A History of Inland Transport and Communication in England/Index

Accidents on railways: 442-3 Acworth, W. M.: 425, 426 Aeroplanes: 504-6 Agricultural Organisation Society: 355 Agriculture: 16, 74, 85, 89, 164, 179, 192, 353, 355, 497, 507 Aikin, Dr.: 49, 91, 142, 169, 185 Ale, Burton: 178 Alldridge, T. J.: 403 Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants: 446, 447, 512 Amber: 6-7, 26 Ambulance corps on railways: 444 Anderson, Dr James: 229 Andred-Weald, The: 4, 8 Aqueducts on Canals: 304 Arkwright, Sir Richard: 187, 188 Armstrong (Newcastle) University: 427 Ashley, W. J.: 18, 19 Askwith, Sir George: 452 Assizes of ale, bread and cloth: 19 Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen: 447 Association of Railway Companies' Signal Superintendents: 429 Association of Railway Locomotive Engineers: 429 Australia, Railways in: 402 Automobile Association and Motor Union: 479, 503 Automobilism: See "Motor-vehicles."

Badeslade, Thomas: 119-20 Bagmen: 16 Bailey, John: 207, 208 Baines, Thomas: 136, 138, 141, 157, 165, 178, 180, 184, 236 Balfour of Burleigh, Lord: 338 Barber, H. C.: 505-6 Bartholomew Fair: 27 Bawtry: Classed as a seaport, 111; port of consignment for Sheffield goods, 123-4, 148-9 Beal, C. G.: 448 Beasley, A.: 261 n., 290 n. Bedford, The Duke of: 254 Benevolent contributions, Railway companies': 440-1 Bequests for road repairs: 12 Birkenshaw, John: 206 Birmingham: Coach communication, 54-5; trade conditions, 90-1; cost of road transport to London, 160; Birmingham Canal, 184, 236-7, 298-9, 301, 302, 307, 495; London and Birmingham Rly., 249-52 Bishopsgate Goods Station: 392-4 Board of Trade and Railways: 259, 268, 269, 271, 275, 277, 279, 282, 338, 353, 356, 440, 443, 446, 448, 450, 492, 509 Boonen, Guylliam: 37 Bourn, Daniel: 45-7, 66 Boyle, Courtenay, Sir: 338 Bradfield, J. E.: 316, 333-4 Brereton, R. M.: 317 Bridge friars: 12, 13 Bridges: 11, 13 Bridgewater, Francis, Duke of: 139, 167-72, 173, 221, 231, 295 Bridgnorth: Transit port on the Severn, 115; route for pottery goods, 159; Manchester goods, 161 Brindley, James: 130, 167-8, 171, 173, 174, 295 Bristol: Early prosperity of, 112; trade done by Bristol merchants, 116; Lancashire goods exported viâ the Severn and Bristol, 161 Brome, The Rev. J.: 74-5 Bronze Age, The: 6 Brunlees, J.: 206 Buddle, John: 200-1, 404 Burnett, John: 448 Burton-on-Trent: 122 Bute, The Marquis of: 304 Butterworth, A. Kaye: 343 Buxton, Mr.: 452

