Andersen v. Treat

John Andersen was indicted in the circuit court of the United States for the Eastern district of Virginia at the November term thereof, A. D. 1897, and, December 23, 1897, convicted of the murder, on August 6, 1897, on the high seas, of William Wallace Saunders, mate of the American vessel Olive Pecker, and sentenced to death. The case was brought to this court on error, and the judgment was affirmed, May 9, 1898. 170 U.S. 481, 18 Sup. Ct. 689. The mandate having gone down, execution of the sentence was fixed for August 26, 1898. On that day (H. G. Miller and P. J. Morris assuming to act as his counsel) Andersen filed a petition in the district court of the United States for the Eastern district of Virginia, praying for a writ of habeas corpus, on the ground that he was held in custody for execution 'in violation of the laws and the constitution of the United States of America,' in that he had been deprived 'of the free exercise of his rights to be represented by counsel, in accordance with article 6 of the amendment of the constitution of the United States.' The petition stated:

'Your petitioner represents that on the 7th day of November, 1897, he was delivered to the United States marshal for the Eastern district of Virginia, charged with having committed the crime of murder within the maritime jurisdiction of the United States of America; that as a prisoner of the said United States marshal he was confined on the day of his delivery in the city jail in the city of Norfolk to await his examination, as provided by law, before the United States commissioner for the Eastern district of Virginia; that on that day, viz. the 7th day of November, 1897, while thus detained in the city jail of the city of Norfolk, he employed as counsel to represent him one P. J. Morris, an attorney at law, residing in the city of Norfolk, Va.

'Your petitioner further represents that, after securing the services of the said Morris, on the same day the said Morris called at the city jail (the place of the detention of your petitioner), and asked permission to see your petitioner, to consult with him as attorney and client. Your petitioner represents that admission was refused my said attorney for the reason that the district attorney of the United States for the Eastern district of Virginia had instructed the jailer and others in charge of your petitioner to allow no one, without exception, to see your petitioner; whereupon your petitioner represents that on the 7th day of November, 1897, my said attorney asked permission, by phone, of the district attorney for the Eastern district of Virginia, to permit him to visit the said jail, and consult with your petitioner; that said application was refused; and that on account of the order of the district attorney lodged with the jailers and keepers of the prison in which your petitioner was detained, your petitioner was denied the right of the assistance of counsel to represent your petitioner.

'Your petitioner further represents that the district attorney for the Eastern district of Virginia informed your petitioner's counsel on the night of the 7th of November, 1897, that he would let him know on the following day whether or not permission would be granted your petitioner's counsel to consult with your petitioner. Your petitioner represents that instead of informing my said attorney, and giving my said attorney full notice as to the time when your petitioner's preliminary hearing would be held, and before the United States district attorney for the Eastern district of Virginia had given my said attorney permission to consult with me, I was taken in irons, handcuffed, to the office of the United States commissioner, and examined, without aid or presence of my attorney. Your petitioner further represents that before the time the said examination was completed and statements made by me were finished my said attorney discovered that said examination was going on without his presence, and before any consultation could be held between your petitioner and his said attorney, and my said attorney thereupon applied to the said district attorney of the United States and to the Honorable Robert W. Hughes, late judge for the Eastern district of Virginia, and was told by them that, as the defense of your petitioner was inconsistent with the defense of others charged at the same time with complicity in the destruction of the vessel Olive Pecker, that any attorney representing both prisoners was objectionable, and that the court would not permit the same attorney to represent both your petitioner and the other prisoners, and therefore the court would assign him an attorney to represent him. Your petitioner therefore represents that he was deprived of the free exercise of his right to be represented by counsel, in accordance with article 6 of the amendment of the constitution of the United States, and that, therefore, by the action of the court in depriving him of the right to select his own counsel the court exceeded its power and jurisdiction, and that, therefore, the trial and proceedings therein are null and void, and that the judgment and the sentence of the court are void, and in violation of his constitutional rights, as he will show.'

