantially using a rotating crank-shaft, it becomes a claim which could not lawfully have been granted in the original patent; and, as a claim in a reissued patent, it is invalid, within the defenses set up in the answer, because the application for the reissue was made nearly 11 years after the original patent was granted, and after machines effecting the shifting by other means than a rotating crank-shaft had gone into use subsequently to the date of the original patent, and no sufficient excuse is given for the laches and delay. The same remarks apply to claim 3 of the reissue.

In view of the rulings of this court on the subject of reissued patents, made since the decision in this case was made by the court below, in May, 1881, this case must be considered in view of the fact that the new matter introduced into the specification of the reissue was put in for the purpose of reaching machines which the claims of the original patent would not reach, and of laying a foundation for claims 1 and 3 of the reissue. The inventor and patentee, Davis, distinctly says this in his testimony. The principal interpolation is in these words: 'The rack-bar or connecting-rod, m, may be used for this purpose, and thereby the shoes or hoes may be shifted from a straight to a zigzag line, or vice versa; said connecting-bar, m, being held in position, if desired, by any of the usual mechanical devices for that purpose.' In the original specification, m is called a 'rack-bar,' because it is pivoted at one end to the lower end of the lever, H, and has on its other end a rack TAKING INTO A PINION ON THE END OF THE CRank-shaft. but, in the reissue m is called 'a rack-bar or connecting-rod.' Again, in the reissue, the reference to the lever, H, as connected with and working the chain to be used with the sheave or wheel, in the second suggested alternative means of shifting, is erased, so as not to make the use of the lever, H, necessary. Before these changes, the defendants' machine, which has no lever and no rotating crank-shaft, would not have been within the scope of the original claims, but, if the rack-bar were to become a connecting rod, it was thought it might cover the rod in the defendants' machine. Claim 3 of the reissue was framed on this view of shifting by a rod alone, while claim 1 is made so broad as to seem to claim shifting by any means, by a single movement.

As to claims 4, 5, and 6 of the reissue, the shifting mechanism of the patent, with its rotating crank-shaft, must, in view of the Powers invention, be considered as an element in each claim; and that mechanism is not used by the defendants.

It follows, from these views, that the decree of the circuit court must be reversed, and the case remanded, with a direction to dismiss the bill, with costs.