Cab, introduction of the: 63; taxi-cabs, 485-7 Caledonian Railway: 289, 367, 451 Cambridge: Located on river, 111; importance to of river transport, 119, 120, 125 Canada, Railways in: 254, 402 Canals: Advocated, 162, 164; a transition from rivers, 165; the pioneer British canal, 166-7; opposition, 170-1; effect of canals on trade and industries, 175-8, 180, 192-4, 295; engineering difficulties, 171, 174, 179-80; passenger traffic, 172, 265; public prejudice, 181-2; "canal mania," 183, 185; value of shares, 183, 236-8; number of canal Acts, 183; expenditure on canals, 183, 234; length of canals, 183; canal companies adopt railways, 212, 220; excessive charges, 231; attitude towards traders, 231-3, 243-4, 296; opposition to independent railways, 234-9, 296; canal extortions inspire railway restrictions, 258; Royal Commission on Canals and Waterways, 294, 295, 304; construction on no general scheme, 295; reduction of rates, 296; neglect of improvements, 296-7; canals acquired by railways, 297-9, 306; increased powers, 299, 300; amalgamation of canals, 301; physical conditions, 301-4; locks, 302, 303; railway competition, 304; aqueducts, 304-5; tunnels, 305; colliery operations, 306; canal and rail transport compared, 307-9; canal resuscitation impracticable, 309-11, 495 Aberdare C.: 213 Aire and Calder Nav.: 141, 143, 147, 307 Ashby C.: 219 Barnsley C.: 184, 238 Birmingham C.: 184, 236-7, 298-9, 301, 302, 307 Charnwood Forest C.: 220 Coventry C.: 183, 237, 302 Dudley C.: 301 Ellesmere C.: 184 Erewash C.: 183, 237 Fossdyke: 121, 154 Glamorganshire C.: 184, 214-8, 238-9, 304 Grand Junction C.: 183, 184 Herefordshire and Gloucestershire C.: 193 Huddersfield C.: 180 Kennet and Avon C.: 184 Lancashire C.: 219 Leeds and Liverpool C.: 179-80, 237 Leicester C.: 183, 238 Loughborough C.: 237, 261 Manchester, Bolton and Bury C.: 184 Mersey and Irwell Nav.: 238 Peak Forest C.: 193-4 Rochdale C.: 180, 183, 193, 303 Sankey Brook C.: 165-6 Stratford-on-Avon C.: 298 Swansea C.: 304 Thames and Severn C.: 184 Trent and Mersey (Grand Trunk) C.: 172-5, 210, 237, 238, 261, 307 Trent Nav.: 183 Cardwell's Committee: 285 Carriages, Private: 37-8 Castlereagh, Viscount: 439 Central London Rly.: 492 City and South London Rly.: 492 Chamberlayne, Dr: 38 Chaplin, William: 325 Chaplin, Mr: 459 Chapmen: 17, 21, 24, 91 Charles I.: Proclamation concerning roads, 43 Charles II. and roads: 33-4, 132 Cheap Trains Act, 1883: 263 n. Cheese industry: 122, 163, 179 Chester: Roman road to, 8; fair, 27; coaches, 40, 51, 54; decay of port, 137 Church and roads: 11-14; fairs, 21 Claughton, G. H.: 448 Clifford, Frederick: 128, 170, 223, 272, 273, 277, 295, 303, 324 Cloth-makers and transport: 143-4, 146-7 Coaches and coaching: The "long waggon," 35-6, 38, 53, 325; stage-coaches, 38-42, 51-3, 325; "flying" coaches, 53-5, 327; mail-coaches, 55-7, 325; Thames watermen and coaches, 58-63; hackney coaches, 60-3; the "palmy" days of coaching, 325; tolls paid by coaches, 316; coach-owners join railways, 326; speed accelerated, 327; effect on horses, 327-8; cost of coach-horses, 328; accidents and discomforts, 328; decline of coaching, 329; taxation, 329-34 Coal industry: 36, 117, 140, 165, 167, 179, 188, 195-7 Commercial Motor Users' Association: 477, 485 Continental railway rates: 357 Copper industry: 9 Corporations, Rise of Municipal: 19 Cort, Henry: 190 Cotton industry: 138, 187-8 County towns, Influence of transport conditions on: 94-7 Court of Pie Powder: 22-3 Cressett, John: 39-42, 51 Crewe Mechanics' Institution: 417 Cromwell, Oliver: 131, 132 Cumming, T. G.: 213 Cunningham, W.: 23 Curr, John: 204 Cutlery, Sheffield: 124, 142, 148-9, 191 Cycles and Cycling, 472-3, 480

Dalhousie, Lord: 269, 276 Darby, Abraham: 190 Day, Frank B.: 394 n. Defoe, Daniel: On Sturbridge Fair, 24-6; roads at Lewes, 68; turnpikes, 78, 87-90; country towns, 95-6, 121, 126; Bristol traders, 116; port of Lynn, 119; trade on the Trent, 122; River Idle, 123-4; River Wey, 126; Devonshire serges, 127; Yorkshire trade conditions, 144, 145-7; cheese industry, 163 Dehany, W. K.: 28, 49, 81 Denmark, Prince George of: 67 Denton, The Rev. W.: 5, 14, 58 De Salis, Rodolph: 152 Domesday Survey: 4 Dover, Early communication with: 35 n., 53 Dublin Society, The: 72 Dugdale, Sir William: 51 Duncombe, Sir Sandars: 60

