Barber v. Gonzales/Opinion of the Court

Respondent was born in the Philippine Islands in 1913 and came therefrom to the continental United States in 1930. He has lived here ever since. In 1941, he was convicted in the State of California of assault with a deadly weapon and was sentenced to imprisonment for one year in the Alameda County jail. In 1950, he was convicted in the State of Washington of second degree burglary and was sentenced under the indeterminate sentence law of that State to a minimum term of two years in the state penitentiary. In 1951, after an administrative hearing, he was ordered deported to the Philippine Islands under § 19(a) of the Immigration Act of 1917 as an alien who 'after entry' had been sentenced more than once to imprisonment for terms of one year or more for crimes involving moral turpitude. 39 Stat. 889, as amended, formerly 8 U.S.C. § 155(a), 8 U.S.C.A. § 155(a).

After respondent was taken into custody, he filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. The petition attacked the validity of the deportation order on the ground, among others, that he was not subject to deportation under § 19(a) since he had not made an 'entry' within the meaning of that section. The District Court dismissed the petition. On appeal, the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, with one judge dissenting, reversed the District Court's judgment and remanded the case with directions to order respondent's release from custody. 207 F.2d 398. We granted certiorari. 346 U.S. 914, 74 S.Ct. 274.

The sole question presented is whether respondent-who was born a national of the United States in the Philippine Islands, who came to the continental United States as a national prior to the Philippine Independence Act of 1934, and who was sentenced to imprisonment in 1941 and 1950 for crimes involving moral turpitude-may now be deported under § 19(a) of the Immigration Act of 1917.

It is conceded that respondent was born a national of the United States; that as such he owed permanent allegiance to the United States, including the obligation of military service; that he retained this status when he came to the continental United States in 1930 and hence was not then subject to the Immigration Act of 1917 or any other federal statute relating to the exclusion or deportation of aliens. The Government, however, contends that respondent's status as a national was changed by the Philippine Independence Act of 1934, 48 Stat. 456, which provided for the eventual independence of the Philippines, subsequently achieved in 1946, 60 Stat. 1352. Section 8(a)(1) of the 1934 Act provides:

'For the purposes of the Immigration Act of 1917, * *  * this      section, and all other laws of the United States relating to      the immigration, exclusion, or expulsion of aliens, citizens      of the Philippine Islands who are not citizens of the United      States shall be considered as if they were aliens. For such     purposes the Philippine Islands shall be considered as a      separate country and shall have for each fiscal year a quota      of fifty.' The Government urges that the reference in § 8(a)(1) to 'citizens of the Philippine Islands' includes Filipinos then residing in the United States; that by virtue of this provision the respondent was assimilated to the status of an alien for purposes of 'immigration, exclusion, or expulsion'; and that, having been twice convicted thereafter of crimes involving moral turpitude, he is deportable under § 19(a) of the Immigration Act of 1917.

The Government's argument is premised on the assumption that respondent made an 'entry' within the meaning of § 19(a). If he did not make such an 'entry,' then he is not deportable under that section, even assuming that the Government is correct in its broad construction of the 1934 Philippine Independence Act. Section 19(a) provides:

' * *  * except as hereinafter provided, any alien who is      hereafter sentenced to imprisonment for a term of one year or      more because of conviction in this country of a crime      involving moral turpitude, committed within five years after      the entry of the alien to the United States, or who is      hereafter sentenced more than once to such a term of      imprisonment because of conviction in this country of any      crime involving moral turpitude, committed at any time after      entry *  *  * shall, upon the warrant of the Attorney General,      be taken into custody and deported *  *  * .' (Italics added.)

The Court of Appeals sustained respondent's contention that he had never made the requisite 'entry.' With this conclusion, we agree.

The Government would have us interpret 'entry' in § 19(a) in its 'ordinary, everyday sense' of a 'coming into the United States.' Under this view, respondent's 'coming into the United States' from the Philippine Islands in 1930 would satisfy the 'entry' requirement. While it is true that statutory language should be interpreted whenever possible according to common usage, some terms acquire a special technical meaning by a process of judicial construction. So it is with the word 'entry' in § 19(a). E.g., Delgadillo v. Carmichael, 332 U.S. 388, 68 S.Ct. 10, 92 L.Ed. 17; United States ex rel. Claussen v. Day, 279 U.S. 398, 49 S.Ct. 354, 73 L.Ed. 758; DiPasquale v. Karnuth, 2 Cir., 158 F.2d 878; Del Guercio v. Gabot, 9 Cir., 161 F.2d 559. Cf. United States ex rel. Volpe v. Smith, 289 U.S. 422, 425, 53 S.Ct. 665, 667, 77 L.Ed. 1598. In United States ex rel. Claussen v. Day, supra, 279 U.S. at page 401, 49 S.Ct. at page 354, this Court stated the applicable rule:

'The word 'entry' (in § 19(a)) by its own force implies a     coming from outside. The extent shows that in order that     there be an entry within the meaning of the act there must be      an arrival from some foreign port or place. There is no such     entry where one goes to sea on board an American vessel from      a port of the United States and returns to the same or another      port of this country without having been in any foreign port      or place.' (Italics added.)

See also United States ex rel. Stapf v. Corsi, 287 U.S. 129, 132, 53 S.Ct. 40, 41, 77 L.Ed. 215; Carmichael v. Delaney, 9 Cir., 170 F.2d 239, 242-243. This concept of 'entry' was codified by Congress in the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952.

At the time respondent came to the continental United States, he was not arriving 'from some foreign port or place.' On the contrary, he was a United States national moving from one of our insular possessions to the mainland. It was not until the 1934 Philippine Independence Act that the Philippines could be regarded as 'foreign' for immigration purposes. Having made no 'entry,' respondent is not deportable under § 19(a) as an alien who 'after entry' committed crimes involving moral turpitude. The Government warns that this conclusion is inconsistent with a broad congressional purpose to terminate the United States residence of alien criminals. But we believe a different conclusion would not be permissible in view of the well-settled meaning of 'entry' in § 19(a). Although not penal in character, deportation statutes as a practical matter may inflict 'the equivalent of banishment or exile', Fong Haw Tan v. Phelan, 333 U.S. 6, 10, 68 S.Ct. 374, 376, 92 L.Ed. 433, and should be strictly construed. See Delgadillo v. Carmichael, 332 U.S. 388, 391, 68 S.Ct. 10, 12, 92 L.Ed. 17. In the absence of explicit language showing a contrary congressional intent, we must give technical words in deportation statutes their usual technical meaning.

The judgment of the Court of Appeals is affirmed.

Affirmed.

Mr. Justice MINTON, with whom Mr. Justice REED and Mr. Justice BURTON join, dissenting.