The matter came on for hearing on the petition, together with an order and certain papers, which were made part of the proceedings by consent of parties, and were as follows:

(1) The order was entered by District Judge Hughes on December 14, 1897, nunc pro tunc as of November 8th, and read: 'The court having, on the 8th day of November, 1897, upon its own motion, as well as upon the request of the accused, John Andersen, assigned George McIntosh, Esq., as counsel for the said John Andersen, under and by notice of section 1034 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, and it appearing to the court that he has since then performed the duties of such counsel, and has been recognized as such by this court in all proceedings had herein.

'And it further appearing that no entry of said assignment was made in the minutes of this court for the said 8th day of November, A. D. 1897, it is hereby ordered that the said assignment be now entered by the clerk of this court as of the said 8th day of November, A. D. 1897.'

No indictment had been found November 8th, but the nunc pro tunc order of December 14th referred in its title to five indictments against Andersen, numbered 234, 235, 236, 239, and 240, two of said indictments being for arson on the high seas, two of them for the murder of Saunders, and one for the murder of John W. Whitman.

(2) A statement dated at Norfolk, Va., November 9, 1897, and signed by P. J. Morris, as counsel for Horsburgh, Lind, Barrial, Barstad, and March, which, referring to the United States district attorney, declared:

'Mr. White, in this case, as in all others, has shown me the utmost consideration. Yesterday morning, when I went up to the office of Mr. White, I found he was about to examine the prisoners, and told him that I expected to be employed by them. Mr. White informed me that he had not himself talked with the men, and that it was imperatively necessary that he should do so in order to judge which would be indicted and which might be needed only as witnesses; that as soon as he had completed that, and the men had employed me, they would be at my disposal. I acquiesced in the propriety of this position. The men were in custody of the United States marshal and in the United States marshal's room after this preliminary examination, which I understand was voluntary on the part of the prisoners; and before it was finished I applied to Judge Hughes to give me permission to see the men, who were then in the United States marshal's custody and in his office. This was done, and five of the men then in writing employed me, and I then gave this writing to Mr. White.

'I desire distinctly to say that in this matter Mr. White has done nothing which justifies any criticism on my part, and I have to thank him in this, as in other, matters for courtesies of a very considerate character.'

(3) The writing referred to was dated November 8th, addressed to the judge of the United States court at Norfolk, and signed by Horsburgh, Barstad, March, Barrial, and Lind, who thereby authorized 'P. J. Morris to represent us in all the courts of the United States in any and all cases pending against us and to be presented against us connected with the charges against us growing out of the burning of the vessel O. H. Pecker.'

(4) A letter addressed to P. J. Morris, attorney at law, dated at Norfolk, November 7, 1897, signed by Horsburgh, March, Barstad, Lind, and Barrial, stating: 'We desire counsel, and request an interview with you, in order to arrange for our defense of charge now pending in the court of the United States.' This note was indorsed by Judge Hughes, November 8, 1897, as follows: 'The prisoners mentioned in this paper are entitled to be seen at any time and at all times by their counsel. Mr. P. J. Morris is hereby authorized to see and confer with these prisoners whenever he or they think fit.'

The district court denied the writ of habeas corpus prayed for, and ordered the petition to be dismissed, whereupon an appeal was allowed petitioner to this court, and a transcript of the petition, the final order, and all other proceedings in the cause were directed to be forwarded to its clerk. The final order concluded in these words: 'And the court further certifies as a part of this order that, although indictment No. 241, under which the petitioner, john Andersen, was tried and convicted of murder, was not one of the number embraced in the order of the 14th of December, 1897, assigning said McIntosh as counsel, that still said McIntosh, under said order, and pursuant to the assignment of the court, continued to represent the said Andersen upon his trial in the circuit court of the United States and upon his appeal in the supreme court of the United States on trial of the said indictment No. 241.'

P. J. Morris and H. G. Miller, for appellant.

Sol. Gen. Richards and Wm. H. White, for appellee.

Mr. Chief Justice FULLER, after stating the facts in the foregoing language, delivered the opinion of the court.