Easingwold Rly.: 290-1 Eastern Counties Rly.: 253 Eaton, J. Shirley: 415, 416 Edgeworth, R. L.: 72, 229 Edinburgh, Coaches to: 36, 37, 51-2, 56; cost of posting to, 57 Edington, Robert: 197 Education of railwaymen, The: 413-27 Elizabeth, Queen: 37, 57, 196 Enclosure Acts: 192 Engineer and Railway Staff Corps: 401 Evelyn, John: 63

Factory System: 385 Fairs: 20-7, 91, 95 Farrer, Sir Thomas: 276 Fay, Sam: 506 n Fen-lands: 5 Festivals, Religious: 21 Findlay, Sir George: 345, 376 Finger-posts: 65 n. Fish industry: 89-90 Flannels, Trade in: 114-5 Fowler, H. H. (Lord Wolverhampton): 323 Fowler, J. Kearsley: 315, 316 France, Roads in: 67, 320 Francis, John: 210, 222, 251, 252, 255, 256, 272 Franks, W. Temple: 339 Freeman, James E.: 371 Fulton, R.: 181, 211

Galloway, Robert L.: 196, 198 Garcke, Emile: 458 General Railway Workers' Union: 447 Gibb, Sir George: 343 Gladstone, W. E.: 268, 269, 270, 273, 275-6, 278, 279, 282, 322 Glasgow and South-Western Railway: 436 Glynn, G. C.: 264, 279 Goschen, Mr: 323 Gordon, Alexander: 474 Gower, Earl: 173 Graham, Sir James: 265 Granet, Sir Guy: 448 Gray, Robert: 332 Gray, Thomas: 207, 221, 229-230, 328 Great Central Rly.: 289, 367, 423, 451 Great Eastern Rly.: 253, 277, 287, 288, 289, 367, 392-4, 401, 418-20, 437 Great Eastern Rly. Mechanics' Institution: 418-20 Greater London, Beginnings of: 97 Great Northern Rly.: 277, 289, 339, 367, 391-2 Great Northern of Ireland Rly.: 289 Great North Road: 32, 65, 75, 123 Great Southern and Western Rly.: 289 Great Western Rly.: 252, 254, 273-4, 277, 288, 289, 297-8, 326, 366, 421-2, 427-8, 451 Great Western Rly. Literary Society: 427-8 Griffin, H. Hewitt: 486 Guilds, Craft: 19 Guilds, Merchant: 18-19 Gurney, Sir Goldsworthy: 474-5

Hackney carriages: 59-63 Hackworth, J. W.: 227 Hackworth, T.: 227 Hadley, Prof.: 226 n., 347 Hall, Sir John: 282 Hamilton, Lord Claud: 437, 439 Hardware trades: 191 Harper, C. G.: 56, 57 Harrel, Sir David: 448 Harrison, William: 114 Hawkshaw, Sir John: 396 Henderson, M.P., Arthur: 448 Hereford, Ross and Gloucester Rly.: 131 Herepath, John: 262-3, 275, 278 Hermits and road repairs: 13 Highwaymen: 95 Historical Manuscripts Commission Reports: 12, 13 n. Holinshed: 31 Homer, Henry: 73 Hops: 25 Horne, Benjamin: 325, 327 Horseback, travelling on: 16, 36 Horses: Number used for long waggons, 35, 37; restrictions in regard to, 43-5; horses used for coaches, 325; mortality on roads, 327-8 Horwich Mechanics' Institute: 420-1 Hours of labour, Railwaymen's: 441-2 Howells, Clarence S.: 306 Hull, Trade of: 122, 123, 147 Humpherus, Henry: 37, 63 Hunter, The Rev. J.: 123, 124, 148, 149 Hutchinson, William: 198, 199 Hutton, William: 54, 90, 176 Hyde, W. H.: 401

Inglis, Sir James C.: 421 Insurance Bill, National: 375 Ireland: Control of roads, 319; cheap conveyances, 333 Iron industry: 4, 7, 9, 26, 117, 134, 161-2, 178, 188-91

Jacob, Giles: 21-3 James I.: 196 James, William: 234 Jeans, J. S.: 226, 227, 306, 308 Jersey, Lord: 353 Jessop, William: 49, 122, 206 Jusserand, J. J.: 11, 12, 13

Kellawe, Richard de: 11 Kendal as a packhorse station: 36 Kinderley, Nathaniel: 119, 154 Knoop, Douglas: 427

