A Practical Grammar of the Latin Language/Lesson 11

=Of Demonstrative Pronouns.=


 * A. The Latin language has three demonstrative pronouns, with special reference to each of the three persons, viz: hic, haec, hoc, this (of mine); iste, ista, istud, that (of yours); ille, illa, illud, that (of his). To these must be added the determinative is, ae, id, which sometimes has the demonstrative of this, or that. These words are thus inflected:&mdash;

Remarks.

 * 1) The demonstrative force of hic, &c. is often increased by the addition of the syllable ce, as hicce, haecce, hocce, hujusce, &c.&mdash;With the interrogative particle ne, the pronouns become hiccine (or with one c, hicine)?, haeccine?, hoccine?, &c.
 * 2) In composition with ecce and en (= lo! see! here!), these pronouns have given rise to the following forms, frequently used in common discourse: eccum, eccam (pl. eccōs, eccās); eccillum or ellum, ellam (pl. ellōs, ellās), and eccistam, "there he (she) is," "there they come," see there, &c.&mdash;Ea, in connection with re and the affix pse, gives rise to rēapse, "indeed".
 * 3) Hic implies proximity, either of space or of time, to the person speaking. Ille, on the other hand, refers to something remote, and also to something well known, already mentioned, or distinguished. When directly opposed to each other, ille signifies "the former," and hic, "the latter."
 * 4) Iste has always reference to the person spoken to, and is hence called the pronoun of the second person; as iste liber, istud saccharum, that book, that sugar (of yours or mentioned by you). It sometimes conveys the notion of disapprobation or contempt, as ille does that of honor; an iste homō, this fellow; ille Sōcratēs, the well-known (illustrious) Socrates.
 * 5) Is, when used as a demonstrative, points to a person or thing already mentioned, in the sense of the English "this man," "that thing" (of which I am speaking or have just spoken), or of an emphatic "he, she, it"; e. g. Is est, an nōn est? Is it he (is it this man) or not? In the oblique cases it is a pronoun of the third person (his, him, hers, her, &c.). See Lesson 9. C.
 * 6) The pronoun hic, in connection with ille and iste, gives rise to compounds istic (or isthic), istaec, istoc or istuc, and illic, illaec, illoc or illuc, both of which are decline like hic, haec, hoc.


 * B. Obs. The adversative conjunctions sed and vērum$$ are nearly synonymous, and are always placed at the beginning of the clause introduced by them. Autem, like the English "however," generally stands after the first, second or third word. Examples:&mdash;

Exercise 12.
See the answers here.


 * 1) Which hay has the foreigner? — He has that of the peasant.
 * 2) Has the sailor my looking-glass? — He has it not.
 * 3) Have you this candle or that one? — I have this one.
 * 4) Have you the hay of my garden, or that of yours? — I have neither that of your garden nor that of mine, but that of the foreigner.
 * 5) Which glove have you? — I have his glove.
 * 6) Which chair has the foreigner? — He has his own.
 * 7) Who has my good candle? — This man has it.
 * 8) Who has that looking-glass? — That foreigner has it.
 * 9) What has your servant? — He has the tree of this garden.
 * 10) Has he that man's book? — He has not the book of that man, but that of this boy.
 * 11) Which ox has this peasant? — He has that of your neighbor.
 * 12) Have I your letter or his? — You have neither mine nor his, but that of your friend.
 * 13) Have you this horse's hay? — I have not its hay, but its shoe.
 * 14) Has your brother my note or his own? — He has that of the sailor.
 * 15) Has this foreigner my glove or his own? — He has neither yours nor his own, but that of his friend.
 * 16) Are you hungry or thirsty? — I am neither hungry nor thirsty, but sleepy.
 * 17) Is he sleepy or hungry? — He is neither sleepy nor hungry, but tired.
 * 18) Am I right or wrong? — You are neither right nor wrong, but your good boy is wrong.
 * 19) Have I the good or the bad knife? — You have neither the good nor the bad, but the ugly (one).
 * 20) What have I? — You have nothing good, but something bad.
 * 21) Who has my ass? — The peasant has it.

Footnotes.
$1$ Lampas is a word of Greek origin, and sometimes retains its original inflection. Thus: N. lampas, G. lampadis or -ados, D. lampadī, Acc. lampadem or -āda, V. lampas, Abl. lampade. $$ Vērum gives preponderance to the second member of the sentence, and may be rendered by "but rather," "but in reality."