Lancashire and Yorkshire Rly.: 289, 367, 420-1, 423, 426-7 Land-beacons: 65 Lead industry: 6, 9, 26 Leeds cloth market: 145-7 Lees, Sir Edward: 333 Lefevre, Shaw: 456 n. Leicester and Swannington Rly.: 242-4 Leigh, Charles: 36 Levy, Lewis: 318 Light railways: 457, 463, 507 Linen industry: 115, 134, 138 Litters, Use of: 16 Liverpool: Early waggons and coaches, 36, 54, 56; isolation, 135-7; improvement of Mersey, 137; river communication with Manchester, 139; effect on Liverpool trade of navigation facilities on the Weaver and the Douglas, 139-41; Sankey Brook Canal, 165-6; Bridgewater Canals, 167-72; Leeds and Liverpool Canal, 179; Liverpool and Manchester Rly., 230-41, 494 Loads, Restrictions on: 43-5 Locks on canals: 302-4 London and Birmingham Rly.: 249-52, 254, 256, 326, 417 London and North-Western Rly.: 252, 276, 285, 289, 298-9, 339, 366, 367, 370, 376-84, 391, 417-8, 422-3, 432, 438, 440, 451, 507 London and South-Western Rly.: 254, 256, 289, 326, 353, 367, 440 London, Brighton and South Coast Rly.: 254, 256, 275, 289, 367 London Electric Railway Coy.: 492, 493, 507 London General Omnibus Coy.: 485 London Railways Athletic Association: 431 London School of Economics: 425-6, 506 n London, Tilbury and Southend Rly.: 496 n. London traffic problem: 490-3, 497, 499, 507 London Traffic, Royal Commission on: 462, 493 London United Tramways: 492 Long service on railways: 445 Lord Mayor's coach, The: 58 Lowther, M.P., J. W.: 459 n. Lynn, Early importance of: 24, 26, 119-20

Macaulay, Lord: 94, 95 Mackay, Dr Charles: 93 Mackworth, Sir Humphry: 202 Macpherson, David: 29, 30, 32, 42, 72 Manby, Charles: 401 Manchester: Coaches, 53-4; early trading conditions, 91; goods despatched viâ Bewdley and Bridgnorth, 161, 172; Mersey and Irwell Navigation, 138-9, 168-9, 171; Worsley-Manchester Canal, 168, 171; cost of transport, 169; privations due to defective transport, 170; Liverpool and Manchester Railway, 230-40 Manorial courts: 19 Manor, Lord of, and transport: 18 Markets: 20 Marriott, H.: 350, 427 Mathew, Francis: 131-3, 158 McAdam, J. L.: 50, 99, 101-7, 192, 318, 325, 480 McAdam, Sir James: 314, 318 Metcalf, John: 99-100 Midland Rly.: 244, 277, 289, 366, 367, 376, 420, 427, 432, 451 Midland Railway Institute: 420 Monasteries: 11, 12, 14, 15 Montagu of Beaulieu, Lord: 503 Moon, Sir Richard: 339 Morrison, James: 260-1, 265, 271, 509 Moryson, Fynes: 38, 57 Motor-vehicles: Competition of motor-omnibuses with electric tramways, 466-7, 497-8, with horse-omnibuses, 485-7, with railways, 496, 498-503; comparison of motor-omnibus and railless electric traction, 467-8; early days of steam-coaches, 473-4; traction engines, 475; hostile legislation, 475-6; the Magna Charta of automobilism, 476; Motor-Car Act of 1903, 477; Heavy Motor-Car Order of 1904, 477-8; pleasure cars in use, 478; Royal Automobile Club, 478-9; Automobile Association and Motor Union, 479; road improvements, 480-2; commercial motors, 482-5; motor-cabs, 485-7; motor industry, 487-90; imports and exports, 489-90; motors and railway strikes, 503 Municipal Tramways Association: 469

Nails, Cart-wheel: 44, 49-50 Nash, T.: 114 Newcastle-on-Tyne: Coaches, 53; salt trade, 140 Nicholson, J. Shield: 2 "Nimrod": 107 North British Rly.: 289, 367 North-Eastern Rly.: 287, 289, 290, 367, 371, 424-5 North Staffordshire Rly.: 210-11, 307 Nottingham, Early importance of: 121, 122, 137

Oakley, Sir Henry: 339, 340, 341 Ogilby, John: 33-4 Omnibuses: Introduction of, 63; motor-omnibuses: competition with tramways, 466-7, 497-8, with railways, 496, 499, 501-3; succeed horse-omnibuses, 485-7 Outram, Benjamin: 204 Overton, George: 225, 240 Owner's risk rates on railways: 351-2 Oxford: Coaches to, 53; University and river transport, 125

Packhorse, Transport by: 15, 16, 32, 36, 90, 91, 127, 138, 139, 140, 146, 161 Paley, W. P.: 224 n. Palmer, John: 55 Parnell, Sir Henry: 326 Passengers: In packhorse panniers, 16; by long waggon, 38, 42; stage-coach, 38-42; canals, 172, 265; rail, 498-9 Patten, Thomas: 138 Paving, Early Britons and: 6 Pearson, Charles: 5, 8, 108, 111 Pedlars: 17, 21, 93 Peel, Sir Frederick: 353 Peel, Sir Robert: 259, 262, 263, 271, 281 Pension funds, Railway: 438 Permanent Way Institution: 428 Perry, G.: 117 Philippe, William: 13 Phillipps, W. D.: 210-11 Phillips, J.: 183, 184, 193, 214 Pilgrims: 16 Plymley, Joseph: 44, 114, 117, 152, 153, 164, 220, 312 Polyhistor, T. S.: 202 Porter, G. R.: 74, 106, 255-6, 266-7 Porter, Robert P.: 458, 464 n. Posting: 57 Post Office and Railways: 264-5 Potter, F.: 351-2, 428 Pottery industry: 159-61, 175, 176, 307 Powell, E. T.: 402 Preferential railway rates: 352 Priestley, Joseph: 120 Private Owners of Railway Rolling Stock, Association of: 361 n. Prussian State Railways: 255, 291, 292, 357, 359, 365 Public Service Commission of New York City: 493

Railless electric traction: 467-70, 507 Railway agreements and amalgamations: 278, 283-91, 433, 508-11 Railway and Canal Commission: 278 n., 355, 508 Railway Benevolent Institution: 439 Railway Classification: 337-40, 345-6 Railway Clearing House: 284, 337, 338, 359 Railway Club, The: 430 Railway directors, Functions of: 378 Railway electrification: 492, 494-5, 507 Railway Guards' Universal Friendly Society: 438 Railway mania, 1845-6: 271-5 Railway nationalisation: 279-81, 511-2 Railway rates: Early proposals for revision, 260-1, 279-80; canals and railway rates, 310; basis on which early rates fixed, 335-7; early classification, 337-40; revision of rates by Board of Trade commissioners, 338-40; Confirmation Acts of 1891-2, 340-1; Act of 1894, 342; restrictions on companies, 342-3; equal mileage rates, 344; "cost of service," 344-5; "what the traffic will bear," 345, 347; present classification, 345-6; sea competition, 347-8; "anomalies," 348; sliding scale principle, 349; American railway rates, 349-50, 357; exceptional rates, 350-1; owner's risk rates, 351-2; preferential rates, 353-4; agricultural interests, 353-4, 355; machinery for dealing with traders' grievances, 355-6; comparisons with Continental rates, 357-8; Government promise of legislation in respect to increases, 448, 511; survival of fittest, 494-5; competition of omnibuses and electric tramways, 496; effect on suburban traffic, 496-7; competition of private motors, 498; passenger journeys, 498-9; suburban goods transport, 499-500; road v. rail, 501-3; railway system complete, 506; needs of to-day, 507; railway agreements, 508-9; Departmental Committee, 509-10; railway nationalisation, 511-12 Railway Savings Banks: 432 Railway shareholders: 263-4, 377 Railway Signalling, Schools of: 421-3 Railway strikes: 447, 450, 503, 512 Railway system: Length of line, 359; single track, 359; length of track, 360; rolling stock, 360; traffic statistics, 361; railway capital, 361; gross receipts and expenditure, 361; dividends, 362-3; share-holders and their holdings, 363-4; taxation, 364-75 Railway Temperance Unions: 432 Railway warehouses: 390-4 Railways: Rise of the coal trade, 195-7; wooden rails adopted at collieries, 198-200; introduction of cast-iron wheels, 201; double rails, 203; iron "plates," 203; cast-iron rails, 203; flanged rails, 205; edge rails, 206; wrought-iron rails, 206; significance of expression "iron" railway, 207; inclined planes and gravity, 208; stationary engines, 208; length and character of colliery lines, 209; railways adopted by canal companies, 210-13; position in South Wales, 213-4; canal interests overcome the first proposed competing railway, 214-9; railways supplement canals, 219-21; their superiority recognised, 220-1; railways before 1825, 222; Surrey Iron Rail-way, 223-5; Stockton and Darlington, 225-8; advocates of general railways, 229-30; Liverpool and Manchester Railway, 230-40; opposition of canal companies, 234-8; Leicester and Swannington Railway, 242-4; hostility to railways, 245-9; London and Birmingham Railway, 249-52; landowners and railways, 250-1, 252-5; cost of Parliamentary proceedings, 255-7; canal precedents inspire State policy, 258; competition between carriers, 359-60; Morrison's proposal, 260-1; Duke of Wellington's motion, 262-3; early taxation, 263-4; attitude of Post Office, 264-5; competition between companies, 265; lack of national policy, 266-8; proposals by Mr Gladstone's Committee, 269; special department of Board of Trade created, 269; set aside, 270; "railway mania" of 1845-6, 271-5; Private Bill Committees and the special department, 276; Board of Railway Commissioners, 277; Committee of 1844, 279-81; State purchase, 280; competing lines, 281-3; railway amalgamations, 283-91; Railway Clearing House established, 284; Mr Cardwell's Committee, 285; cost of construction, 291-3; railway companies and canals, 297-9, 306-7; rail and canal transport compared, 307, 309; railways and coaches, 326, 329, 332; results of railway operation on industries, 386, on towns, 387, on general trade, 387-96, on political and social conditions, 397, on national life, 398-402, on colonial expansion, 402-4 Railways a National Industry: Number of railway servants, 405-6; employees in locomotive works, etc., 407-10; independent concerns, 411; characteristics of the railway service, 412-3; training, 413-4; education for efficiency in U.S.A., 415-6; railwaymen's education movement: mechanics' institutes, 416-21, railway companies' classes, 421-5, London School of Economics, 425-6, arrangements with Universities, 426-7, literary societies, 427-8; railway organisations, 428-9; Railway Club, 430; recreation and physical culture, 431; railwaymen's societies, 431-2; Temperance Unions, 432; regularity of employment, 433; wages, 434-5; subsidiary advantages, 435-7; superannuation and pension funds, 438; railway charities, 439-41; hours of labour, 441-2; accidents, 442-3; ambulance, 444; railway work a "service," 444; family records, 445; the agitation in 1907, 446; strike in 1911, 447; Royal Commission of Inquiry, 448-51; increases in wages, 451; railway unions to ballot on question of general strike, 452 "Rebecca" riots in Wales: 320-1 "Recognition," Question of, on railways: 446-52, 512 "Red Flag Act": 475 Rendell, T. H.: 298, 422 Renner, P. A.: 404 Retired Railway Officers' Society: 431 Rivers, Location of towns, etc., on: 15, 108-9, 110; influence of, on social and economic conditions, 108-10; ports on rivers, 110-11; causes of decline of rivers, 111, 150-8; river improvements, 111-2, 128-41; navigable rivers as public highways, 112-4; toll collection on rivers, 128; influence on trade and industries, 114-27, 129, 132, 153, 154, 159-64; floods, 150-1, 161; high tides, 151-2; water shortage, 152-3; silting-up, 154; present condition, 155-6; pilfering on, 162-3; side-cuts precede canals, 165 Aire: 121, 123, 141, 143, 147, 179, 303, 307 Avon (Bristol): 131 Avon (Warwickshire): 112, 115-6, 155 Avon (Wiltshire): 110, 131 Brandon: 120 Calder: 141, 143, 147, 303, 307 Cam: 15, 24 Croal: 184 Cuckmere: 111 Dee: 135, 137 Derwent: 121, 122 Don: 121, 123, 143, 147-9 Douglas: 140-1, 166 Exe: 127 Humber: 24, 121, 141, 147, 151 Idle: 111, 123 Irwell: 138, 168, 184 Lea: 125-6, 128-9 Lug: 116, 130, 131, 165 Medway: 126, 130 Mersey: 5, 135-9, 151, 165, 168 Mildenhall: 120 Nen: 151, 154, 156 Ouse (Norfolk): 5, 24, 111, 118-20, 151, 156 Ouse (Sussex): 111 Ouse (York): 121, 122, 141, 147, 151, 153, 156 Parrett: 127 Ribble: 5, 15, 140, 166 Severn: 112-8, 135, 151, 153-4, 155, 159-62, 298 Sheaf: 143 Stour (Worcestershire): 135 Teme: 130 Thames: 4, 7, 15, 58-61, 122, 125, 130, 151, 155 Trent: 111, 121-2, 124, 147, 148, 151, 152, 154, 155-6, 159 Tyne: 24, 151, 166 Weaver: 139-40, 159, 166 Welland: 111 Wey: 126 Wharfe: 121 Witham: 111, 120-1, 151 Wye: 112, 116, 117, 130-1, 151, 165 Road Boards in Scotland: 319 Road Board, The: 481-2 Roads: British, 4-8; Roman, 8-10, 11, 28; action of Church, 11-14, 28; road conditions, 14, 28-30, 31, 32-3, 49, 54, 64-73, 75, 87, 98-99; legislation, 28-33, 43-5; Statute labour, 30-1, 312-3; road-making and repairing, 98-107, 314; parish roads, 77; highway rates and road repairs, 319; county councils and roads, 323, 480; Road Board and Road Improvement Grant, 481-2. See, also, "Turnpikes" Robinson, Sir Clifton: 454, 459-61 Roebuck, Dr: 190 Romans: 6-10, 28, 111 Royal Automobile Club: 477, 478-9, 482, 503 Royal Commission on Canals and Waterways: 294, 295, 301, 304, 310 Royal Commission on Local Taxation: 373 Royal Commission of Inquiry (Conciliation Scheme of 1907): 448-51 Royal Commission on London Traffic: 465, 492-3 Russell, M.P., C.: 273

Salt industry: 26, 139-40, 161, 166, 178 Samuel, Sir Samuel: 489 Sandars, Joseph: 231, 233 Sandon, Lord: 265 Sandys, Sir William: 130-1, 158, 165 Sclater-Booth, G. (Lord Basing): 321, 322 Scotland, Roads in: 75, 104-5, 319, 333 Scott, William: 199-200 Sea-ports, Thirteenth century: 157-8 Sedan chair, The: 60-1 Sheffield: Coaches, 55; route for despatch of goods, 123-4, 148-9; reason for settlement of cutlery industry on the Sheaf, 142-3 Shelford, Frederick: 403 Sherman, E.: 326, 329 Sherwood Forest: 121 Shillibeer, Mr: 63, 330, 491 Shirley, Sir Richard: 68 Shrewsbury: Important centre for Severn trade, 114; social life, 115; a metropolis for North Wales, 115; river traffic, 118 Smeaton, John: 152 Smiles, Samuel: 93, 170, 175 Smith, Adam: 36, 90, 109, 187 Smith, Sydney: 67 Social conditions: See under "Transport, Influence of" Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders: 477 Soil, Nature of, in England: 5 South Africa, Railways in: 402 "Southampton case," The: 353 South-Eastern and Chatham Rly.: 289, 367 Spencer, C. J.: 469 Stamford, The Earl of: 173 Staple: 29 Starley, J. K.: 472 State policy: Roads, 9-10, 11, 33-4, 43-50, 481-2; railways, 258-93, 336-43, 364-75, 509-11; canals, 295-6, 299-300, 303, 311; coaches, 329-34; tramways, 454-6, 459, 461-2; self-propelled road vehicles, 475-7 State purchase of railways, Enactments respecting: 280-1 Statute labour on roads: 30-1, 312-3 Steam-coaches: Introduction of, 473; anticipations in regard to, 474; opposition to, 474; withdrawal from roads, 475 Stephenson, George: 225, 226 n Stephenson, Robert: 251 Stockton and Darlington Rly.: 225-8, 290 Stow, John: 38 Stratford-on-Avon: Repair of bridge, 13 n.; river transport, 115 Stukeley, Dr William: 143 n., 209 Sturbridge Fair: 23-6 Suburban passenger traffic: 496-7, 502, 507 Superannuation funds, Railway: 438 Surrey Iron Rail-way: 223-5 Surveyors, Road: 30, 31, 83-4, 105 Sutherland, The Duke of: 173

Taff Vale Rly.: 261 Taunton, Lord: 254 Taxation, Railway, 263-4, 311, 364-75, 508 Taylor, John ("The Water Poet"): 58-61 Telford, Thomas: 50, 99, 100-1, 106, 174 n., 192, 220, 318, 325 Terminal charges on railways: 336, 340, 349-50 Textile industries: Reasons for location of in the north, 141-2; influence of canals on their development, 180 Thames watermen: 57-63 Thoresby, Ralph: 145 Thorne, W. B.: 332 Tin industry: 6, 7, 9, 26 Traction engines: 475, 480 Train, George Francis: 453 "Tram," Derivation of word: 204 Tramways, Street: Introduction of, 453; early lines, 454; State policy, 454; Tramways Act, 1870, 454-5; local authorities' veto, 455; electric traction, 455-6; Light Railways Act, 1896, 457; "price of assents," 457, 459-61; municipal tramways, 461-5; competition of motor-omnibuses, 466-7; railless electric traction, 467-70; tramway competition with railways, 496, 497-8, 502 Transport, Influence of on social conditions: Isolation of communities, 16-18, 92-4, 108, 170, 175; effect of coaching facilities, 41; country gentry, 94; county towns, 95-6; coaches and "country manners," 96-7; beginnings of "Greater London," 97; civilising effects of improved communication, 175-7; political results of rail communication, 397; social results, 397-8; a factor in national life, 398-400; country homes for town workers, 496-8 Transport, Influence of on trade and industries: general, 1-3, 16-19, 27, 31, 73, 102 n., 109, 192; roads, 4, 6-9, 85-7, 88-92, 104, 129-30, 139, 160, 162, 169, 249-50; rivers, 108, 109-10, 112, 114-6, 119-27, 129, 137-49, 153-4, 159-64, 169; canals, 166, 174-80, 193-4, 230-4, 249-50, 294, 301, 307-9; turnpikes, 316, 320; railways, 198, 217, 225, 245, 308-10, 349, 350, 354, 385-96; motor-vehicles, 482-4 Tube railways: 490, 492-3, 496, 507 Turnpikes: Principle of tolls, 13, 29; turnpikes introduced, 32-3; turnpike Acts, 75-6, 104; turnpike system, 77; opposition to toll-bars, 78-80, 320-1; defects of system, 80-4; stimulus to trade, 85-90; turnpike roads, 98-9, 104-5; number of turnpike Acts and trusts, 312; statute labour, 312-3; cost of road repairs, 314; turnpike debt, 314, 323-4; tolls, 314-6, 318, 320, 331; cost of management, 317, 320; consolidation of trusts, 319; highway rates and road repairs, 319; "Rebecca riots" in Wales, 320-1; House of Commons Turnpike Committee, 321; reduction in number of trusts, 321-4; burden on ratepayers, 321-2; Government grants, 323; rapid decline of trusts, 324; attitude of trustees to steam coaches, 474-5 Tylor, Alfred: 6-7

Underground railways: 491-2 United Kingdom Railway Officers and Servants' Association: 439 United Pointsmen and Signalmen's Society: 447 United States: Land grants to railways, 254; railway rates, 349-50, 357, 377; education for railway efficiency, 415-6 University of Leeds: 427 University of London: 425 University of Manchester: 426, 427

Vernon-Harcourt, L. V.: 156-7, 158

Wade, General: 75 Wages, Railwaymen's: 433-5, 451, 511, 512 Waggons: 15, 31, 32, 35-7, 38, 43-8, 91 War Office and motor-lorries: 504 Warrington: Position in Coaching Age, 36, 54; Mersey navigation, 137, 138 Watermen, Thames: 57-63 Water power and industries: 141-2, 143 Watt, James: 142, 187, 188, 190 Webb, F. W.: 440 Wedgwood, Josiah: 159, 160, 161, 173, 176 Weight of loads: 44-5 Wellington, The Duke of: 262, 265 Welshpool: Severn navigable to, 112; market for Welsh flannels, 114 Wesley, John: 177 West Coast of Africa, Railways on: 402-4 Wheels, Broad: 35, 45-9, 102, 103 Whitaker, T. D.: 73, 78 Whitworth, Richard: 160, 161, 164, 177, 182 Williams, E. L.: 151 Williams, F. S.: 274, 275 Wimberley, W. C.: 331 Wine trade: 92 Wood, Nicholas: 197, 198, 201, 203, 296, 395 Woods and Forests: 4-5, 8 Woollen industry: 15, 16, 23, 24, 25, 26, 115, 118, 138, 141-3, 145-7, 179, 186

Yarranton, Andrew: 133-5, 158 York: Roman military post, 8; coaches, 40, 51, 52; road conditions, 64; river control, 121; trading position, 121 Young, Arthur: 68-71, 85, 168, 209